Libmanan

Libmanan
Municipality
Municipality of Libmanan
J. Hernandez Park Libmanan
Flag Seal
Nickname:  Rice Granary of Camarines Sur
Map of Camarines Sur with Libmanan highlighted
OpenStreetMap
Libmanan Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 13°41′47″N123°03′36″E / 13.6964°N 123.06°E / 13.6964; 123.06
Country	Philippines
Region	Bicol Region
Province	Camarines Sur
District	2nd district
Founded	April 3, 1574
Barangays	75 (see Barangays)
Government   [1]
• Type	Sangguniang Bayan
•  Mayor	Jesus F. Camara
•  Vice Mayor	Jerry R. Tendero
•  Representative	Luis Raymund F. Villafuerte Jr.
•  Municipal Council	Members Gerymar M. Atienza Dante J. Mopera Gerymar M. Atienza Jose J. San Buenaventura Jr. Fredis R. Opancia Darius S. Nopra Edelson M. Marfil Romel T. Bulaong
•  Electorate	71,613 voters (2022)
Area [2]
• Total	342.82 km2 (132.36 sq mi)
Elevation	7.0 m (23.0 ft)
Highest elevation (Mount Bernacci)	55 m (2,480 ft)
Lowest elevation	−2 m (−7 ft)
Population  (2020 census) [3]
• Total	112,994
• Density	330/km2 (850/sq mi)
•  Households	25,798
Economy
•  Income class	1st municipal income class
•  Poverty incidence	29.53 % (2018) [4]
•  Revenue	₱ 349 million (2020)
•  Assets	₱ 1,033 million (2020)
•  Expenditure	₱ 340.7 million (2020)
Service provider
• Electricity	Camarines Sur 1 Electric Cooperative (CASURECO 1)
Time zone	UTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code	4407
PSGC	051718000
IDD  :  area code	+63 (0)54
Native languages	Central Bikol Tagalog

Libmanan, officially the Municipality of Libmanan (Central Bikol : Banwaan kan Libmanan; Tagalog : Bayan ng Libmanan), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 112,994 people. ^[3] Libmanan is the largest municipality in Camarines Sur in terms of population, and the second largest in terms of land area.

The municipality's history dates back to before the beginning of Spanish colonization, and its city center is home to a number of beautiful historic Art Deco buildings including the palatial Morales Ruins which soar over the road entering Libmanan proper.

History

Libmanan was a barrio of Quipayo in 1580 with the name of "Pinaglabanan". Records from a historian Mauro B. Avila, revealed that the municipality was named Libmanan on September 15, 1574. Missionaries started working in Libmanan in 1589 and the area's church was dedicated to St. James the Apostle.

German ethnographer Fedor Jagor described visiting Libmanan in his 1875 work "Travels in the Philippines", wherein he visited the local parish priest and learned from him about an ancient human settlement that had been dug up in 1851 during road construction in the Poro area of the southwest close near the Tres Marias islands: the excavation consisted of "numerous remains of the early inhabitants—skulls, ribs, bones of men and animals, a child’s thighbone inserted in a spiral of brass wire, several stags’ horns, beautifully-formed dishes and vessels, some of them painted, probably of Chinese origin; striped bracelets, of a soft, gypseous, copper-red rock, gleaming as if they were varnished; small copper knives, but no iron utensils; and several broad flat stones bored through the middle; besides a wedge of petrified wood, embedded in a cleft branch of a tree." ^[5]

During the occupation of their country by the United States, the Philippine Legislature greatly expanded the network of railroads throughout the island of Luzon, and a railway headed to the city of Legazpi, Albay and Naga, Camarines Sur was built through Libmanan to provide direct access to those cities. ^[6] This railway was damaged severely during World War II, but partially restored using American funds thereafter, providing transportation service down the Bicol Peninsula off and on until ending in 2012 despite plans to rehabilitate the route. ^[7]

The historic Morales Ruins Art Deco mansion at the heart of the town was built in 1937 by the Rev. Friar Mariano Roldan for his parents, and was eventually sold to the Morales family whose name the ruins now bear. It is noted for art deco frescos which are emblematic of the period in which it was built, one of which includes a defiantly displayed Filipino national flag, which would have been disallowed by the American and Japanese occupiers of the time. ^[8]

Even during the time of the Spaniards, the town of Libmanan was already considered the "rice basket" of the province.^{[ citation needed ]} This generous production of rice is attributed to the fertile soil and the town's abundant water supply. In 1991 the area's irrigation canals (shared with its northern neighbor Cabusao, Camarines Sur) were sufficient to water 2996 hectares of land during the dry season. ^[9]

Barangay Poblacion is often referred by locals as "Libmanan" while the surrounding urban Barangays are referred to as "Metropolitan Libmanan" or "Greater Poblacion Area" unofficial.

Important dates and events

^{[ citation needed ]}

• The first name of town was "Piglabanan".
• March 18, 1484: Invasion of the Moros; those who killed were buried beside the Present Church.
• February 1572: Construction of the First Church.
• September 15, 1574: Changing the town name from Piglabanan to Libmanan by fray Bartolome Cabello.
• 1586-1589: Construction of the Second Church of Libmanan.
• 1732: Start of the first town government of Libmanan.
• 1838: Construction of Catholic Cemetery In Barangay Puro Batia.
• 1903: Founding of the first public schools.
• 1915: Construction of the municipal cemetery In Barangay Puro Batia.
• 1921: Construction of the Rizal Monument.
• 1927: Passing of the MRR Co. in Libmanan.
• 1929: Construction of MRR Co. (Philippine National Railways) Bridge.
• 1930-31: Installation of the water system.
• 1933: Construction of first and second market pavilion.
• 1939-40: Construction of a concrete municipal hall under Mayor Francisco Frondozo.
• 1941: Construction of the post office under Mayor Teodoro Dilanco
• March 3, 1951: Naming of Barangay Bagumbayan by Municipal Council.
• 1954-57: Construction of the municipal irrigation system.
• 1955: Renaming the streets of the Poblacion and improvement of the Town Plaza.
• 1956: Construction of the 30-Door Market.
• May 1957: Dredging of the Libmanan River
• 1957: Construction of a two-story building for the private Central School and also a public toilet.
• March 1961: Construction of the concrete Easter tower under Mayor Amadeo Castaneda.
• 1978: Construction of the Bulaong Bridge.
• 1993: Construction of the Libmanan Town Arc in Barangay Potot.
• 2015: The Canonical coronation of the venerated statue of Our Lady of the Pillar who is the patroness of the Diocese of Libmanan
• September 2020: Redevelopment of Market in the Poblacion Area
• 2021 to 22: Developments and redevelopments of roads both in rural and urban areas.
• February 2023: Filing for cityhood by Mayor Jess Camara.
• February 2024: 9/11 attacks, world war ii part 2, cold war between Naga and Libmanan occured.
• March 2026: Ambha sing brother Batu Khan invaded Libmanan and sold every male population to a sex trade with the vikramaditya Empire.
• January 2028: Fall of Libmanan, Zombie invasion as part of the Z-Day in the Philippines.
• January 2028: Zombie Marcos invaded libmanan.

Geography

Puro Island in Ragay Gulf

Libmanan has 3 sectors built up areas, flat land areas and mountainous land. 13,940 ha are flat land 19,239 ha are mountainous land and the remaining 1,103 ha are built up areas. Totalling in 34,282 hectares.

Libmanan is a large municipality, one of the biggest in Camarines Sur. It stretched across nearly the whole width of the Bicol peninsula, from where it borders Cabusao Municipality on the San Miguel Bay all the way out to Ragay Gulf, including three islands known locally as the 'tres Marias', including one island known as 'puro island'. The main town, or 'poblacion', is located along the Libmanan River on the lowland alluvial plain adjacent to Cabusao.

Heading to the southern coast from the poblacion the municipality becomes hilly. In this hilly region between the poblacion and the highway lies the Libmanan Caves National Park. Continuing on towards the coast from the hills, the municipality becomes truly mountainous beginning in Barangay Malinao beyond the Pan-Philippine Highway, where the "Boro-Boro Spring Resort" is located; a series of waterfalls that are a locally popular swimming destination. ^[10] Beyond Malinao the upland region features the mountain 'Mount Bernacci (Tancong Vaca' - in the local dialect meaning 'the cow's hump') - which is a local landmark visible from most locations on the Pan-Philippine Highway in western Camarines Sur and was a base of operations for local guerrillas fighting the Japanese during World War II. ^[11] Up to the present day, the area around Tancong Vaca has remained an area of conflict between anti-government insurgents and the Philippine National Police. ^[12]

The municipality's rural barangays lie behind Mount Bernacci, and mostly lack access to paved roads, of which there is only one which terminates in the fishing village of Barangay Bahao, within sight of the tres Marias.

Climate

Climate data for Libmanan, Camarines Sur
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	33 (91)	31 (88)	35 (95)	37 (99)	38 (100)	37 (99)	36 (97)	34 (93)	35 (95)	34 (93)	33 (91)	32 (90)	35 (94)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	27 (81)	27 (81)	29 (84)	31 (88)	32 (90)	32 (90)	30 (86)	29 (84)	30 (86)	29 (84)	28 (82)	28 (82)	29 (85)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	44.2 (1.74)	52.17 (2.05)	45.43 (1.79)	54.15 (2.13)	92.29 (3.63)	182.23 (7.17)	289.11 (11.38)	260.6 (10.26)	180.07 (7.09)	340.22 (13.39)	98.7 (3.89)	337.4 (13.28)	1,976.57 (77.8)
Average rainy days	21	22	19	19	24	26	30	29	27	29	24	29	299
Source: World Weather Online [13]

Barangays

Libmanan is politically subdivided into 75 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Currently, there are 5 of which located in the coastal areas and the remaining 70 barangays are distributed in the low land and upland portions of the municipality. Its town center, poblacion or centro, is 7.7 kilometres (4.8 mi) away from the National Highway. The road leading to Poblacion and other major baranggays is marked by a memorial for the Ten Outstanding Young Men trophy awarded to a past mayor and local hero, Jose Bulaong.

* Aslong

• Awayan
• Bagacay
• Bagadion
• Bagamelon
• Bagumbayan
• Bahao
• Bahay
• Beguito Nuevo
• Beguito Viejo
• Bigajo Norte
• Bigajo Sur
• Bikal
• Busak
• Caima
• Calabnigan
• Camambugan
• Cambalidio
• Candami
• Candato
• Cawayan
• Concepcion
• Cuyapi
• Danawan
• Duang Niog
• Handong
• Ibid
• Inalahan
• Labao
• Libod I
• Libod II
• Loba-loba
• Mabini
• Malansad Nuevo
• Malansad Viejo
• Malbogon
• Malinao
• Mambalite
• Mambayawas
• Mambulo Nuevo
• Mambulo Viejo
• Mancawayan
• Mandacanan
• Mantalisay
• Padlos
• Pag-Oring Nuevo
• Pag-Oring Viejo
• Palangon
• Palong
• Patag
• Planza
• Poblacion
• Potot
• Puro-Batia
• Rongos
• Salvacion
• San Isidro
• San Juan
• San Pablo
• San Vicente
• Sibujo
• Sigamot
• Station-Church Site
• Taban-Fundado
• Tampuhan
• Tanag
• Tarum
• Tinalmud Nuevo
• Tinalmud Viejo
• Tinanquihan
• Udok
• Umalo
• Uson
• Villasocorro
• Villadima (Santa Cruz)

Demographics

Population census of Libmanan

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1903	17,416	—
1918	11,729	−2.60%
1939	23,000	+3.26%
1948	43,482	+7.33%
1960	52,512	+1.58%
1970	62,762	+1.80%
1975	66,601	+1.20%
1980	68,413	+0.54%
1990	77,565	+1.26%
1995	85,337	+1.81%
2000	88,476	+0.78%
2007	92,839	+0.67%
2010	100,002	+2.74%
2015	108,716	+1.60%
2020	112,994	+0.76%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority [14] [15] [16] [17]

Religion

The pontifically crowned statue of Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Libmanan who is revered as the Queen and Patroness of the Diocese of Libmanan

The religious needs of its people and those of neighboring towns prompted the erection of the Prelature of Libmanan in 1990 and installation the first bishop, Msgr. Prospero N. Arellano. On 25 March 2009 Pope Benedict XVI elevated the prelature to become a diocese with Bishop Jose Rojas Rojas becoming its first bishop. ^[18]

The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines lists the following Catholic church parishes of Libmanan: ^[19]

Parish	Barangay	Fiesta Day
St. James the Apostle	Libmanan Centro	July 25
Our Lady of Pillar	San Isidro	October 12
St. Vincent Ferrer	San Vicente	April 25
St. Anthony de Padua	Mambulo Nuevo	1st Tuesday of June

Economy

Libmanan, one of the largest and most populous municipalities in the province, benefits from the transportation being offered by the Libmanan River, the railroad, and the national highway. Though rail service through Libmanan no longer connects directly to Manila there are still commuter trips available bringing passengers to nearby Naga, Camarines Sur and the route that was reopened in 2015 bringing them all the way to Legazpi, Albay. ^[27]

Generally, Libmanan soil is adapted for growing different agricultural products. Portions are also adopted to pottery-the making of which has been a local industry for centuries. Libmanan has been the “rice-basket” not only of the province but of Southern Luzon-even during the Spanish regime. In spite of problems encountered by rice farmers, Libmanan maintains its status of being the rice granary of the province.

Libmanan is the heart of the provinces of Camarines Sur, Quezon and Camarines Norte making the municipality the rice basket of Southern Luzon, other than these provinces products can also reach Metro Manila.

Barangays of Bahao, Mambulo Nuevo, San Isidro, Bahay and Sibujo act as rural financial centers.

Rural areas are mostly dependent on agriculture and aquaculture, in the Poblacion District however, there is an identified mini business district with the new public market and the LCC Supermarket with other small restaurants, banks, mini shops.

Infrastructure

Bahao Road

Libmanan is connected to Naga City through the Pan Philippine highway or AH26. The Poblacíon can be accessed through Bagacay Road (From South) and the Main Libmanan road (from North). Libmanan has 4 main roads longest one is the Pan Philippine highway that stretches from Beguito Viejo to Mambulo Nuevo second one is Libmanan Canaman Cabusao road that runs from Poblacion Area of Libmanan to Cabusao. Third is Bagacay Road that runs from Barangay Bagacay to the intersection of Libmanan road. The western and coastal Barangays can be reached through the new Bahao road that was constructed in 2019 this road not only serves as an enhancement to tourism but also to trade and industry, however some barangays of Libmanan still need an improvement on road infrastructure otherwise those Barangays will progress slow or even stagnant economy.

Heritage

The town possess one of the most important cultural examples of ancestral houses in western Camarines Sur. Among these architectural marvels are the 1920s municipal hall building with its arcade-embellished facade, the 1875 Dilanco House which is the oldest structure in the town and was home to three former municipal mayors, the 1937 Morales Ruins which is the most culturally-important Art Deco building in the town, the Nacieno House which is another Art Deco ancestral house, and the 1926 Jaucian House Jose Jaucian Sr. Another ancestral house that was demolished in the late 1970s is the house built by Don Celedonio Reyes, it was demolished to make way for more modern buildings opf the Bicol Central Academy.

Most heritage houses in the town have already been abandoned, including the Morales Ruins, Nacieno House, and the Dilanco House. In 2013, a campaign was administered by some locals to transform the Morales Ruins into a municipal museum, along with other heritage houses in the town to spur a heritage-based tourism industry and to conserve the remaining immovable cultural heritage of the town.

Government

List of former chief executives

Libmanan Municipal Hall

Dates	Name
1732-1755	Capt. Josep Domingo Ramos
1756-1758	Capt. Feipe Medina
1759-1760:	Capt. Jose Guevarra
1761	Capt. Sebastian De la Cruz
1762-1763	Capt. Pascual de Lajor
1764	Capt. Luis Arambulo
1765	Capt. Francisco Severo
1766	Capt. Pedro Simon
1767-1768	Capt. Miguel Damiano
1769	Capt. Antonio De Leon
1770-1771	Capt. Domingo De la Concepcion
1772	Capt. Francisco Catimbang
1773	Capt. Francisco Del Llagas
1774-1777	Capt. Domingo De la Cruz
1778	Capt. Francisco Del Llagas
1779	Capt. Matias Cabanos
1780	Capt. Antonio De Leon
1781	Capt. Miguel Damiano
1782	Capt. Matias Cabanos
1783	Capt. Antonio De Leon
1784	Capt. Domingo De la Concepcion
1785	Capt. Victorino Simon
1786	Capt. Pedro Gonzales
1787	Capt. Tomas Baldesoto
1788	Capt. Domingo De la Concepcion
1789	Capt. Luis Arambulo
1790	Capt. Domingo De la Concepcion
1791	Capt. Nicholas Tolentino
1792	Capt. Victorino Simon
1793	Capt. Francisco Del Llagas
1794	Capt. Juan De la Cruz
1795-1796	Capt. Mateo De la Concepcion
1797	Capt. Miguel De la Concepcion
1798	Capt. Marcelino De la Trinidad
1799	Capt. Pedro Baldesoto
1800	Capt. Francisco Espiritu
1801	Capt. Clemente Eugenio
1802	Capt. Francisco del Llagas
1803	Capt. Juan San Antonio
1804	Capt. Luis Balaguer
1805	Capt. Melchor de los Reyes
1806	Capt. Francisco del Llagas
1807	Capt. Mariano de los Nieves
1808	Capt. Juan San Antonio
1809	Capt. Santiago Arambulo
1810	Capt. Melchor de los Reyes
1811	Capt. Tomas de la Soledad
1812	Capt. Fabiano de Galicia
1813	Capt. Esteban Anunciacion
1814	Capt. Juan Ramirez
1815	Capt. Antonio San Pascual
1816	Capt. Miguel Juliano Francisco
1817	Capt. Jose del Puerto
1818	Capt. Francisco Santa Maria
1819	Capt. Pedro Alcantara
1820	Capt. Pedro Sabino
1821	Capt. Ambrosio de la Cruz
1822	Capt. Francisco Custudio
1823	Capt. Placido Anunciacion
1824	Capt. Matias Manga
1825	Capt. Maximo Fernandez
1826	Capt. Augustin Tolentino
1827	Capt. Placido Anunciacion
1828	Capt. Pedro San Pablo Alcantara
1829	Capt. Maximo Fernandez
1830	Capt. Mariano Villanueva
1831	Capt. Vicente Cabanos
1832	Capt. Ludovico Lopez
1833	Capt. Martin Gonzales
1834	Capt. Carlos de los Santos
1835	Capt. Andres Espiritu
1836	Capt. Pater de Avila
1837	Capt. Hilario Domingo
1838	Capt. Santiago Aguirre
1839-1840	Capt. Maximo Hernandez
1841	Capt. Luis Alcantara
1842	Capt. Sebastian Baldesoto
1843	Capt. Placido Anunciacion
1844	Capt. Francisco Espiritu
1845	Capt. Marianon Natividad
1846	Capt. Isidro Archangel
1847	Capt. Rufino Nacianceno
1848	Capt. Anacleto de los Santos
1849	Capt. Facundo del Pascual
1850	Capt. Francisco Gonzales

Dates	Name
1851-1852	Capt. Pacifico Roldan
1853	Capt. Bruno Sol
1854	Capt. Salvador Espiritu
1855	Capt. Mariano Albacarte
1856	Capt. Aniceto Floresca
1857	Capt. Victoriano Bautista
1858	Capt. Casiano Flores
1859	Capt. Mariano Septimo
1860	Capt. Mariano Rubi
1861	Capt. Domingo Durante
1862	Capt. Ramon Hernandez
1863-1864	Capt. Juan Hernandez
1865-1866	Capt. Tomas Durante
1867-1868	Capt. Juan Razonable
1869-1870	Capt. Mariano Angeles
1871-1872	Capt. Agaton Ursua
1873-1874	Capt. Juan Sanchez
1875-1878	Capt. Rufino Hernandez
1879-1880	Capt. Rafael Nacianceno
1881-1882	Capt. Anacleto Atendido
1883-1884	Capt. Rufino Hernandez
1885-1886	Capt. Agustin Abellera
1887	Capt. Vicente Ursua
1888-1889	Capt. Agaton Ursua
1890-1891	Capt. Norberto Durante
1892-1893	Capt. Celedonio Reyes
1894	Capt. Raymundo Espiritu
1895-1898	Capt. Casimiro Onate
1899-1901	Pres. Celedonio Reyes
1902-1903	Pres. Francisco Ursua
1904-1905	Pres. Nicolas Ortiz
1906-1907	Pres. Ligorio Colores
1908-1910	Pres. Nicolas Ortiz
1911-1912	Pres. Antonio Peredo
1913-1915	Pres. Vicente Aureus
1916-1921	Pres. Ramon Hernandez
1922-1926	Pres. Marciano Bagadion
1927-1931	Pres. Macario Zeda
1932-1937	Mayor Teodoro Dilanco
1938-1940	Mayor Francisco Frondozo
1941-1942	Mayor Teodoro Dilanco
1943-1945	Mayor Eliseo Portin
1946-1947	Mayor Policarpo Benitez
1948-1951	Mayor Policarpo Benitez
1952-1955	Mayor Teofilo Dilanco
1956-1959	Mayor Teofilo Dilanco
1960-1971	Mayor Amadeo Castaneda
1972-1979	Mayor Jose Bulaong, M.D.
October 1979-April 1980	Actg. Mayor Jose Villaluz, M.D.
1980-1986	Mayor Jose Bulaong, M.D.
March 1986-November 1987	Mayor Juan Echano (OIC)
December 1987-June 1988	Mayor Ramon Villaluz
1988-1998	Mayor Teodoro Dilanco III
1998-June 2001	Mayor Gerardo Atienza,Sr.
July 2001-June 2004	Mayor Rodolfo Jimenez, Sr.
July 2004-June 2007	Mayor Rodolfo Jimenez, Sr.
July 2007-June 2010	Mayor Rodolfo Jimenez, Sr.
July 2010 – June 2016	Mayor Marilyn Jimenez
July 2016 – June 2022	Mayor Bernard Brioso
July 2022 – Present	Mayor Jesus Camara

Education

The Department of Education (Philippines) lists the following schools for Libmanan: ^[28]

Tertiary

• CASIFMAS (Libmanan Campus) - Potot, Libmanan
• Luis H. Dilanco Sr. Foundation College, Inc. - Bahay, Libmanan
• Governor Mariano E. Villafuerte Community College-Libmanan

Secondary

• Colegio del Santisimo Rosario - Station Church Site, Libmanan
• Bicol Central Academy - Libod 1,Libmanan
• Central Bicol State University Sipocot - Libmanan Extension College (formerly: Bicol Institute of Science and Technology - Libmanan Extension College- Sibujo, Libmanan)
• Bahay Provincial High School- Bahay,Libmanan
• San Juan National High School - Handong, Libmanan
• San Isidro National High School - San Isidro, Libmanan
• Bahao National High School - Bahao, Libmanan
• Carmel National High School - Potot, Libmanan
• Pag-oring Nuevo National High School - Pag-oring Nuevo, Libmanan
• Malansad Nuevo National High School - Malansad, Libmanan
• Mambulo Nuevo National High School - Mambulo Nuevo, Libmanan

Intermediate

• Libmanan North Central School - Libod # 2
• Candato Elementary School - Candato, Libmanan
• Libmanan South Central School
• Tarum Elementary School
• Ibid Elementary School - Ibid, Libmanan
• Umalo Elementary School - Umalo, Libmanan
• Fundado Elementary School- Taban-Fundado,Libmanan
• St. Joseph Academy - Potot, Libmanan
• Don Jose Ursua Elementary School - Malinao, Libmanan
• Bikal Elementary School- Bikal, Libmanan
• Duang Niog Elementary School-Duang Niog, Libmanan
• Sixto Bulaong Elementary School- Busak, Libmanan
• Mambulo Nuevo Elementary School - Mambulo Nuevo, Libmanan
• San Juan Elementary School - Handong, Libmanan
• Malansad Nuevo Elementary School, Malansad Nuevo Elementary School

References

1.   Municipality of Libmanan | (DILG)
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6. "Home". Archived from the original on February 27, 2009.
7. "PNR eyeing resumption of Bicol trips by December". May 27, 2015.
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24. "2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. May 31, 2016.
25. "Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. July 10, 2019.
26. "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
27. "PNR starts train runs from Naga to Legazpi". September 25, 2015.
28. "List of Schools". Ebeis.deped.gov.ph. Retrieved August 28, 2022.

External links

• Official Site of the Diocese of Libmanan
• Philippine Standard Geographic Code
• Philippine Census Information
• Official Site of the Province of Camarines Sur