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Krakatoa, also transcribed Krakatau, is a caldera in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in the Indonesian province of Lampung. The caldera is part of a volcanic island group comprising four islands. Two, Lang and Verlaten, are remnants of a previous volcanic edifice destroyed in eruptions long before the infamous 1883 eruption; another, Rakata, is the remnant of a much larger island destroyed in the 1883 eruption.
Mount Tambora, or Tomboro, is an active stratovolcano in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Located on Sumbawa in the Lesser Sunda Islands, it was formed by the active subduction zones beneath it. Before 1815, its elevation reached more than 4,300 metres high, making it one of the tallest peaks in the Indonesian archipelago.
A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava and tephra. Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes are characterized by a steep profile with a summit crater and periodic intervals of explosive eruptions and effusive eruptions, although some have collapsed summit craters called calderas. The lava flowing from stratovolcanoes typically cools and hardens before spreading far, due to high viscosity. The magma forming this lava is often felsic, having high to intermediate levels of silica, with lesser amounts of less viscous mafic magma. Extensive felsic lava flows are uncommon, but have traveled as far as 15 km (9 mi).
A phreatic eruption, also called a phreatic explosion, ultravulcanian eruption or steam-blast eruption, occurs when magma heats ground water or surface water. The extreme temperature of the magma causes near-instantaneous evaporation of water to steam, resulting in an explosion of steam, water, ash, rock, and volcanic bombs. At Mount St. Helens in Washington state, hundreds of steam explosions preceded the 1980 Plinian eruption of the volcano. A less intense geothermal event may result in a mud volcano.
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The Kelud is an mountain stratovolcano located in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. Like many Indonesian volcanoes and others on the Pacific Ring of Fire, Kelud is known for large explosive eruptions throughout its history. More than 30 eruptions have occurred since 1000 AD. In 2007, an effusive explosion filled the crater with a lava dome. It last erupted on 13 February 2014, destroying the lava dome and ejecting boulders, stones and ashes up to West Java about 500 kilometres (310 mi) from Mount Kelud. The crater filled with water during the rainy season.
Anak Krakatoa is a volcanic island in Indonesia. On 29 December 1927, Anak Krakatoa first emerged from the caldera formed in 1883 by the explosive volcanic eruption that destroyed the island of Krakatoa. There has been sporadic eruptive activity at the site since the late 20th century, culminating with a large underwater collapse of the volcano that caused a deadly tsunami in December 2018. There has been subsequent activity since. Due to its young age, the island is one of several in the area that are of interest to, and the subject of extensive study by, volcanologists.
The Semeru, or Mount Semeru is an active volcano located in East Java, Indonesia. It is located in a subduction zone, where the Indo-Australian plate subducts under the Eurasia plate. It is the highest mountain on the island of Java. The name "Semeru" is derived from Meru, the central world mountain in Hinduism, or Sumeru, the abode of gods. This stratovolcano is also known as Mahameru, meaning "The Great Mountain" in Sanskrit. It is one of the more popular hiking destinations in Indonesia.
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A Faucett Perú operated domestic scheduled Lima–Huánuco–Tingo Maria passenger flight, operated with a Douglas C-54, crashed on 8 December 1967 against a mountain at Cordillera de Carpish. All 66 passengers and 6 crew members aboard were killed.
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References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Vulkaanuitbarsting op Java: 175 doden". Trouw (in Dutch). 22 February 1979 – via Delpher.
- 1 2 3 4 "Vulkaanramp op Midden-Java". De Telegraaf (in Dutch). 22 February 1979 – via Delpher.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Vulkaanramp op Java nu 180 doden". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). 23 February 1979 – via Delpher.
- ↑ "Al 800 doden na vulkaanuitbarsting". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). 23 February 1979 – via Delpher.
- 1 2 "Uitbarsting". Nieuwe Winterswijksche Courant (in Dutch). 23 February 1979 – via Delpher.
- ↑ Fumerole death blamed on poor signs', The Jakarta Post
- ↑ "Tientallen doden bij vulkaanuitbarsting op Sumatra". Vrije Stem (in Dutch). 3 May 1979 – via Delpher.
- ↑ "Vulkaan op Java spuwt lava en gif - 155 doden". Het Vrije Volk (in Dutch). 21 February 1979 – via Delpher.
- 1 2 3 4 "Zeker 137 doden bij eruptie vulkaan op Java". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). 21 February 1979 – via Delpher.
- ↑ "Lavastroom bemoeilijkt hulpacties". Het Parool (in Dutch). 22 February 1979 – via Delpher.
- ↑ "Reddingswerk vulkaan gaat stroef". Amigoe (in Dutch). 23 February 1979 – via Delpher.
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