History of India |
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Timeline |
This is a list of known wars, conflicts, battles/sieges, missions and operations involving former kingdoms and states in the Indian subcontinent and the modern day Republic of India and its predecessors.
Name of conflict | Belligerents | Belligerents | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Battle of the Ten Kings (c. 14th century BCE) | Bharata tribe | Ten King Alliance | Bharatas Victory
|
Kurukshetra War | Pandavas of Kuru Kingdom | Kaurava of Kuru Kingdom | Pandavas Victory
|
Kosala-Kashi war (c. 650 BCE) | Kosala kingdom | Kasi kingdom | Kosala Victory
|
Kosala conquest of Gaṇasaṅgha (c. 600 to 550 BCE) | Kosala kingdom | Gaṇasaṅghas Kālāma Shakya Koliya | Kosala Victory
|
Gandhāra-Avanti war (c. 575 BCE) | Gandhāra kingdom | Pradyota dynasty | Gandhāra Victory
|
Magadha-Anga war (c. 535 BCE) | Haryanka dynasty | Anga Kingdom | Magadha Victory
|
Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley (c. 535/518BCE–450 BCE) | Mahajanapadas | Achaemenid Empire | Achaemenid Victory
|
Avanti-Magadhan wars (c. 510 BCE–400 BCE) | Haryanka dynasty Shishunaga dynasty | Avanti (Ancient India) | Magadha Victory
|
Magadha-Kosala war (c. 485 BCE) | Kosala kingdom | Magadha led by Haryanka dynasty | Magadha Victory
|
Magadha-Vajji war (c. 484 BCE–468 BCE) | Haryanka dynasty | Vajjika League led by the Licchavis | Magadha Victory
|
Indian campaign of Alexander the Great (c. 327 BCE–325 BCE) | Macedonian Empire | Various Indian kingdoms | * Macedonia conquers up to the Beas River, yet has to stop its advance in the Indus. |
Battle of the Hydaspes (c. 326 BCE) | Porus | Macedon League of Corinth Persian allies Indian allies | Macedon Victory
|
Conquest of the Nanda Empire (c. 323 BCE–322 BCE) | Chandragupta Maurya | Nanda Empire | Maurya Victory
|
Seleucid–Mauryan war (c. 305 BCE–303 BCE) | Maurya Empire | Seleucid Empire | Maurya Victory |
Kalinga War (c. 262 BCE–261 BCE) | Maurya Empire | Kalinga | Maurya Victory
|
Shunga-Greek War (2nd Century BCE) | Shunga dynasty | Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | Shunga Victory |
Battle of Vijithapura (c. 162/161 BCE) | Chola dynasty | Anuradhapura Kingdom | Anuradhapura Victory |
Battle of Vidarbha (c. 145 BCE) | Shunga Empire | Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era) | Shunga Victory |
Battle on the Sindhu river (c. 135 BCE) | Shunga Empire | Indo-Greek Kingdom | Shunga Victory |
Name of conflict (Time) | Belligerents | Opponents | Outcome |
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First Battle of Cannanore (1501) | Kingdom of Calicut | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Calicut (1503) | Kingdom of Calicut Arab privateers | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Cochin (1504) | Kingdom of Calicut Vassal Malabari states
| Portugal | Portuguese victory |
Portuguese-Mamluk naval war (1505–1517) | Mamluk Sultanate Supported by: | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory
|
Siege of Anjadiva (1506) | Bijapur Sultanate | Portuguese Empire | Bijapur victory |
Siege of Cannanore (1507) | Kingdom of Cannanore | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Dabul (1508) | Bijapur Sultanate | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts (1508–1573) | Gujarat Sultanate Supported by: Mamluk Sultanate (until 1517) Ottoman Empire (since 1517) | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory
|
Portuguese conquest of Goa (1510) | Bijapur Sultanate | Kingdom of Portugal | Portuguese victory
|
Siege of Aden (1513) | Portuguese Empire | Yemeni Tahirids | Tahirid victory |
Siege of Goa (1517) | Bijapur Sultanate | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Zeila (1517) | Portuguese Empire | Adal Sultanate | Portuguese victory |
Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts (1518–1658)
| Kingdom of Sitawaka Supported by: Dutch East India Company (From 1638) | Portuguese Empire | Stalemate
|
Battle of Khatoli (1518) | Kingdom of Mewar | Delhi Sultanate | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Gagron (1519) | Rajput Confedracy | Malwa Sultanate Gujarat Sultanate | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Dholpur (1519) | Rajput Confedracy | Delhi Sultanate | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Gujarat (1520) (1520) | Rajput Confedracy | Gujarat Sultanate | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Raichur (20 May 1520) | Vijaynagar Empire | Sultanate of Bijapur | Vijaynagar victory
|
First Battle of Panipat (1526) | Delhi Sultanate | Emirate of Kabul | Mughal victory
|
Siege of Calicut (1526)
| Zamorin of Calicut | Portuguese Empire | Zamorin victory |
Battle of Bayana (21 February 1527) | Rajput Confedracy | Mughal Empire
| Rajput victory
|
Battle of Khanwa (16 March 1527) | Rajput Confederacy | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Ghaghra (1529) | Mughal Empire | Sultanate of Bengal | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Kannauj (1540) | Mughal Empire | Sur Empire | Sur victory
|
Battle of Sammel (1544) | Kingdom of Marwar | Sur Empire | Sur victory
|
Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549) [5] | Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam) Supported by: | Toungoo dynasty (Burma) | Siam Victory |
Battle of Sirhind (1555) | Sur Empire | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Second Battle of Panipat (1556) | Hemchandra Vikramaditya | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Tughlaqabad (7 October 1556) | Hem Chandra Vikramaditya | Mughal Empire | Hem Chandra victory
|
Battle of Talikota (23 January 1565) | Vijaynagar Empire | Deccan Sultanates | Deccan Sultanates victory
|
Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568) (23 October 1567 – 23 February 1568) | Kingdom of Mewar | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Siege of Ranthambore (1568) (8 February 1568 – 21 March 1568) | Kingdom of Mewar | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
War of the League of the Indies (1570 – 1574) | Sultanate of Bijapur Co-belligerents: Princely states of the Kanara coast | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Mughal invasion of Bengal (1572–1576) | Mughal Empire | Sultanate of Bengal | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Haldighati (18 June 1576) | Kingdom of Mewar | Mughal Empire | Inconclusive
|
Siege of Daman (1581)
| Mughal Empire | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Dewair (1582) (1582) | Kingdom of Mewar | Mughal Empire | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Leitao Coast (1586) | Portuguese Empire | Arab Niquilus | Arab victory |
Spanish-Portuguese conflict on China (1598–1600) | Portuguese Empire | Spanish Empire | Portuguese victory |
Siege of Kottakkal (1599–1600) | Portuguese Empire | Kunjali Marakkar forces | Portuguese and Calicut victory |
Dutch–Portuguese War (1601–1661)
| Kingdom of Portugal
Supported by:
| Dutch Republic Supported by:
| Indecisive
|
Battle of Dewair (1606) (1606) | Kingdom of Mewar | Mughal Empire | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Swally (1612) | Kingdom of Portugal | English East India Company | British victory |
Mughal expedition of Mewar (1615) | Kingdom of Mewar | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Ahom–Mughal conflicts (1615–1682) | Ahom kingdom | Mughal Empire | Ahom victory
|
Battle of Toppur (1616–17) | Imperial forces of Vijaynagar Empire Nayaks of Tanjore | Second faction of Vijayanagara Empire Nayaks of Gingee Nayaks of Madurai Pandyas of Tirunelveli Kingdom of Travancore Portuguese | Imperial Vijayanagara forces victory
|
Early Mugal-Sikh Wars (1621–1658) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Battle of Rohila (1621) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Mughal–Safavid war (1622–23) (1622–1623) | Mughal Empire | Safavid Empire | Safavid victory
|
Spanish-Siam War | Iberian Union | Siam | Siam victory
|
Mombasa war (1631–32) | Portuguese Empire | Mombasa Sultanate | Portuguese Victory
|
Siege of Hooghly (1632)
| Mughal Empire | Portuguese Empire | Mughal Victory |
Battle of Amritsar (1634) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Battle of Lahira (1634) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Battle of Kartarpur (1635) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Siege of Orchha (1635) (1635) | Bundela Rajputs | Mughal Empire | Mughal Victory
|
Battle of Phagwara (1635) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Battle of Kiratpur (1638) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Siege of Daman (1638–1639) | Mughal Empire | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Pipli [9] (1640) | Mughal Empire | Denmark-Norway | Mughal victory |
Danish-Mughal War (1642–1698) [9] | Mughal Empire | Denmark-Norway | Stalemate
|
Mughal–Safavid war (1649–53) (1649–1653) | Mughal Empire | Safavid Empire | Persian victory
|
Battle of Sutlej (1653) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Invasions of Kiratpur (1658) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Mughal conquest of Chittagong (1665–1666) | Mughal Empire | Kingdom of Mrauk U | Mughal victory
|
Dutch-Zamorin Conflicts (1666–1758) | Zamorin | Dutch Republic | Dutch victory |
Rajput War (1679–1707) (1679–1707) | Kingdom of Marwar Kingdom of Mewar | Mughal Empire | Rajput victory
|
Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679-1684 (1679–1684) | Ladakh Mughal Empire | Tibet Zungar Empire | Mughal military victory
|
Deccan Wars (1681–1707) | Maratha Empire | Mughal Empire | Inconclusive |
Maratha–Portuguese War (1683–1684) | Maratha Empire | Stalemate | |
Siege of Bijapur (1685–1686) | Bijapur Sultanate Maratha Empire | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690) | Mughal Empire | East India Company | Mughal victory
|
Siege of Golconda (1687) | Mughal Empire | Golconda Sultanate | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Bhangani (1688) | Sikhs | Alliance of 16 Hill States, including: | Sikh victory |
Battle of Nadaun (1691) | Bilaspur State | Mughal Empire Bijarwal State | Sikh victory |
Mughal–Portuguese War (1692–1693)
| Mughal Empire | Portuguese Victory | |
Omani–Portuguese conflict (1696–1714) | Omani Empire | Indecisive
| |
Battle of Guler (1696) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Anandpur (1699) | Sikhs | Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) | Sikh victory |
Battle of Anandpur (1700) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) | Sikh victory |
First siege of Anandpur (1700) | Sikhs | Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas), Ranghars, and Gujars | Sikh victory
|
Second siege of Anandpur (1704) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) | Peace Treaty
|
Battle of Chamkaur (1704) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) | Mughal and Hill Raja Victory
|
Rajput Rebellion 1708-1710 (1708–1710) | Kingdom of Marwar Kingdom of Mewar Kingdom of Amber | Mughal Empire | Rajput victory
|
Maratha–Portuguese War (1725–1726) [12] | Maratha Confederacy | Inconclusive
| |
Maratha–Portuguese War (1729–1732) | Maratha Confederacy | Supported by: | Portuguese Victory
|
Novas Conquistas (1729–1789) | Kingdom of Mysore Maratha Empire | Portuguese Empire Supported by: Rajahnate of Soonda Kingdom of Sawantwadi | Portuguese Victory |
Nadir Shah's invasion of India (1738–1739) | Mughal Empire | Afsharid dynasty | Persian victory
|
Travancore–Dutch War (incl. Battle of Colachel (Kulachal) 10 August 1741 (1739–1753) | Travancore | Dutch Empire | Travancore victory
|
Battle of Vasai (1739) | Maratha Empire | Portuguese Empire | Maratha victory |
Battle of Karnal (1739–February 13, 1739) | Mughal Empire | Persian Afsharid Empire | Persian victory |
Siege of Trichinopoly (1741) (1741) | Maratha Empire | Mughal Empire | Maratha victory
|
Expeditions in Bengal (1741–1748) | Maratha Empire | Mughal Empire | Peace treaty
|
First Carnatic War (1744–1748)
| Mughal Empire | Kingdom of France Kingdom of Great Britain | Status quo ante bellum |
Second Carnatic War (1749–1754) | Kingdom of France Nawab of Arcot (Chanda Sahib) Hyderabad State (Muzaffar Jang Hidayat) | Kingdom of Great Britain Nawab of Arcot (Wallajah) | Stalemate |
Naval Battle of Calicut (1752) | Maratha Empire | Portuguese Empire | Maratha victory |
Seven Years' War (1754–1763) | France Austria | Prussia Great Britain | Status quo ante in Europe, but transfer of colonial possessions between Britain, France and Spain in the Treaty of Paris (1763).
|
Maratha conquest of North-west India (1757–1758) | Maratha Empire | Durrani Empire | Peace treaty |
Battle of Plassey (1757) | East India Company | Nawab of Bengal French East India Company | Company victory
|
Afghan-Maratha War (1758–1761) | Maratha Empire Sikh confederacy | Durrani Empire Rohilkhand | Durrani victory |
Third Battle of Panipat (1761) | Maratha Empire | Durrani Empire | Durrani victory
|
Battle of Buxar (1764) | East India Company | Mughal Empire | Company victory |
First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) | East India Company Maratha Empire Nawab of the Carnatic Hyderabad | Mysore | Mysore victory |
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) | Maratha Empire | East India Company | Maratha victory |
Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1784) | Mysore | East India Company Maratha Empire | Status quo ante bellum |
Maratha-Mysore War (1785–1787) | Maratha Empire | Mysore | Maratha victory
|
Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789–1792) | East India Company Maratha Empire Hyderabad Travancore | Mysore Diplomatic support: France [13] | Maratha-Hyderabad-British victory |
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–1799) | East India Company Maratha Empire Hyderabad Travancore | Mysore Diplomatic support: France [13] | Maratha-Hyderabad-British victory |
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) | Maratha Empire | East India Company | British victory |
Battle of Vizagapatam (1804) | East India Company United Kingdom | France | French victory |
Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816) | East India Company Garhwal Kingdom Patiala State Kingdom of Sikkim | Nepal | Company victory
|
Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus (1815) | East India Company | United States | American victory
|
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818) | Maratha Empire | East India Company | British victory
|
First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) | East India Company | Burmese Empire | Company victory
|
Siege of Herat (1837–1838)
| Emirate of Herat Supported by: | Qajar Iran Supported by: | Company victory
|
First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842) | East India Company | Emirate of Afghanistan | Afghan victory
|
First Opium War (1839–1842) | Great Britain | Qing dynasty | Company victory |
First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846) | Sikh Empire | East India Company Patiala | Company victory |
Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–1849) | Sikh Empire | East India Company | Company victory
|
Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852) | East India Company | Burmese Empire | Company victory
|
Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857) | United Kingdom | Iran | Company victory
|
Indian Rebellion of 1857 (1857–1858) | Mughal Empire Oudh Forces of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi Forces of Nana Sahib Peshwa II Various other Rajas, Nawabs, Zamindars, Taluqdars, and chieftains | East India Company United Kingdom Nepal Various other Rajas, Nawabs, Zamindars, Taluqdars, and chieftains | Company victory
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Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India company came to end and the British crown began to rule over India directly as per the Government of India Act 1858. India was now a single empire comprising British India and the princely states.
In 1947, the British Indian Empire split into the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India. The Indian Army, the Royal Indian Air Force and the Royal Indian Navy too, were divided between the two countries. In 1950, the Union of India became the Republic of India after abolishing monarchy.
Anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago. The earliest known human remains in South Asia date to 30,000 years ago. Sedentariness began in South Asia around 7000 BCE; by 4500 BCE, settled life had spread, and gradually evolved into the Indus Valley Civilisation, which flourished between 2500 BCE and 1900 BCE in present-day Pakistan and north-western India. Early in the second millennium BCE, persistent drought caused the population of the Indus Valley to scatter from large urban centres to villages. Indo-Aryan tribes moved into the Punjab from Central Asia in several waves of migration. The Vedic Period of the Vedic people in northern India was marked by the composition of their extensive collections of hymns (Vedas). The social structure was loosely stratified via the varna system, incorporated into the highly evolved present-day Jāti system. The pastoral and nomadic Indo-Aryans spread from the Punjab into the Gangetic plain. Around 600 BCE, a new, interregional culture arose; then, small chieftaincies (janapadas) were consolidated into larger states (mahajanapadas). Second urbanization took place, which came with the rise of new ascetic movements and religious concepts, including the rise of Jainism and Buddhism. The latter was synthesized with the preexisting religious cultures of the subcontinent, giving rise to Hinduism.
The history of Pakistan preceding the country's creation in 1947. Although, Pakistan was created in 1947 as a whole new country by the British through partition of India, but the history of the land extends much further back and is intertwined with that of Afghanistan, India, and Iran. Spanning the northwestern expanse of the Indian subcontinent and the eastern borderlands of the Iranian plateau, the region of present-day Pakistan served both as the fertile ground of a major civilization and as the gateway of South Asia to Central Asia and the Near East.
The history of Kashmir is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent in South Asia with influences from the surrounding regions of Central, and East Asia. Historically, Kashmir referred to only the Kashmir Valley of the western Himalayas. Today, it denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract.
Multan is a city in Punjab, Pakistan, located on the bank of river Chenab. It is one of the five largest urban centres of Pakistan in 2024 and serves as the administrative centre of Multan Division. A major cultural, religious and economic centre of Punjab region, Multan is one of the oldest inhabited cities of Asia, with a history stretching deep into antiquity.
The Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948, also known as the first Kashmir war, was a war fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four Indo-Pakistani wars between the two newly independent nations. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after its independence by launching tribal lashkar (militias) from Waziristan, in an effort to capture Kashmir and to preempt the possibility of its ruler joining India.
The History of Punjab refers to the past history of Punjab region which is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in the northwest of South Asia, comprising eastern Punjab province in Pakistan and western Punjab state in India. It is believed that the earliest evidence of human habitation in Punjab traces to the Soan valley of the Pothohar, between the Indus and the Jhelum rivers, where Soanian culture developed between 774,000 BC and 11,700 BC. This period goes back to the first interglacial period in the second Ice Age, from which remnants of stone and flint tools have been found.
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The history of Bengal is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent and the surrounding regions of South Asia and Southeast Asia. It includes modern-day Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam's Karimganj district, located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, at the apex of the Bay of Bengal and dominated by the fertile Ganges delta. The region was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom whose war elephant forces led the withdrawal of Alexander the Great from India. Some historians have identified Gangaridai with other parts of India. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra rivers act as a geographic marker of the region, but also connects the region to the broader Indian subcontinent. Bengal, at times, has played an important role in the history of the Indian subcontinent.
South Asians are part of the Hong Kong society. As of the 2021 by-census, there were at least 101,969 persons of South Asian descent in Hong Kong. Many trace their roots in Hong Kong as far back as when the Indian subcontinent was still under British colonial rule and as a legacy of the British Empire, their nationality issues remain largely unsettled. However, recently an increasing number of them have acquired Chinese nationality.
The Mughal dynasty was a Muslim empire, which comprised the members of the imperial House of Babur (Persian: خاندانِ آلِ بابُر; Khāndān-e-Āl-e-Bābur), also known as the Gurkanis, who ruled the Mughal Empire from c. 1526 to 1857.
The military history of Pakistan encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2,000 years across areas constituting modern Pakistan and greater South Asia. The history of the modern-day military of Pakistan began in 1947, when Pakistan achieved its independence as a modern nation.
The Durrani dynasty was founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani at Kandahar, Afghanistan. He united the different Pashtun tribes and created the Durrani Empire. which at its peak included the modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, as well as some parts of northeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India including the Kashmir Valley.
Pakistani nationalism refers to the political, cultural, linguistic, historical, religious and geographical expression of patriotism by the people of Pakistan, of pride in the history, heritage and identity of Pakistan, and visions for its future.
In 2010, South Asia had the world's largest population of Hindus, about 510 million Muslims, over 27 million Sikhs, 35 million Christians and over 25 million Buddhists. Hindus make up about 68 percent or about 900 million and Muslims at 31 percent or 510 million of the overall South Asia population, while Buddhists, Jains, Zoroastrians, Sikhs, and Christians constitute most of the rest. The Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, Zoroastrians, and Christians are concentrated in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan, while the Muslims are concentrated in Afghanistan (99%), Bangladesh (91%), Pakistan (96%) and Maldives (100%).
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