1648 in science

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The year 1648 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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Physics

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff</span> Dutch physical and organic chemist (1852–1911)

Jacobus Henricus "Henry" van 't Hoff Jr. was a Dutch physical chemist. A highly influential theoretical chemist of his time, Van 't Hoff was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His pioneering work helped found the modern theory of chemical affinity, chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics, and chemical thermodynamics. In his 1874 pamphlet Van 't Hoff formulated the theory of the tetrahedral carbon atom and laid the foundations of stereochemistry. In 1875, he predicted the correct structures of allenes and cumulenes as well as their axial chirality. He is also widely considered one of the founders of physical chemistry as the discipline is known today.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jan Baptist van Helmont</span> Chemist and physician (1580–1644)

Jan Baptist van Helmont was a chemist, physiologist, and physician from Brussels. He worked during the years just after Paracelsus and the rise of iatrochemistry, and is sometimes considered to be "the founder of pneumatic chemistry". Van Helmont is remembered today largely for his ideas on spontaneous generation, his 5-year willow tree experiment, and his introduction of the word "gas" into the vocabulary of science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Willem Schouten</span> Dutch navigator (c. 1567–1625)

Willem Cornelisz Schouten was a Dutch navigator for the Dutch East India Company. He was the first to sail the Cape Horn route to the Pacific Ocean.

The year 1644 AD in science and technology involved some significant events.

The year 1625 in science and technology involved some significant events.

In chemistry, the amount of substance n in a given sample of matter is defined as the quantity or number of discrete atomic-scale particles in it divided by the Avogadro constant NA. The particles or entities may be molecules, atoms, ions, electrons, or other, depending on the context, and should be specified (e.g. amount of sodium chloride nNaCl). The value of the Avogadro constant NA has been defined as 6.02214076×1023 mol−1. The mole (symbol: mol) is a unit of amount of substance in the International System of Units, defined (since 2019) by fixing the Avogadro constant at the given value. Sometimes, the amount of substance is referred to as the chemical amount.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of chemistry</span> Historical development of chemistry

The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present. By 1000 BC, civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry. Examples include the discovery of fire, extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Willem Bontekoe</span>

Willem Ysbrandtszoon Bontekoe was a skipper in the Dutch East India Company (VOC), who made only one voyage for the company (1618–1625). He became widely known because of the journal of his adventures that was published in 1646 under the title Journael ofte gedenckwaerdige beschrijvinge van de Oost-Indische reyse van Willem Ysbrantsz. Bontekoe van Hoorn, begrijpende veel wonderlijcke en gevaerlijcke saecken hem daer in wedervaren.

The year 1580 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iatrochemistry</span> Early modern branch of medicine

Iatrochemistry is a branch of both chemistry and medicine. Having its roots in alchemy, iatrochemistry seeks to provide chemical solutions to diseases and medical ailments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chemical revolution</span>

The chemical revolution, also called the first chemical revolution, was the early modern reformulation of chemistry that culminated in the law of conservation of mass and the oxygen theory of combustion. During the 19th and 20th century, this transformation was credited to the work of the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier. However, recent work on the history of early modern chemistry considers the chemical revolution to consist of gradual changes in chemical theory and practice that emerged over a period of two centuries. The so-called scientific revolution took place during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries whereas the chemical revolution took place during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georg Marcgrave</span> German naturalist and astronomer (1610–1644)

Georg Marcgrave was a German naturalist and astronomer, whose posthumously published Historia Naturalis Brasiliae was a major contribution to early modern science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian Knorr von Rosenroth</span>

Christian Knorr von Rosenroth was a German Christian Hebraist and Christian Cabalist born at Alt-Raudten in Silesia. After having completed his studies in the universities of Wittenberg and Leipzig, he traveled through the Netherlands, France, and England. At Amsterdam, he became acquainted with an Armenian prince, with the chief Rabbi, Meier Stern, Dr. John Lightfoot and Henry More. Influenced by them, and others, he studied Oriental languages, chemistry, and the cabalistic sciences. On his return, he settled at Sulzbach where he became the privy counsellor of Christian Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach. He devoted himself to the study of Hebrew. Later he became a student of the Kabbalah, in which he believed to find proofs of the doctrines of Christianity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of chemistry</span> List of events in the history of chemistry

This timeline of chemistry lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed humanity's understanding of the modern science known as chemistry, defined as the scientific study of the composition of matter and of its interactions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont</span> Flemish physician, writer and alchemist (1614-98)

Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont was a Flemish alchemist and writer, the son of Jan Baptist van Helmont. He is now best known for his publication in the 1640s of his father's pioneer works on chemistry, which link the origins of the science to the study of alchemy.

Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen is a consultant in chemistry and energy systems. Storm van Leeuwen received his Master of Science, physical chemistry, at the Technical University Eindhoven. He is a senior scientist at Ceedata Consultants. He also develops courses for chemistry teachers for the Open University at Heerlen. He is the secretary of the Dutch Association of the Club of Rome. His two fields of expertise are technology assessment and life cycle analyses of energy systems, focussed on sustainability aspects. He published numerous reports and articles on various topics related to energy and environment, also in peer-reviewed scientific journals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gas</span> State of matter

Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter – the others being solid, liquid, and plasma.

Johannes Pharamond Rhumelius (1597–1661) was a German alchemist and physician, and a contemporary of Jan Baptist van Helmont. He was born in Neumark and died in Nuremberg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Willem Piso</span> Dutch physician and naturalist (1611–1678)

Willem Piso was a Dutch physician and naturalist who participated as an expedition doctor in Dutch Brazil from 1637 – 1644, sponsored by count Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen and the Dutch West India Company. Piso became one of the founders of tropical medicine.

<i>Historia Naturalis Brasiliae</i> First scientific book about Brazil

Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, originally written in Latin, is the first scientific work on the natural history of Brazil, written by Dutch naturalist Willem Piso and containing research done by the German scientist Georg Marcgraf, published in 1648. The work includes observations made by the German naturalist H. Gralitzio, in addition to humanist Johannes de Laet. It was dedicated to Johan Maurits, Count of Nassau, who was the patron of the project during the period of Dutch rule in Brazil.

References

  1. Jacqueline Bergeron, ed. (2013). Highlights of Astronomy: As Presented at the XXIst General Assembly of the IAU, 1991. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 521. ISBN   9401128286.
  2. Fisher, Raymond H., ed. (1981). The Voyage of Semen Dezhnev in 1648. London: Hakluyt Society. ISBN   0-904180-07-7.
  3. Erickson, Robert F. "Willem Piso". Rare Books from the MBG Library. Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved 2011-04-02.
  4. "Johann Baptista van Helmont". History of Gas Chemistry. Center for Microscale Gas Chemistry, Creighton University. 2005-09-25. Retrieved 2007-02-23.