Al-Bakri wrote about Europe, North Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula. Only two of his works have survived. His Mu'jam mā ista'jam contains a list of place names mostly within the Arabian peninsular with an introduction giving the geographical background.
The Mas'udi Canon (Persian قانون مسعودي) - an extensive encyclopedia on astronomy, geography, and engineering, named after Mas'ud, son of Mahmud of Ghazni, to whom he dedicated.
Leif Ericsson claims to have made landfall at three lands in North America, one of which he names Vinland meaning the land of wine.[3]
Warfare
A Chinese manual on warfare includes the earliest known description of gunpowder.[4]
Printing
The concept of movable kind for printing is pioneered in China, using fired clay, but it proves impractical.[5]
Astronomy
The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology (Kitab al-tafhim li-awa’il sina‘at al-tanjim[6]).
The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries (Arabic الآثار الباقية عن القرون الخالية) - a comparative study of calendars of different cultures and civilizations, interlaced with mathematical, astronomical, and historical information.
The Mas'udi Canon (Persian قانون مسعودي) - an extensive encyclopedia on astronomy, geography, and engineering, named after Mas'ud, son - a question and answer style book about mathematics and astronomy, in Arabic and Persian.
Astronomers in China and Japan observe the explosion of the supernova which is still visible as the Crab Nebula.[7]
Gems (Arabic الجماهر في معرفة الجواهر) about geology, minerals, and gems, dedicated to Mawdud son of Mas'ud.
Other
Su Sung, a Buddhist monk, created in China the principle of the escapement in his tower clock worked by a water wheel.[9]
Three lustre decorations were developed in Syria between the 11th century and 13th century. These include Tell Minis (a yellow-orange color), Raqqa (a red-brown color) and Damascus (a yellow-brown color).[10]
Births
Record keeping was not great at the time, so the births of significant figures in science in the 11th century are primarily unknown.
Deaths
Record keeping was not great at the time, so the deaths of significant figures in science in the 11th century are primarily unknown.
↑ D.J. Boilot, "Al-Biruni (Beruni), Abu'l Rayhan Muhammad b. Ahmad", in Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden), New Ed., vol.1:1236-1238. Excerpt 1: "He was born of an Iranian family in 362/973 (according to al-Ghadanfar, on 3 Dhu'l-Hididja/ 4 September — see E. Sachau, Chronology, xivxvi), in the suburb (birun) of Kath, capital of Khwarizm". Excerpt 2:"was one of the greatest scholars of mediaeval Islam, and certainly the most original and profound. He was equally well versed in the mathematical, astronomic, physical and natural sciences and also distinguished himself as a geographer and historian, chronologist and linguist and as an impartial observer of customs and creeds. He is known as al-Ustdadh, "the Master".
↑ George Saliba, "BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN iii. Mathematics and Astronomy" in Encyclopaedia Iranica
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