List of volcanic eruptions by death toll

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Volcanic eruptions can be highly explosive. Some volcanoes have undergone catastrophic eruptions, killing large numbers of humans or other life forms. This list documents volcanic eruptions by human death toll.

Contents

Volcanic eruptions

Human death tollVolcano VEI LocationYearEruptionSource(s)
71,000 to 250,100+ Mount Tambora 7 Indonesia 1815 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Year Without a Summer
36,000+ Krakatoa 6 Indonesia 1883 1883 eruption of Krakatoa
30,000 Mount Pelée 4 Martinique 1902 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée
23,000 Nevado del Ruiz 3 Colombia 1985 Armero tragedy
20,000~ (estimated) Santorini 6 Greece c. 1600 BC Minoan eruption
15,000 to 20,000 Mount Samalas 7 Indonesia 1257 1257 Samalas eruption
15,000 Mount Unzen 2 Japan 1792 1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami
13,000+ (estimated) Mount Vesuvius 5 Italy 79 Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
10,000+ Laki and Grímsvötn 4 Iceland 1783 Laki 1783 eruption [1]
10,000 Kelud 5 Indonesia 1586 [2]
6,000 Santa María 6 Guatemala 1902 1902 eruption of Santa María [3]
5,160 Kelud 4 Indonesia 1919 [2]
4,011 Mount Galunggung 5 Indonesia 1822 [4]
3,360 Mount Vesuvius 5 Italy 1631 1631 eruption of Mount Vesuvius
3,000 Ritter Island 2 Papua New Guinea 1888 1888 Ritter Island eruption and tsunami
2,957 Mount Papandayan 3 Indonesia 1772 [5]
2,942 Mount Lamington 4 Papua New Guinea 1951 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington
2,806 Mount Awu 3 Indonesia 1856 [6]
2,033 Oshima Oshima 4 Japan 1741 1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami
2,000 Tseax Cone ? Canada c. 1700 [7] [8]
1,900 El Chichón 5 Mexico 1982 [9]
1,700 Soufrière 4 St. Vincent 1902 [10]
1,584 Mount Agung 5 Indonesia 1963
1,532 Mount Awu 3 Indonesia 1892 [6]
1,500 Huaynaputina 6 Peru 1600 [11] [12]
1,369 Mount Merapi 3 Indonesia 1930 [13]
1,335 Taal 3 Philippines 1911 [14]
1,300 Gamalama 3 Indonesia 1775 [15]
1,200 Mount Mayon 4 Philippines 1814 [16]
1,151 Mount Asama 4 Japan 1783 Tenmei eruption
1,000 Nevado del Ruiz 3 Colombia 1845 [17]
847 Mount Pinatubo 6 Philippines 1991 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
700 Hokkaido Komagatake 5 Japan 1640 [18]
600 Nevado del Ruiz 4 Colombia 1595 [17]
507 Tavurvur 4 Papua New Guinea 1937 [19]
500 Hibok-Hibok 3 Philippines 1951 [20] [21]
477 Mount Bandai 4 Japan 1888 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai
426 Anak Krakatoa 3 Indonesia 2018 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami
416 Ruang 2 Indonesia 1871 1871 Ruang eruption and tsunami
400+ Kilauea 4 Hawaii, United States 1790 Keanakakoi eruption
350 to 400 Mount Mayon 4 Philippines 1897 [22]
353 Mount Merapi 4 Indonesia 2010 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi
340 Cotopaxi 4 Ecuador 1877 [23]
326 Makian 4 Indonesia 1861 [6]
245 Nyiragongo 1 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2002
216 Mount Vesuvius 4 Italy 1906 [24]
190 to 2,900 Volcán de Fuego 3 Guatemala 2018 2018 Volcán de Fuego eruption [25]
160+ Paluweh 3 Indonesia 1928 [26]
150 Tori-shima 3 Japan 1902 [27]
149 Dieng Volcanic Complex 1 Indonesia 1979 1979 eruption of Sinila crater [28]
144 Mount Tokachi 3 Japan 1926 [29] [ better source needed ]
117 Dieng Volcanic Complex 2 Indonesia 1944 [30]
114 Dieng Volcanic Complex 1 Indonesia 1964 [30]
108 to 120 Mount Tarawera 5 New Zealand 1886 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
106 Dubbi 3 Eritrea 1861 [6]
100 to 1000 Cotopaxi 4 Ecuador 1768 [23]
100 to 1000 Cotopaxi 3 Ecuador 1742 [23]
87 Volcán Arenal 3 Costa Rica 1968 [31]
80 Mount Marapi 2 Indonesia 1979 1979 eruption of Mount Marapi [32]
79 Mount Mayon 2 Philippines 1993 [16]
70 Nyiragongo 1 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1977 [33]
70~ Kolumbo 4 Greece 1650 [34]
69 Semeru 4 Indonesia 2021 2021 Semeru eruption
64 Mount Merapi 2 Indonesia 1994 [35]
63 Mount Ontake 3 Japan 2014 2014 Mount Ontake eruption
58 Sakurajima 4 Japan 1914 [36]
57 Mount St. Helens 5 United States 1980 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
56 Mount Etna 2 Italy 1843 [6]
56 La Soufrière 4 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1812 [37]
50 Mount Usu 4 Japan 1822 [38]
43 Mount Unzen 1 Japan 1991 [39]
40 Dieng Volcanic Complex 2 Indonesia 1928 [30]
39 Taal 4 Philippines 2020 2020–2022 Taal Volcano eruptions
38 Dieng Volcanic Complex 2 Indonesia 1786 [30]
32 Mount Nyiragongo 1 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2021 2021 Mount Nyiragongo eruption
32 Kelud 4 Indonesia 1990 [40]
31 Bayonnaise Rocks 2 Japan 1952 [41]
31 Nabro Volcano 4 Eritrea 2011 2011 Nabro eruption
30 Rinjani 3 Indonesia 1994 [42]
27 Mount Vesuvius 3 Italy 1944 [6]
25 Villarrica 2 Chile 1964 [43]
24 Monte Nuovo (Phlegraean Fields)3 Italy 1538 [44]
23 Villarrica 3 Chile 1948 [45]
23 Mount Marapi 2 Indonesia 2023 2023 eruption of Mount Marapi
22 Whakaari/White Island 2 New Zealand 2019 2019 Whakaari / White Island eruption
19 Soufrière Hills 3 Montserrat 1997 [46]
18 Galunggung 4 Indonesia 1982
16 Sinabung 4 Indonesia 2014 [47]
15 to 30 Villarrica 2 Chile 1971 [48]
15 Raikoke 4 Russia 1778 [49]
10 Dieng Volcanic Complex 1 Indonesia 1939 [30]
10 Lewotobi 3 Indonesia 2024 [50]
10 Whakaari/White Island ? New Zealand 1914
9 Galeras 2 Colombia 1993 Galeras tragedy
9 Mount Etna 3 Italy 1979 [51]
8 Dieng Volcanic Complex 1 Indonesia 2017 [52]
8 Kuchinoerabu-jima 4 Japan 1933 [53]
7 Kelud 4 Indonesia 2014 [54]
7 Jabal al-Tair 3 Yemen 2007 [55]
6 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai 5 Tonga 2022 2021–22 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami
6 Karangetang 2 Indonesia 1992 [56]
5 Mount Tavurvur 4 Papua New Guinea 1994 [57]
5 Mount Hudson 3 Chile 1971 [58]
4 Gamalama 2 Indonesia 2011 [59]
4 Yakedake 1 Japan 1995 [60]
4 Stromboli 2 Italy 1930 [61]
3 Pacaya 3 Guatemala 2010 [62]
3 Kanlaon 2 Philippines 1996 [63]
3 Didicas 2 Philippines 1969 [64]
2 Santa Ana 3 El Salvador 2005 [65]
2 Mount Bromo 2 Indonesia 2004 [66]
1 Popocatépetl 2 Mexico 2022 [67]
1 Cumbre Vieja 3 Spain 2021 2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption
1 Stromboli 2 Italy 2019 [68]
1 Chaitén 4 Chile 2008 [69]
1 Raoul Island 1 New Zealand 2006 [70]
1 Eldfell 3 Iceland 1973 [71] [72] [73]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Local and Global Impacts of the 1783–84 Laki Eruption in Iceland". Wired .
  2. 1 2 "Kelud". Volcano Discovery.
  3. ↑ "What is the largest eruption ever? | Volcano World | Oregon State University". volcano.oregonstate.edu. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  4. ↑ "Galunggung | Volcano World | Oregon State University". volcano.oregonstate.edu. 25 October 2010.
  5. ↑ "Papandayan". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Simkin, T.; Siebert, L. (1994). "Fatalities and Evacuations". Volcanoes of the World (2nd ed.). Tucson, Arizona: Geoscience Press. pp. 163–176. ISBN   978-0-945005-12-4.
  7. ↑ Hickson, C.J.; Spurgeon, T.C.; Cocking, R.B.; Russell, J.K.; Woodsworth, G.J.; Ulmi, M.; Rust, A.C. (2007), "Tseax Volcano: A Deadly Basaltic Eruption in North-Western British Columbia's Stikine Volcanic Belt", Geological Society of America 103rd Annual Meeting, retrieved 23 February 2019
  8. ↑ Higgins, M.D. (2009). "The Cascadia megathrust earthquake of 1700 may have rejuvenated an isolated basalt volcano in western Canada: Age and petrographic evidence". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 179 (1–2): 149–156. Bibcode:2009JVGR..179..149H. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.10.016.
  9. ↑ "Looking Back at the 1982 eruption of el Chichón in Mexico". Wired.
  10. ↑ "St. Vincent volcano is now less active (1902)". The Fort Wayne Sentinel. 26 May 1902. p. 1. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  11. ↑ Subramanian, Archana (18 February 2016). "Firing the sky". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  12. ↑ Zijlstra, Albert (30 June 2017). "The winter of Huaynaputina". volcanocafe.org. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  13. ↑ "A Look Inside Mount Merapi". Live Science. 8 November 2010.
  14. ↑ "Taal Volcano". Volcano Live . John Seach.
  15. ↑ "Eruption of the Gamalama volcano". earthquake-report.com. 7 December 2011. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012.
  16. 1 2 "Mayon Volcano | Eruption, History, & Facts | Britannica". 7 March 2024.
  17. 1 2 "BBC:On this day: November 13: 1985: Volcano kills thousands in Colombia". British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 November 1985. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
  18. ↑ Report on Hokkaido-Komagatake (Japan) — September 1998 . Global Volcanism Program (Report). Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199809-285020.
  19. ↑ McKee, C. O.; Johnson, R. W.; Lowenstein, P. L.; Riley, S. J.; Blong, R. J.; De Saint Ours, P.; Talai, B. (February 1985). "Rabaul Caldera" . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 23 (3): 195–237. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(85)90035-6.
  20. ↑ "Hibok-Hibok Volcano". Volcano Live . John Seach.
  21. ↑ "Hibok-Hibok at Camiguin Philippines". Bohol Philippines.
  22. ↑ "Mayon Volcano, Philippines". Volcano Live . John Seach.
  23. 1 2 3 "Ecuador Volcanoes". World Data.
  24. ↑ "L'eruzione del 1906". Vesuvius Observatory (in Italian).
  25. ↑ Paredes, Enrique; Morales, Sergio (4 July 2018). "Conred cifra en 332 el número de desaparecidos por erupción volcánica" [Conred: 332 the number of missing due to volcanic eruption]. Prensa Libre. Guatemala. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  26. ↑ "Paluweh volcano eruptions - eruptive history, info / VolcanoDiscovery".
  27. ↑ "INHABITANTS OF ISLAND ALL KILLED BY VOLCANO:; The 150 Japanese Residents of Torishima Dead – Eruption Still Proceeding" (PDF).
  28. ↑ Report on Dieng Volcanic Complex (Indonesia) — March 1979 . Global Volcanism Program (Report). Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.SEAN197903-263200.
  29. ↑ ja:十勝岳#噴火史#大正噴火 Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 "Dieng Volcanic Complex". Oregon State University. 29 September 2010.
  31. ↑ "Arenal Volcano 1968 eruption". Arenal.net. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  32. ↑ Report on Marapi (Indonesia) — May 1979 . Global Volcanism Program (Report). Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.SEAN197905-261140.
  33. ↑ "Report on Nyiragongo" . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.NSEB197703-223030.
  34. ↑ Rizzo, Andrea Luca; Caracausi, Antonio; Chavagnac, Valèrie; Nomikou, Paraskevi; Polymenakou, Paraskevi N.; Mandalakis, Manolis; Kotoulas, Georgios; Magoulas, Antonios; Castillo, Alain; Lampridou, Danai (17 June 2016). "Kolumbo submarine volcano (Greece): An active window into the Aegean subduction system". Scientific Reports. 6 (1) 28013. Bibcode:2016NatSR...628013R. doi:10.1038/srep28013. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   4911562 . PMID   27311383.
  35. ↑ "Mount Merapi". Britannica . The editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  36. ↑ "Japan's Sakurajima volcano due for major eruption within 30 years, say scientists". BBC News . 14 September 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  37. ↑ "The La Soufrière National Park". UNESCO .
  38. ↑ "ASTER Images Mt. Usu Volcano". NASA . Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
  39. ↑ "Mount Unzen". Britannica . The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed 17 July 2022
  40. ↑ "Report on Kelud (Indonesia) — January 1990" . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199001-263280.
  41. ↑ "66. Beyonesu (Bayonnaise) Rocks (including Myojinsho)" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  42. ↑ "Rinjani Volcano". Volcano Live . John Seach.
  43. ↑ "Villarrica volcano, Chile". Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences.
  44. ↑ Sansivero, Fabio. "Osservatorio Vesuviano - Monte Nuovo". www.ov.ingv.it (in Italian). Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  45. ↑ "Villarrica volcano, Chile". Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences.
  46. ↑ "The victims of Montserrat's volcano tragedy deserve an investigation". The Guardian . 25 June 2012.
  47. ↑ "Indonesian volcano Mount Sinabung eruption causes 16 deaths". The Independent . 2 February 2014.
  48. ↑ "Villarrica volcano, Chile". Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences.
  49. ↑ Report on Raikoke (Russia) — August 2019. Global Volcanism Program (Report). Smithsonian Institution.
  50. ↑ "Indonesia: At least 10 dead after Mount Lewotobi volcano erupts". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
  51. ↑ ingvvulcani (12 September 2019). "Una tragica estate. L'eruzione dell'Etna del 1979". INGVvulcani (in Italian). Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  52. ↑ Report on Dieng Volcanic Complex (Indonesia) — October 2017 . Global Volcanism Program (Report). Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201710-263200.
  53. ↑ "Kuchinoerabu-jima volcano eruptions". Volcano Discovery . Dr. Tom Pfeiffer.
  54. ↑ "Kelud". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  55. ↑ "Volcano erupts off Yemen, soldiers killed". Reuters. 1 October 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  56. ↑ "Karangetang [Api Siau]". 24 April 2011.
  57. ↑ "Report on Rabaul (Papua New Guinea)" . Global Volcanism Program . 19 (9). Smithsonian Institution. 1994. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199409-252140.
  58. ↑ "Hudson". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  59. ↑ "Gamalama Volcano". Volcano Live . John Seach.
  60. ↑ Report on Yakedake (Japan) — February 1995 . Global Volcanism Program (Report). Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199502-283070.
  61. ↑ Di Roberto, A.; Bertagnini, A.; Pompilio, M.; Bisson, M. (15 May 2014). "Pyroclastic density currents at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy): a case study of the 1930 eruption". Bulletin of Volcanology. 76 (6): 827. Bibcode:2014BVol...76..827D. doi:10.1007/s00445-014-0827-5. ISSN   1432-0819. S2CID   129565883.
  62. ↑ "Death toll climbs to 3 from Guatemala volcano". CNN. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2025.
  63. ↑ "Canlaon Volcano Eruption". aenet.org. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  64. ↑ "Global Volcanism Program | Didicas".
  65. ↑ "2 Killed as Volcano Erupts in El Salvador". Los Angeles Times. 2 October 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  66. ↑ "Javan volcano eruption kills two". BBC News. 8 June 2004. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  67. ↑ "Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico): one fatality and two injured after being hit by rock during eruption". www.volcanodiscovery.com. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  68. ↑ "Stromboli: One dead as volcano erupts on Italian island". BBC News . 3 July 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  69. ↑ "One dead as Chilean volcano spews ash for third day". Uk.reuters.com. 4 May 2008. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  70. ↑ "Fate dealt eruption victim unlucky hand". The New Zealand Herald . 21 March 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  71. ↑ "Deadly Gases". Oregon State University . 14 April 2010.
  72. ↑ "Which Way The Wind Blows – The Reykjavik Grapevine". The Reykjavik Grapevine . 26 September 2014.
  73. ↑ Williams Jr., R.S.; Moore, J.G. (1983). Man Against Volcano: The Eruption on Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland (PDF) (2nd ed.). USGS. p. 11.
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