List of volcanic eruptions in the 21st century

Last updated

Tonga Volcano Eruption 2022-01-15 0320Z to 0610Z Himawari-8 visible.gif
Satellite images of the January 15, 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

This is a list of volcanic eruptions in the 21st century with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 4 or higher, and smaller eruptions that resulted in fatalities, significant damage or disruptions.

Contents

As of 15 January 2024, the largest volcanic eruption of the 21st century is the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami, and the deadliest are the 2018 Volcán de Fuego eruption and the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami.

Large eruptions (VEI of 4 or higher, or plume height of at least 15 km)

VEIVolcanoCountryYearMax plume height (km)Material volume (km3)FatalitiesNotes
4? Shiveluch [1] Russia202320An eruption on April 11 ejected a cloud of volcanic gas and ash that reached a height of 20 km (12 mi) and spread over an area of 108,000 km2 (42,000 sq mi). [2] Pyroclastic flows from the eruption traveled up to 19 km (12 mi) away from the volcano. [3]
3 Bezymianny [4] Russia202215An eruption on May 28 sent ash to an altitude of 15 km, causing some disruptions to flights in the North Pacific, including an American Airlines flight from Dallas to Tokyo that diverted back to Los Angeles midway across the Pacific, landing after approximately 12 hours in the air. [5]
5-6 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai [6] Tonga2022586–10 [7] [8] [9] 5The explosive submarine eruption began on December 20, 2021, with the largest explosion occurring on January 15, 2022. Satellite measurements recorded an eruption column of at least 30,000 m (98,000 ft) into the atmosphere. [10] The explosion was hundreds times more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, [11] and was heard as far as Fairbanks, Alaska, nearly 10,000 km away. Fluctuations in air pressure were recorded all over the world as the pressure wave fully circled the world several times. Two people were killed in Peru by a 2-metre tsunami wave. A British woman was found to have been killed by the tsunami in Tonga. [12]
4 Mount Semeru [13] Indonesia20211257 An eruption began on December 4, and ejected a cloud of volcanic ash 12,000 m (40,000 ft) into the air, killing at least 57 people and injuring more than 100 others.
4 Fukutoku-Okanoba [14] Japan202116 Submarine volcano approximately 1,300 km south of Tokyo. In October, a large amount of pumice was seen to have been released in this eruption, and washed ashore on Okinawa and Amami Islands. [15] [16] [17]
4 La Soufrière [18] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines2021160.3 2021 eruption of La Soufrière
4 Taal [19] Philippines20201539 A phreatomagmatic eruption from the main crater spewed ashes to Calabarzon, Metro Manila, Central Luzon and Pangasinan. 39 people were killed. [20]
4 Ulawun [21] Papua New Guinea201919.2On 26 June Ulawun erupted, sending an ash plume to at least 19,000 m (63,000 ft). [22] Other large eruptions occurred on 2 August, also sending ash to 19,000 m (63,000 ft). [23]
4 Raikoke [24] Russia201917First eruption since 1924. At approximately 4 am, 22 June it erupted, with a plume of ash and gas reaching between 13,000 m (43,000 ft) and 17,000 m (56,000 ft), passing the tropopause and allowing stratospheric injection of ash and sulfur dioxide. [25]
3 Volcán de Fuego Guatemala201815446–3000446 people were killed in the volcano's most powerful eruption since 1974. Ash forced the closure of La Aurora International Airport in Guatemala City. [26] [27]
4 Volcán Wolf [28] Ecuador201515
4 Calbuco [29] Chile2015210.3–0.6 [30] First eruption since 1972. At least 4,000 people evacuated. No casualties reported. [31]
4 Manam [32] Papua New Guinea2014-ongoing19.8
3 Sangeang Api [33] Indonesia201415.2Ash drifted SE, grounding flights between south-east Asia and Darwin, Australia. [34]
4 Kelud [35] Indonesia2014260.2–0.3 [36] 7Ash was ejected to an altitude exceeding 26 km. 7 people were killed and at least 100,000 people were evacuated. At least one commercial aircraft flew into the plume, later landing safely but incurring costly engine damage. [37]
4 Mount Sinabung [38] Indonesia2013-201916.823 Mount Sinabung's eruptions caused many pyroclastic flows, one resulting in the loss of 16 lives. [39] An eruption on May 22, 2016, resulted in the loss of 7 lives. [40]
4 Nabro [41] Eritrea2011180.47 [42] 31 [43] 2011 Nabro eruption
5 Cordón Caulle [44] Chile2011-2012140.75–1.3 [45] The 2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption began on June 4, 2011, causing major flight disruptions across the southern hemisphere, including South America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.
4 Grímsvötn [46] Iceland2011200.7 [47] 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn
4 Mount Merapi [48] Indonesia201018.3353 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi
4 Eyjafjallajökull [49] Iceland201090.25 [50] A series of eruptions between March and June caused the worst flight disruption over Europe since the Second World War. [51] Over an eight-day period, an estimated 107,000 flights, representing 48% of total air traffic and 10 million passengers, were canceled. [52] According to the IATA, The total loss to the airline industry was around $1.7 billion. [53]
4 Sarychev Peak [54] Russia2009210.4 [55]
3 Mount Redoubt [56] Alaska, United States200920 2009 Mount Redoubt eruptive activity
4 Kasatochi [57] Alaska, United States200813.70.15–0.28 [58]
4 Chaitén [59] Chile2008300.5–1 [60] 1 [61] The town of Chaitén, located about 10 km southwest of the eruption site, was blanketed with ash. About 4,000 people who lived there were evacuated by boat. One elderly person died during the evacuation efforts. On May 6, the eruption became more forceful and generated a wider and darker gray ash plume to an estimated altitude of 30,000 m (98,400 ft) into the stratosphere. All remaining people in Chaitén were ordered to evacuate, as well as anyone within 50 km of the volcano.
4 Mount Okmok [62] Alaska, United States2008200.26 [63]
4 Mount Tavurvur [64] Papua New Guinea2006-201018
4 Manam [32] Papua New Guinea200424
4 Volcán el Reventador [65] Ecuador2002170.37 [66]
4 Mount Ruang [67] Indonesia200216

Smaller explosive eruptions resulting in fatalities or significant damage

VEIVolcanoCountryYearFatalitiesNotes
? Mount Marapi Indonesia202323 [68] 2023 eruption of Mount Marapi
2 Popocatépetl [69] Mexico20221One woman was killed and 2 other climbers were injured after being hit by hot volcanic rock during an ascent to the crater on June 22. [70]
2 Whakaari / White Island [71] New Zealand201922 On 9 December a phreatic eruption launched rock and ash into the air, killing 22 of the 47 people on the island, including two who are missing and declared dead. A further twenty-five people suffered injuries, including severe burns.
2 Mount Stromboli [72] Italy20191A hiker was killed and several others were injured after the volcano's strongest eruption since 2002. The Italian Navy was deployed and evacuated dozens of the island's residents. [73]
3 Krakatoa [74] Indonesia2018426 A major eruption triggered a tsunami that killed at least 420 people and injured 14,000 others. [75] [76] As a result of the landslide, the height of the volcano was reduced from 338 meters to 110 meters. [77]
3 Ambae [78] Vanuatu2018During a series of eruptions, volcanic ash blackened the sky, buried crops and destroyed homes. Over the course of the year, the island's 11,000 population was forced to evacuate several times. [79]
3 Mount Agung [80] Indonesia2017-2019 Eruptions from 2017 - 2019 caused thousands to be evacuated, disrupted flights and a decline in tourism to Bali.
1 Dieng Volcanic Complex [81] Indonesia20178On July 2 a rescue helicopter crashed, killing all 4 crewmen and 4 rescuers on board. 11 tourists near the crater were injured. [82]
2 Mount Etna [83] Italy2017An eruption on 16 March injured 10 people, including a BBC News television crew, after magma exploded upon contact with snow. [84] [85]
3 Mount Ontake [86] Japan201463 A phreatic eruption and pyroclastic flow occurred without warning, killing 63 people. Deadliest eruption in Japan since 1902, first volcano-related deaths in Japan since 1991.
2 Gamalama [87] Indonesia20114 [88]
3 Pacaya [89] Guatemala20103 [90] On May 27, at approximately 20:00 hours there was a strong eruption ejecting debris and ash columns up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) followed by several tremors. Ash rained down in many cities to the northwest of the volcano, including Guatemala City. [91] The volcanic ash fall pelted the capital and La Aurora International Airport. The National Coordinator for Disaster Reduction (CONRED) declared a red alert for the communities near the volcano and recommended the evacuation of some of them. Noti7 reporter Anibal Archila, one of the first to cover the event, was reportedly killed by volcanic debris. [92]
3 Jabal al-Tair [93] Yemen20077An eruption on the Red Sea island killed at least 7 soldiers and spewed lava and ash hundreds of metres into the air. [94]
1 Raoul Island [95] Kermadec Islands, New Zealand20061An eruption on 17 March killed conservation worker Mark Kearney, who was measuring the water temperature of Green Lake. [96]
3 Santa Ana [97] El Salvador20052Two farmers were killed when chunks of earth and boiling water flowed down the slopes of the volcano. [98]
2 Mount Bromo [99] Indonesia20042An eruption on June 8 killed two people who had been hit by rocks from the explosion. [100]

Effusive eruptions

VEIVolcanoCountryYearFatalitiesNotes
? Sundhnúkur Iceland2023-2024 2023–2024 Sundhnúkur eruptions
0 Mauna Loa [101] Hawaii, United States2022 2022 eruption of Mauna Loa
3 Cumbre Vieja [102] Canary Islands, Spain20211 Strombolian fissure eruption resulting in one person dead, over one billion dollars in damage and the destruction of over 2,500 buildings.
1 Mount Nyiragongo [103] Democratic Republic of the Congo202132 Effusive eruption resulting in the destruction of 1,000 homes.
3 Kilauea [104] Hawaii, United States2018 Most destructive volcanic event in the United States since the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Lava flows forced the evacuation of populated areas, destroyed over 700 homes, roads and utilities, causing at least $800 million (2018 USD) of property damage.
3 Pico do Fogo [105] Cape Verde2014-2015 2014–15 Fogo eruption
0 Holuhraun [106] Iceland2014-2015 2014–2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga
1 Havre Seamount [107] Kermadec Islands, New Zealand2012 2012 Kermadec Islands eruption
2 Tagoro [108] Canary Islands, Spain2011-2012 2011–12 El Hierro eruption
1 Mount Nyiragongo [103] Democratic Republic of the Congo2002245Large effusive eruption. At least 15% of Goma comprising 4,500 buildings was destroyed, leaving about 120,000 people homeless.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volcanic explosivity index</span> Qualitative scale for explosiveness of volcanic eruptions

The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) is a relative measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions. It was devised by Christopher G. Newhall of the United States Geological Survey and Stephen Self in 1982.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plinian eruption</span> Type of volcanic eruption

Plinian eruptions or Vesuvian eruptions are volcanic eruptions marked by their similarity to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, which destroyed the ancient Roman cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii. The eruption was described in a letter written by Pliny the Younger, after the death of his uncle Pliny the Elder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paluweh</span>

Paluweh, also known as Rokatenda, is a stratovolcano that forms the small island of Palu'e, north of Flores Island in Sikka Regency in the province of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. While the volcano rises about 3,000 m (9,840 ft) above the sea floor, its cone rises just 875 metres (2,871 ft) above sea level and is the highest point on the island.

The Decade Volcanoes are 16 volcanoes identified by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) as being worthy of particular study in light of their history of large, destructive eruptions and proximity to densely populated areas. The Decade Volcanoes project encourages studies and public-awareness activities at these volcanoes, with the aim of achieving a better understanding of the volcanoes and the dangers they present, and thus being able to reduce the severity of natural disasters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anak Krakatoa</span> Volcanic island in the Sunda Strait

Anak Krakatoa is a volcanic island in Indonesia. On 29 December 1927, Anak Krakatoa first emerged from the caldera formed in 1883 by the explosive volcanic eruption that destroyed the island of Krakatoa. There has been sporadic eruptive activity at the site since the late 20th century, culminating with a large underwater collapse of the volcano that caused a deadly tsunami in December 2018. There has been subsequent activity since. Due to its young age, the island is one of several in the area that are of interest to, and the subject of extensive study by, volcanologists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lava lake</span> Molten lava contained in a volcanic crater

Lava lakes are large volumes of molten lava, usually basaltic, contained in a volcanic vent, crater, or broad depression. The term is used to describe both lava lakes that are wholly or partly molten and those that are solidified.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calbuco (volcano)</span> Mountain in Chile

Calbuco is a stratovolcano in southern Chile, located southeast of Llanquihue Lake and northwest of Chapo Lake, in the Los Lagos Region, and close to the cities of Puerto Varas and Puerto Montt. With an elevation of 2,015 meters above sea level, the volcano and the surrounding area are protected within the Llanquihue National Reserve.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yate (volcano)</span> Mountain in Chile

Yate Volcano is a large, glaciated stratovolcano located in the southern Andes, in the Los Lagos Region of Chile, south of the Reloncaví Estuary. Yate lies on the major regional Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone, and is located 10 km north-east of the smaller Hornopiren volcano. The last known eruption occurred in 1090 CE. There are no historical records of recent volcanic activity, but there is strategic evidence of smaller eruptions sometime in the Holocene. The volcano is named after Juan Yates, also known as John Yates, a settler of Puerto Americano who played a significant role in the exploration and colonisation of Patagonia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Sinabung</span> Active volcano in North Sumatra, Indonesia

Mount Sinabung is a Pleistocene-to-Holocene stratovolcano of andesite and dacite in the Karo plateau of Karo Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the Lake Toba supervolcano. Many old lava flows are on its flanks and the last known eruption, before recent times, occurred 1200 years before present, between 740 - 880 CE. Solfataric activities were last observed at the summit in 1912; recent documented events include an eruption in the early hours of 29 August 2010 and eruptions in September and November 2013, January, February and October 2014. The volcano has recently claimed the life of at least 23 people in a number of events since 2014. Between 2013 and 2014, the alert for a major event was increased with no significant activity. On 2 June 2015, the alert was again increased, and on 26 June 2015, at least 10,000 people were evacuated, fearing a major eruption. The long eruption of Mount Sinabung is similar to that of Mount Unzen in Japan, which erupted for five years after lying dormant for 400 years. A major eruption began on 10 August 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Gamkonora</span>

Mount Gamkonora is a stratovolcano on Halmahera island, Indonesia. With an elevation of 1,560 metres (5,118 ft), it is the highest peak on the island. It has produced an elongated series of craters along the north–south rift.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Types of volcanic eruptions</span> Overview of different types of volcanic eruptions

Several types of volcanic eruptions—during which lava, tephra, and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure—have been distinguished by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of behavior has been observed. Some volcanoes may exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai</span> Submarine volcano in Tonga

Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai is a submarine volcano in the South Pacific located about 30 km (19 mi) south of the submarine volcano of Fonuafoʻou and 65 km (40 mi) north of Tongatapu, Tonga's main island. It is part of the highly active Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone and its associated volcanic arc, which extends from New Zealand north-northeast to Fiji, and is formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Indo-Australian Plate. It lies about 100 km (62 mi) above a very active seismic zone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption</span> Volcanic eruption creating a new land linking Hunga Tonga and Hunga Haʻapai islands

The 2009 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption began on 16 March 2009, near the island of Hunga Tonga, approximately 62 kilometres (39 mi) from the Tongan capital of Nukuʻalofa. The volcano is in a highly active volcanic region that represents a portion of the Pacific Ring of Fire. It is estimated that there are up to 36 undersea volcanoes clustered together in the area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami</span> Volcanic event in the South Pacific Ocean

In December 2021, an eruption began on Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai, a submarine volcano in the Tongan archipelago in the southern Pacific Ocean. The eruption reached a very large and powerful climax nearly four weeks later, on 15 January 2022. Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai is 65 kilometres (40 mi) north of Tongatapu, the country's main island, and is part of the highly active Tonga–Kermadec Islands volcanic arc, a subduction zone extending from New Zealand to Fiji. On the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale, the eruption was rated at least a VEI-5. Described by scientists as a "magma hammer", the volcano at its height produced a series of four underwater thrusts, displaced 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) of rock, ash and sediment, and generated the largest atmospheric explosion recorded by modern instrumentation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1871 Ruang eruption and tsunami</span> Volcanic eruption and tsunami in Indonesia

The 1871 Ruang eruption began on March 3, and ended on March 14 at the Ruang volcano in the Molucca Sea, Indonesia. The eruption triggered a locally devastating tsunami measuring 25 meters. It flooded many villages on nearby islands, killing some 400 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cascade Volcanic Arc calderas</span>

The Cascade Volcanic Arc is a chain of volcanoes stretching from southern British Columbia down to northern California. Within the arc there is a variety of stratovolcanoes like Mount Rainier and broad shield volcanoes like Medicine Lake. But calderas are very rare in the Cascades, with very few forming over the 39 million year lifespan of the arc.

References

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  2. ↑ "На Камчатке произошло извержение вулкана Шивелуч" (in Russian). Ведомости. 11 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
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  5. ↑ "American Airlines' 12 Hour Boeing 787 Flight From Dallas To Los Angeles". Simple Flying. Andrew Curran. 2 June 2022.
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  72. ↑ "Stromboli". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  73. ↑ "Stromboli: One dead as volcano erupts on Italian island". BBC News. 3 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  74. ↑ "Krakatoa". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  75. ↑ "Number of injured in Indonesia tsunami surges to over 14,000". The Star Online. Asean Plus. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  76. ↑ "Krakatau volcano news & eruption updates". www.volcanodiscovery.com. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  77. ↑ "Krakatoa volcano (Sunda Strait, Indonesia): first estimates on the effect of the tsunami-triggering landslide". www.volcanodiscovery.com. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  78. ↑ "Ambae". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  79. ↑ "The Biggest Eruption of 2018 Was Not Where You Think". 27 February 2019.
  80. ↑ "Agung". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  81. ↑ "Dieng Volcanic Complex". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  82. ↑ Report on Dieng Volcanic Complex (Indonesia) — October 2017. Global Volcanism Program (Report). Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201710-263200.
  83. ↑ "Etna". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  84. ↑ Balmer, Crispian (16 March 2017). "Volcanic explosion on Mount Etna injures 10 people". Reuters . Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  85. ↑ "Mount Etna: BBC crew caught up in volcano blast". BBC News. 16 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  86. ↑ "Ontake". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  87. ↑ "Gamalama". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  88. ↑ "Gamalama Volcano". Volcano Live . John Seach.
  89. ↑ "Pacaya". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  90. ↑ "Death toll climbs to 3 from Guatemala volcano". CNN. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  91. ↑ "Pacaya Volcano (Guatemala)". Volcano Discovery. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  92. ↑ "Hundreds flee Guatemala volcano". BBC. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
  93. ↑ "Jabal al-Tair". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  94. ↑ "Volcano erupts off Yemen, soldiers killed". Reuters. 1 October 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  95. ↑ "Raoul Island". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  96. ↑ "Raoul Island Volcano". Volcano Live . John Seach.
  97. ↑ "Santa Ana". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  98. ↑ "2 Killed as Volcano Erupts in El Salvador". Los Angeles Times. 2 October 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  99. ↑ "Bromo". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  100. ↑ "Javan volcano eruption kills two". BBC News. 8 June 2004. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  101. ↑ "Mauna Loa: Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  102. ↑ "Cumbre Vieja". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  103. 1 2 "Nyiragongo". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  104. ↑ "Kilauea". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  105. ↑ "Pico do Fogo". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  106. ↑ "Holuhraun". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  107. ↑ "Havre Seamount". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  108. ↑ "El Hierro". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
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