1892 legislative session of the Hawaiian Kingdom

The Legislative Assembly of 1892 met at the seat of government at Aliʻiōlani Hale (pictured) which was situated across the street from ʻIolani Palace

The 1892 session of the Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom, also known as the Longest Legislature, was a period from May 28, 1892, to January 14, 1893, in which the legislative assembly of the Hawaiian Kingdom met for its traditional bi-annual session. This unicameral ^{[1] [2]} body was composed of the upper House of Nobles and the lower House of Representatives. This would be the first session during the reign of Queen Liliʻuokalani and the last meeting of the legislative assembly during the Hawaiian monarchy. Three days after the prorogation of the assembly, many of the political tension developed during the legislative debates and the queen's attempt to promulgate a new constitution while her legislators were not in session led to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom on January 17, 1893.

Members of this legislative session included citizens and subjects of the kingdom of either full or mixed Native Hawaiian, Euro-American and Asian descent, who were divided across different party lines. They included the insurgents who would play an eventual role in the deposition of the queen, and also the political resistance leaders who would lead the opposition to the overthrow and attempts to annex the Hawaiian Islands to the United States.

Background

Political cartoon depicting the coup d'état which resulted in the signing of the Bayonet Constitution, 1887

In 1887, King Kalākaua was forced to sign the Bayonet Constitution under duress by the Hawaiian League, a group of foreign businessman and Hawaiian subjects of American missionary descent including Lorrin A. Thurston. This constitution limited the absolute power of the monarch and strengthened the power of the executive cabinet. It also raised property requirements for suffrage, disenfranchised many poor Native Hawaiians and naturalized Asian citizens, and gave the vote to unnaturalized foreign residents of European or American descent. It also changed membership in the House of Nobles, the upper house of the legislature, from life appointments by the king to elected offices for the first time. A new cabinet headed by Thurston was imposed on the king and the king's previous administration headed by Walter Murray Gibson was ousted. ^[3]

The instigators of this coup d'état formed the Reform Party, drawing its memberships from Hawaiian conservatives and citizens of foreign descent, and won the majority of the seats in the legislature in the election of 1887, which was mandated by the new constitution. ^{[4] [5]} In the election of 1890, the Hui Kālaiʻāina (Hawaiian Political Association) and the Mechanics' and Workingmen's Political Protective Union joined together to form the National Reform Party in opposition to the Reform Party in this session. The Reform Party lost their majority control in the legislature and the Thurston cabinet was removed by a legislative vote of want of confidence. ^[6]

Following the prorogation of the legislature of 1890, King Kalakaua died while in San Francisco and was succeeded by his sister Queen Liliʻuokalani on January 29, 1891. ^[7]

Election of 1892

The general election of 1892 proved the most contentious. The four major parties were the Reform, National Reform, National Liberal, and the Native Sons of Hawaii which ran the same candidates as the National Reformers. The National Reform Party became the administration or governmental party and gained the personal support of the new queen. They joined with the Reformers and Native Sons in opposing the more radical elements of the National Liberal. The National Liberal Party, which became the party of the opposition, advocated for increased Native Hawaiian participation in the government and a constitutional convention to draft a new constitution to replace the unpopular Bayonet Constitution. However, the Liberals soon became divided between radicals and more conciliatory groups. Joseph Nāwahī and William Pūnohu White became the leaders of the factions of the Liberals loyal to the queen against the more radical members led by John E. Bush and Robert William Wilcox, who were advocating for drastic changes such as increased power for the people and a republican form of government. ^[8]

The election resulted in a divided legislature, although the conservatives painted it as a victory for their coalition. It was hard to tell where the exact loyalty of many of the elected nobles and representatives lay because of internal disagreement. According to historian Ralph S. Kuykendall, "the party composition of the 1892 legislature (the forty-eight elected members) appeared to be: Reform Party, twenty-three; Liberal Party, thirteen; National Reform Party, nine; Independent, three". ^[9]

Legislative session

From May 28, 1892, to January 14, 1893, the legislature of the Kingdom convened for an unprecedented 171 days, which later historians such as Albertine Loomis and Helena G. Allen dubbed the "Longest Legislature". ^[10] This would be the first session during the reign of Queen Liliʻuokalani and the last meeting of the legislative assembly during the Hawaiian monarchy. ^[10]

At the opening of the legislature, forty-eight elected politicians, consisting of twenty-four nobles (including thirteen holdovers continued their terms from the 1890 legislature) and twenty-four representatives from the four main Hawaiian Islands met at the legislative halls of Aliʻiōlani Hale in Honolulu. The legislature met as a unicameral body composed of the upper House of Nobles and the lower House of Representatives with Noble John Smith Walker presiding as President of the Legislative Assembly and Noble John Kauhane as Vice-President. The body included politicians of Native Hawaiian descent, Euro-American descent, mixed Hawaiian and Euro-American descent, and even three members of Chinese-Hawaiian descent. The appointed cabinet ministers also had the right to participate as ex-officio members of the legislature with the right to vote on all matters except on votes for their removal. In the course of the session, five members would resign and three new members chosen in special elections to replace with two of the five members reclaiming their vacated seats. ^[11]

This session was dominated by political infighting within and between and the different parties. Debates heard on the floor of the houses concerned the popular demand for a new constitution, the passage of a lottery bill and an opium licensing bill, aimed at alleviating the economic crisis caused by the McKinley Tariff. ^[12] By the end of the session, the queen had also signed into law the lottery bill and opium licensing bill, which were extremely controversial in the foreign community and especially with the leaders of the Reform Party. ^[13]

Petitions asking for a new constitution were submitted by seven legislators: Noble David William Pua and Representatives Joseph Nāwahī, William Pūnohu White, Jose Kekahuna Iosepa, Anakalea Kauhi, T. S. Nahinu, Luther W. P. Kanealii and George Panila Kamauoha. ^{[14] [15]} Attempts were made to call a constitutional convention to draft a new constitution in both the 1890 session and the 1892 session. Both National Liberals and National Reformers campaigned on the promise of a new constitution, however many National Reformers supported a middle path and advocated for changes via amendments. The conservative Reformers would not tolerate any changes to the existing constitution. There was also disagreement on the legality of how to execute the change. No clear comparable precedents existed, since previous constitutions had been promulgated by the sovereign. ^[16]

The main issue of contention between the new monarch and the legislators was the retention of her cabinet ministers; political division prevented Liliʻuokalani from appointing a balanced council. The 1887 constitution retained the monarch's right to appoint her own cabinet minister but gave the legislature the power to vote for the dismissal of her cabinet. ^[17] Seven resolutions of want of confidence were introduced during this session, and four of her self-appointed cabinets (the Widemann, Macfarlane, Cornwell, and Wilcox cabinets) were ousted by votes of the legislature. ^[18] During this session, Nāwahī also proposed a bill to the legislature to amend the constitution to give women the right to vote. The bill failed to pass. Had it been made into law, Hawaii would have preceded New Zealand as the first nation to allow women to vote. ^[19]

On January 13, 1893, after the legislature dismissed the Wilcox cabinet (which had political sympathies to the Reform Party), Liliʻuokalani appointed the new Parker cabinet, which had ties to the National Reform Party and consisted of Samuel Parker, as minister of foreign affairs; John F. Colburn, as minister of the interior; William H. Cornwell, as minister of finance; and Arthur P. Peterson, as attorney general. ^{[20] [21]}

Queen Liliʻuokalani leaving Aliiolani Hale following the prorogation ceremony, 1893

The legislative assembly was prorogued January 14, at a noon ceremony officiated by the queen at Aliʻiōlani Hale, which was situated across the street from ʻIolani Palace. ^[22]

Aftermath

Following the prorogation of the legislative session, Liliʻuokalani attempted to promulgate a new constitution while the legislature was not in session. In reaction to the legislative stand still on the constitution convention bill, the queen met in secret with the two leaders of the Liberal Party: Representatives Nāwahī and White and Samuel Nowlein, the captain of her Royal Guards, to draft a new constitution. ^[23]

In the afternoon of January 14, she met with her cabinet ministers while members of Hui Kālaiʻāina and a delegation of native legislators marched to ʻIolani Palace with a sealed package containing the constitution for her to promulgate. According to historian William DeWitt Alexander, this was pre-planned by the queen. ^[24] However, she discovered the ministers were either opposed to or reluctant to sign the new constitution and the queen had to postpone her plans and dismiss the delegations of political leaders and the assembled crowds from the palace. ^[24] She later wrote, "I told them I would not have taken such a step if they had not encouraged me. They had led me out to the edge of a precipice, and now were leaving me to take the step alone." ^[25]

The political fallout of the queen's actions led to citywide political rallies and meetings in Honolulu. Anti-monarchists, annexationists, and leading Reformist politicians, including legislators Lorrin A. Thurston, William Owen Smith, and William Chauncey Wilder, formed the Committee of Safety in protest of the "revolutionary" action of the queen and conspired to depose her. In response, royalists and loyalists formed the Committee of Law and Order and met at the palace square on January 16. White, Nāwahī, Bush, Wilcox, and Antone Rosa and other pro-monarchist leaders gave speeches in support for the queen and the government. ^[26] These actions and the radicalized political climate eventually led to the overthrow of the monarchy, on January 17, 1893, by the Committee of Safety, with the covert support of United States Minister John L. Stevens and the landing of American forces from the USS Boston. After a brief transition under the Provisional Government, the oligarchical Republic of Hawaii was established on July 4, 1894, with Sanford B. Dole as president. ^{[27] [28]} During this period, the de facto government was composed largely of residents of American and European ancestry, although a few Native Hawaiians from the 1892 legislature: John Ena, John Kauhane, and Jose Kekahuna Iosepa signed the constitutional convention for the Republic while Kauhane and George Panila Kamauoha would serve multiple terms in the legislature of the Republic. ^[29]

Many of the former legislators of the 1892 session, including Robert William Wilcox and Joseph Nāwahī, would lead the opposition to the overthrow and resistance to annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States. In 1893, Nawahi and many former 1892 legislators founded the Hui Aloha ʻĀina (Hawaiian Patriotic League), a patriotic group founded to protest annexation, while Wilcox led an unsuccessful counter-revolution in 1895 to restore the monarchy. ^[30]

Members of the Legislative Assembly

House of Nobles

This incomplete breakdown of party allegiance are based on The Pacific Commercial Advertiser, a contemporary newspaper, reporting at the beginning of the legislative session and the report of Noble Edward C. MacFarlane in the Blount Report. ^{[31] [32]}

Name	District	Party at election	Party (Blount Report)	Notes	Sources
Robert Renton Hind	Hawaii	Reform	Independent		[33] [31] [32] [34]
John Meirs Horner	Hawaii	Reform	Reform		[33] [31] [32] [35]
John Green Hoapili	Hawaii	National Liberal	National Reform		[33] [31] [32] [36]
John Kauhane	Hawaii	Reform	Reform	Served as Vice-President of the Legislative Assembly	[33] [31] [32] [37]
Joseph Marsden	Hawaii	Reform	Reform		[33] [31] [32] [38]
Alexander Young	Hawaii	Reform	Reform		[33] [31] [32] [39]
James Anderson	Maui, Molokai, Lanai	Reform	Reform		[33] [31] [32] [40]
Henry Perrine Baldwin	Maui, Molokai, Lanai	Reform	Reform		[33] [31] [32] [41]
William H. Cornwell	Maui, Molokai, Lanai	Reform	National Reform	Resigned on November 1 and appointed Minister of Finance. Re-elected on December 5.	[33] [31] [32] [42]
William Yates Horner	Maui, Molokai, Lanai	Reform	Reform		[33] [31] [32] [43]
Lorrin A. Thurston	Maui, Molokai, Lanai	Reform	Reform		[33] [31] [32]
Russell D. Walbridge	Maui, Molokai, Lanai	Reform	Reform		[33] [31] [32] [44]
Charles Otto Berger	Oahu	National Reform	National Reform		[33] [31] [32] [45]
John Adams Cummins	Oahu	National Reform	National Reform		[33] [31] [32] [46]
John Ena	Oahu	National Reform	National Reform		[33] [31] [32] [47]
Charles Louis Kāmohoaliʻi Hopkins	Oahu	National Reform	N/A	Served from October 7 after the resignation of Macfarlane	[33] [48] [49]
Edward C. Macfarlane	Oahu	National Reform	National Reform	Resigned on September 12 and appointed Minister of Finance	[33] [31] [32] [50]
C. B. Maile	Oahu	National Reform	N/A	Served from October 7 after the resignation of Neumann.	[33] [48] [51]
Paul Neumann	Oahu	National Reform	National Reform	Resigned on August 29 and appointed Attorney General	[33] [31] [32] [52]
Arthur P. Peterson	Oahu	National Reform	National Reform		[33] [31] [32] [53]
David William Pua	Oahu	National Liberal	National Reform		[33] [31] [32] [54]
John Smith Walker	Oahu	National Reform	National Reform	Served as President of the Legislative Assembly	[33] [31] [32] [55]
John Norman Spencer Williams	Oahu	National Reform	National Reform		[33] [31] [32] [56]
August Dreier	Kauai and Niihau	Reform	Independent		[33] [31] [32] [57]
Paul P. Kanoa	Kauai and Niihau	Reform	Reform		[33] [31] [32] [58]
Alexander M. McBryde	Kauai and Niihau	N/A	N/A	Served from December 19 when he replaced Wilcox after he was appointed Minister of the Interior	[33] [31] [32] [59]
George Norton Wilcox	Kauai and Niihau	Reform	Reform	Resigned on November 18 and appointed Minister of the Interior	[33] [31] [32] [60]

House of Representatives

Name	District	Islands	Party at election	Party (Blount Report)	Notes	Sources
Albert Horner, Jr.	North Hilo	Hawaii	Reform	Reform		[33] [31] [32] [61]
George Panila Kamauoha	Kohala	Hawaii	National Liberal	National Liberal		[33] [31] [32] [62]
John N. Kapahu	Kau	Hawaii	National Liberal	N/A		[33] [31] [32] [63]
John K. Kaunamano	Hamakua	Hawaii	Independent	National Reform		[33] [31] [32] [64]
K. M. Koahou	Central Hilo	Hawaii	National Liberal	National Liberal		[33] [31] [32] [65]
Joseph Nāwahī	South Hilo	Hawaii	National Liberal	National Liberal	Resigned on November 1 and appointed Minister of Finance. Re-elected on December 24.	[33] [31] [32] [66]
James H. Waipuilani	Kona	Hawaii	Reform	National Reform		[33] [31] [32] [67]
William Edmonds	South Wailuku	Maui, Molokai, Lanai	Reform	N/A		[33] [31] [32] [68]
Jose Kekahuna Iosepa	Hana	Maui, Molokai, Lanai	Reform	Reform		[33] [31] [32] [69]
John Kaluna	Makawao	Maui, Molokai, Lanai	Reform	Reform		[33] [31] [32] [70]
Luther W. P. Kanealii	North Wailuku	Maui, Molokai, Lanai	National Liberal	National Liberal		[33] [31] [32] [71]
T. S. Nahinu [note 1]	Molokai	Maui, Molokai, Lanai	Independent	National Liberal		[33] [31] [32] [74]
William Pūnohu White	Lahaina	Maui, Molokai, Lanai	National Liberal	National Liberal		[33] [31] [32] [75]
Samuel K. Aki	Ward 4, Honolulu	Oahu	National Liberal	National Liberal		[33] [31] [32] [76]
Clarence W. Ashford	Ward 3, Honolulu	Oahu	National Liberal	National Liberal		[33] [31] [32] [77]
John W. Bipikane	Ward 2, Honolulu	Oahu	National Liberal	National Liberal		[33] [31] [32] [78]
John E. Bush	Ward 6, Koolau	Oahu	National Liberal	National Liberal		[33] [31] [32] [79]
Anakalea Kauhi	Ward 8, Ewa	Oahu	Independent	Independent		[33] [31] [32] [80]
Samuel K. Pua	Ward 5, Honolulu	Oahu	National Liberal	National Liberal		[33] [31] [32] [81]
Robert William Wilcox	Ward 7, Waialua	Oahu	National Liberal	National Liberal		[33] [31] [32] [82]
William Chauncey Wilder	Ward 1, Honolulu	Oahu	Reform	Reform		[33] [31] [32] [83]
Joseph Apukai Akina	Waimea	Kauai and Niihau	National Liberal	National Liberal		[33] [31] [32] [84]
William Owen Smith	Lihue	Kauai and Niihau	Reform	Reform		[33] [31] [32] [85]
Albert Spencer Wilcox	Hanalei	Kauai and Niihau	Reform	Reform		[33] [31] [32] [86]

Cabinet ministers

See also: Liliʻuokalani's Cabinet ministers

According to Article 42 of the 1887 Constitution, "The Cabinet holds seats ex officio, in the Legislature, with the right to vote, except on a question of want of confidence in them." ^[87] Each cabinet were named after the leading cabinet ministers. ^{[21] [88]}

Name	Position	Assumed office	Left office	Party	Notes	Sources
The Widemann Cabinet
William Austin Whiting	Attorney General	February 25, 1891	July 27, 1892	National Reform		[33] [32] [21] [89]
Charles Nichols Spencer	Minister of the Interior	February 25, 1891	September 12, 1892	National Reform		[33] [32] [21] [90]
Hermann A. Widemann	Minister of Finance	February 25, 1891 January 28, 1892	March 10, 1891 September 12, 1892	National Reform	Resigned in 1891 and reappointed in 1892	[33] [32] [21] [88] [91]
John Mott-Smith	Minister of Finance	July 28, 1891	October 17, 1891	Reform		[33] [32] [21] [88] [92]
Samuel Parker	Minister of Foreign Affairs	February 25, 1891	September 12, 1892	National Reform	First term, Parker also served as acting Minister of Finance between March 10, 1891 and July 28, 1891 after Widemann's resignation and between October 17, 1891 and January 28, 1892 after Mott-Smith's resignation	[33] [32] [21] [88] [93]
The Macfarlane Cabinet
Paul Neumann	Attorney General	September 12, 1892	November 1, 1892	National Reform	Former member of the House of Nobles	[33] [32] [21] [52]
Charles T. Gulick	Minister of the Interior	September 12, 1892	November 1, 1892	National Reform	First term	[33] [32] [21] [94]
Edward C. Macfarlane	Minister of Finance	September 12, 1892	November 1, 1892	National Reform	Former member of the House of Nobles	[33] [32] [21] [50]
Samuel Parker	Minister of Foreign Affairs	September 12, 1892	November 1, 1892	National Reform	Second term	[33] [32] [21] [93]
The Cornwell Cabinet
Charles F. Creighton	Attorney General	November 1, 1892	November 1, 1892	N/A		[33] [32] [21] [95]
Charles T. Gulick	Minister of the Interior	November 1, 1892	November 1, 1892	National Reform	Second term	[33] [32] [21] [94]
William H. Cornwell	Minister of Finance	November 1, 1892	November 1, 1892	National Reform	First term. Former member of the House of Nobles.	[33] [32] [21] [42]
Joseph Nāwahī	Minister of Foreign Affairs	November 1, 1892	November 1, 1892	National Liberal	Former member of the House of Representatives.	[33] [32] [21] [66]
The Wilcox Cabinet
Cecil Brown	Attorney General	November 8, 1892	January 12, 1893	Reform		[33] [32] [21] [96]
George Norton Wilcox	Minister of the Interior	November 8, 1892	January 12, 1893	Reform		[33] [32] [21] [60]
Peter Cushman Jones	Minister of Finance	November 8, 1892	January 12, 1893	Reform		[33] [32] [21] [97]
Mark Prever Robinson	Minister of Foreign Affairs	November 8, 1892	January 12, 1893	Reform		[33] [32] [21] [98]
The Parker Cabinet
Arthur P. Peterson	Attorney General	January 12, 1893	January 17, 1893	National Reform		[33] [32] [21] [53]
John F. Colburn	Minister of the Interior	January 12, 1893	January 17, 1893	National Reform		[33] [32] [21] [99]
William H. Cornwell	Minister of Finance	January 12, 1893	January 17, 1893	National Reform	Second term. Former member of the House of Nobles.	[33] [32] [21] [42]
Samuel Parker	Minister of Foreign Affairs	January 12, 1893	January 17, 1893	National Reform	Third term	[33] [32] [21] [93]

Notes

1. Sometime given as G. S. Nahinu. ^{[72] [73]}

References

1. Osorio 2002, p. 118.
2. Van Dyke 2007, p. 145.
3. Kuykendall 1967, pp. 344–372.
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7. Kuykendall 1967 , pp. 474–475
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13. Kuykendall 1967, pp. 543–545, 574–581.
14. Kuykendall 1967, pp. 528–529, 548.
15. Liliuokalani 1898, p. 384.
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Bibliography

• Alexander, William DeWitt (1896). History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the Revolution of 1893. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Company. OCLC   11843616.
• Allen, Helena G. (1982). The Betrayal of Liliuokalani: Last Queen of Hawaii, 1838–1917. Glendale, CA: A. H. Clark Company. ISBN   978-0-87062-144-4. OCLC   9576325.
• Blount, James Henderson (1895). The Executive Documents of the House of Representatives for the Third Session of the Fifty-Third Congress, 1893–'94 in Thirty-Five Volumes. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC   191710879.
• Hawaii (1918). Lydecker, Robert Colfax (ed.). Roster Legislatures of Hawaii, 1841–1918. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Company. OCLC   60737418.
• Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1967). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty. Vol. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN   978-0-87022-433-1. OCLC   500374815.
• Liliuokalani (1898). Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani. Boston: Lee and Shepard. ISBN   978-0-548-22265-2. OCLC   2387226.
• Loomis, Albertine (1963). "The Longest Legislature" (PDF). Seventy-First Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the Year 1962. 71. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 7–27. hdl:10524/35.
• Moblo, Pennie (1998). "Institutionalising the Leper: Partisan Politics and the Evolution of Stigma in Post-Monarchy Hawaiʻi". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 107 (3). Wellington: The Polynesian Society: 229–262. OCLC   6015242891. Archived from the original on February 13, 2018. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
• Osorio, Jon Kamakawiwoʻole (2002). Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN   0-8248-2549-7. OCLC   48579247.
• Silva, Noenoe K. (2004). Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN   0-8223-8622-4. OCLC   191222123.
• Twigg-Smith, Thurston (1998). Hawaiian Sovereignty: Do the Facts Matter?. Honolulu: Goodale Publishing. ISBN   978-0-9662945-0-7. OCLC   39090004.
• Van Dyke, Jon M. (2007). Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai'i?. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN   978-0-8248-3211-7. OCLC   257449971.

Further reading

• Loomis, Albertine (1976). For Whom Are the Stars? An Informal History of the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy in 1893 and the Ill-Fated Counterrevolution It Evoked. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii and Friends of the Library of Hawaii. ISBN   978-0-8248-0416-9. OCLC   2213370.
• "Journal of the House of Representatives, 1892, Volume 1". Ka Huli Ao Digital Archives. Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
• "Journal of the House of Representatives, 1892, Volume 2". Ka Huli Ao Digital Archives. Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2017.