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Kurdish grammar has many inflections, with prefixes and suffixes added to roots to express grammatical relations and to form words.
| | This article needs additional citations for verification .(October 2019) |
Kurdish grammar has many inflections, with prefixes and suffixes added to roots to express grammatical relations and to form words.
Among all modern Iranian languages, only Yaghnobi and Kurdish are ergative, with respect to both case-marking and verb-agreement. [1] There are general descriptions of ergativity in Kurdish, [2] [3] as well as in specific forms of Kurdish, such as Sorani [4] and Kurmanjî. [5]
Kurmanjî and Sorani Kurdish have a split-ergative system. Transitive verbs show nominative/accusative marking in the present tense, and ergative marking in the past tense. [6]
| Sing. M. | Sing. F | Pauc. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oblique | -î | -ê | -inan | -an |
| Construct | -ê | -a | -inên/inêt | -ên/êt |
| Vocative | -o | -ê | -inno/inine | -no/ine |
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | -êk- | |
| Definite | -eke- | -ekan |
Ezafe is used with nouns to indicate possession. Ezafe (-y) joins the possessive noun with its possessed noun
jēgā-y pāsā = the king's place (Lit: place of king)
Ezafe is also used alongside pronouns to show possession. Ezafe (-y) joins the possessor pronoun with its possessed noun. [6]
jēgā-y min = my place (Lit: place of me)
| Central Kurdish [7] | Southern Kurdish [8] | Modern Persian[ citation needed ] | Kurmanji [9] | Gorani [10] | Zazaki [11] | Talysh [12] [13] | Avestan [14] | Parthian [15] | Middle Persian [15] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
no distinction of nominative and oblique | nominative | |||||||||
1. person singular | min | min | man | ez | min | ez | az | azəm | az | an |
| 2. person singular | to | ti | to | tu, ti | to | ti | tı | tvəm | tu | to |
| 3. person singular | ew | ew | ū, ān | ew | ad (masculine), ade (feminine) | o (masculine), a (feminine) | əv | hva- (masculine) hā (feminine) | ho | oy |
| 1. person plural | ême | îme | mā | em | ême | ma | əmə | ahma- (accusative) | amāh | amāh |
| 2. person plural | êwe | îwe | şomā | hûn | şime | şima | şımə | yūšma- (accusative) | aşmāh | aşmāh |
| 3. person plural | ewane | ewane | işān, inhā | ew / ewana | adê | ê | əvon | ? | hawin | oy |
Oblique
| Kurmanji [16] | Zazaki [17] | Parthian [15] | Middle Persian [15] | Talysh [13] [18] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Oblique | accusative | |||
| min | mi(n) | man | man | mıni |
| te | to | to | to | tıni |
| wî | ey | ho | oy | əvi |
| wê | ay | ho | – | - |
| me | ma | amāh | amāh | əməni |
| we | şıma | aşmāh | aşmāh | şıməni |
| wan | inan | hawin | awêşān | əvoni |
In Sorani, adjectives follow the head noun and may be joined by 'ezafe' or an open compound structure. The following example shows the Ezafe construction:
pyāw-ī čak = a good fellow (Lit: man of good)
Demonstrative pronouns when followed by postpositions (attached to the nouns) become demonstrative adjectives.
| Case | NOM. SING. | NOM. PLUR. | OBL. SING. | OBL. PLUR. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distance | MASC. | FEM. | |||
| near | ev ... han | ev ... ana | vî ... î | vê ... ê | van ... an |
| far | ew ... han | ew ... ana | wî ... î | wê ... ê | wan ... an |
As demonstrative adjectives, Sorani Kurdish does not use OBL forms (though for demonstrative pronouns it does use OBL. plural forms); neither Kurmanji uses nominative plural forms.
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Because the stress is distinctive in Kurdish, the acute diacritics (á) are used to denote the stressed syllables (normally not used in Kurdish) ( Thackston 2006a ).
Kurdish verbs agree with their subjects in person and number. They have the following major characteristics:
| Infinitive | Ends in -ín (consonant stems), -î́n (î-stems), -án (a-stems), or -û́n (û-stems). |
|---|---|
| Past participle |
|
| Consonantic | Vocalic | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st | -im | -in | -m | -n |
| 2nd | -î | -yî | ||
| 3rd | -i | -∅ | ||
Present tenses for the verb zanîn ("to know"):
| Positive | Negative | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Indicative present | ||||
| 1st | dízanim | dizanin | názanim | nazanin |
| 2nd | dizanî | nazanî | ||
| 3rd | dizane | nazane | ||
| Subjunctive present | ||||
| 1st | bízanim | bizanin | nézanim | nezanin |
| 2nd | bizanî | nezanî | ||
| 3rd | bizane | nezane | ||
| Past |
|
|---|---|
| Past habitual |
|
Past tenses for intransitive verb of hatin (to come).
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intransitive past | ||||
| Simple past | hatim | hatî | hat | hatin |
| Imperfective preterite | dihatim | dihatî | dihat | dihatin |
| Perfect | hatime | hatiyî | hatiye | hatine |
| Pluperfect | hatibûm | hatibûy(î) | hatibû | hatibûn |
| Subjunctive preterite | hatibim | hatibî | hatibe | hatibin |
| Past Conditional | hatibama | hatibay(î) | hatiba | hatibana |
If a past transitive verb accepts a nominative personal suffix, it agrees with the object of the sentence. Transitive past verbs in Sorani have OBL connected/dependent(not independent) personal pronouns on the object, if object is not mentioned they are on prefix or first part of the verb if the verb was compound, if there were not any prefix so they will be on the same place as th NOM ones. OBL connected pronouns: -m, -t, -y, -man, -tan, -yan.
The normal word order in Kurdish is Subject-Object-Verb (S-O-V). Modifiers follow the nouns they modify.
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