Paiwan | |
---|---|
Vinuculjan, Pinayuanan | |
Pronunciation | [vinutsuʎan] |
Native to | Taiwan |
Ethnicity | Paiwan |
Native speakers | L1:96,000 (2014) [1] |
Austronesian
| |
Latin script (Paiwan alphabet) | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Taiwan [2] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | pwn |
Glottolog | paiw1248 |
Distribution of Paiwan language (dark green, south) | |
Paiwan is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Paiwan is a native language of Taiwan, spoken in the south of Taiwan, and spoken as a first language by the ethnic Paiwan, a Taiwanese indigenous people. Paiwan is a Formosan language of the Austronesian language family. It is also one of the national languages of Taiwan. [2]
Paiwan variants are seen divided into the following dialect zones by Ferrell. [3]
This classification were thought to be corrected by Cheng 2016 as below:[ full citation needed ]
Note: A village unnoted of Vuculj/Ravar is by default placed under Vuculj here.
Kuljaljau Paiwan has 23–24 consonants (/h/ is found only in loanwords, and /ʔ/ is uncommon) and 4 vowels. [4] Unlike many other Formosan languages that have merged many Proto-Austronesian phonemes, Paiwan preserves most Proto-Austronesian phonemes and is thus highly important for reconstruction purposes.
The four Paiwan vowels are /iəau/. /ə/ is written ⟨e⟩ in the literature.
Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k | q | ʔ | |
voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɟ | ɡ | |||
Affricate | ts | |||||||
Fricative | voiceless | s | ( h ) | |||||
voiced | v | z | ||||||
Trill | r | |||||||
Approximant | w | l | ʎ j |
Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c ⟨tj⟩ | k | q ⟨q⟩ | ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩ | |
voiced | b | d | ɖ ⟨dr⟩ | ɟ ⟨dj⟩ | ɡ | |||
Affricate | ts ~ tʃ ⟨c⟩ | |||||||
Fricative | voiceless | s | ( h ) | |||||
voiced | v | z | ||||||
Rhotic | r ~ ɣ ⟨r⟩ | |||||||
Approximant | ʋ ⟨w⟩ | ɭ ⟨l⟩ | ʎ ⟨lj, ɬ⟩ j ⟨y⟩ |
In Northern Paiwan the palatal consonants have been lost, though this is recent and a few conservative speakers maintain them as allophonic variants (not as distinct phonemes). /ʔ/ is robust, unlike in other Paiwan dialects where its status is uncertain, as it derives from *q.
Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | ||
voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | |||
Affricate | ts | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | s | ( h ) | ||||
voiced | v | z | |||||
Trill~ Fricative | r | ||||||
Approximant | w | l ~ ʎ | ɭ | j |
Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k | q | ʔ | |
voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɟ | ɡ | |||
Affricate | ts | |||||||
Fricative | voiceless | s | ( h ) | |||||
voiced | v | z | ɣ ~ r | |||||
Approximant | w | ɭ | ʎ j |
Younger speakers tend to pronounce /ʎ/ as [l]. Fricative [ɣ] is characteristic of Mudan village; elsewhere is Southern Paiwan it tends to be a trill [r], though it still varies [r~ɣ~ʁ~h]. Word-initial *k has become /ʔ/.
The Paiwan personal pronouns below are from Ferrell (1982). [6]
Gloss | Equational | Genitive | Non-Eq., Non-Gen. |
---|---|---|---|
1SG | -aken, ti-aken | ku-, ni-aken | tjanu-aken |
2SG | -sun, ti-sun | su-, ni-sun | tjanu-sun |
3SG | ti-madju | ni-madju | tjai-madju |
1PL.INCL | -itjen, ti-tjen | tja-, ni-tjen | tjanu-itjen |
1PL.EXCL | -amen, ti-amen | nia-, ni-amen | tjanu-amen |
2PL | -mun, ti-mun | nu-, ni-mun | tjanu-mun |
3PL | ti-a-madju | ni-a-madju | tjai-a-madju |
Paiwan has three construction markers, which are also known as relational particles. [7]
Other words include:
Affixed adverbials include: [6]
Interjections include the following: [8]
Paiwan verbs have 4 types of focus. [9]
The following verbal affixes are used to express varying degrees of volition or intent, and are arranged below from highest to lowest intention. [10]
Paiwan verbs can also take on the following non-derivational suffixes. [7]
The Paiwan affixes below are from the Kulalao dialect unless stated otherwise, and are sourced from Ferrell (1982). [11]
The following affixes are from the Tjuabar dialect of Paiwan, spoken in the northwest areas of Paiwan-occupied territory (Comparative Austronesian Dictionary 1995).
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