List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions

For older large eruptions that predate the Holocene era, see List of large volcanic eruptions.

Satellite images of the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai

This is a list of volcanoes that have had large explosive eruptions during the Holocene (since about 11,650 years Before Present), with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or higher, or a plume height of at least 30 km. To date, there have been no eruptions with a confirmed VEI of 8 in the Holocene; and only a few VEI-7 eruptions are thought to have occurred during this time: the most recent was the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora. This is not a complete list.

Common Era (CE)

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km3)		Date	Tephra or eruption name
			Bulk	DRE
5-6	Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai	Tonga-Kermadec Islands volcanic arc	10 6 [1] –14 [2]	7.1 7.1 [3]	January 15, 2022	2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami
5	Puyehue-Cordón Caulle	Andean Volcanic Belt	0.76 0.76–1.26 [4]	Un­known	June 4, 2011	2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption
5	Mount Hudson	Andean Volcanic Belt	4.3 4.3–7.6 [5]	1.6 1.6–2.7 [6]	August 8, 1991
6	Mount Pinatubo [7]	Luzon Volcanic Arc	10 10 [8]	4.8 4.8–6.0 [9]	June 15, 1991	1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
5	El Chichón [7]	Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc	2.2 2.2	1.1 1.1 [10]	April 4, 1982	Tephra unit A
5	Mount St. Helens [7]	Cascade Volcanic Arc	1.1 1.1 [11]	0.5 0.5 [12]	May 18, 1980	1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
5	Mount Agung	Sunda Arc, Bali	1.0 1	Un­known	March 17, 1963
5	Bezymianny [a]	Kamchatka	1.9 1.9	Un­known	March 30, 1956
5	Kharimkotan	Kuril Islands	1 1	Un­known	1933
5	Quizapú	Andean Volcanic Belt	9.5 9.5	7 7–10 [15]	1932 April 10–21, 1932
5	Submarine volcano NNE of Iriomote Island	Japan	1 1	Un­known	1924-10-31
6	Novarupta [7]	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	26 26–30	13 13–14 [16]	June 6, 1912
5	Ksudach	Kamchatka	1.75	Un­known	1907-03-28
6	Santa María [7]	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala	10.7 10.7–11.4	6.4 6.4 [16]	October 24, 1902	1902 eruption of Santa María
5	Mount Tarawera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	2.0 2	Un­known	1886 June 10–15, 1886	1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
6	Krakatoa [7]	Sunda Arc	18 18–25	9.0 9.0 [17]	August 26, 1883	1883 eruption of Krakatoa
5	Askja	Iceland	1.8 1.83	Un­known	March 28, 1875
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	2.0 2	Un­known	February 18, 1854
5	Mount Agung	Sunda Arc, Bali	1	Un­known	1843
5	Cosigüina	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua	4.3 4.25	Un­known	January 20, 1835
5-6	Zavaritski Caldera [18]	Kuril Islands	Un­known	Un­known	1831
5	Mount Galunggung	Sunda Arc, Java	2.0 2	Un­known	October 8, 1822
7	Mount Tambora [7]	Sunda Arc, Sumbawa	144 144–213	37 37–50 [19]	April 10, 1815	1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
6?	Between Indonesia and Tonga [b]	Un­known	Un­known	Un­known	1808 c.1808	Undocumented 1808 eruption [21]
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	1.5 1.5	Un­known	1800 c.1800	T (Goat Rocks)
5	Katla	Iceland	1	Un­known	1755-10-17
5	Mount Tarumae	Hokkaidō	4	Un­known	1739-08-18	Ta-a
5	Katla	Iceland	1	Un­known	1721-05-11
5	Mount Fuji	Honshū	1.7 1.7	Un­known	1707 December 16, 1707	Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji
5	Tangkoko	Sangihe Volcanic Arc	1	Un­known	1680
5	Mount Gamkonora	Halmahera Volcanic Arc	1	Un­known	1673-05-20
5	Mount Tarumae	Hokkaidō	2.8	Un­known	1667-09-24	Ta-b
5	Mount Usu	Hokkaidō	2.78	Un­known	1663-08-16
6	Long Island, PNG	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	21 21	12 12 [22]	1660 c.1660	Tibito tephra
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2	Un­known	1652 CE ±11	SH1
5	Mount Melibengoy [23]	Mindanao, Philippines	1.0 1	Un­known	1640 December 26, 1640
5	Komagatake	Hokkaidō	2.9	Un­known	1640-07-31	Ko-d
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.1	Un­known	1631-12-16
5	Furnas	São Miguel Island, Azores	2.1	Un­known	1630-09-03
5	Katla	Iceland	1	Un­known	1625-09-02
6	Huaynaputina	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	34 34–35	12 12.2 [24] [25]	1600 February 19, 1600
5	Raung	Sunda Arc, Java	1	Un­known	1593 CE
5	Kelud	Sunda Arc, Java	1.0 1	Un­known	1586 c.1586
6	Billy Mitchell	Bougainville & Solomon Is.	13.5 13.5	Un­known	1580 c.1580	BM2
5	Água de Pau	São Miguel Island, Azores	1.3	Un­known	1563-06-28 / 1563-07-26
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	1.5 1.5	Un­known	1482 c.1482	We (Kalama)
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	7.7 7.7	Un­known	1480 c.1480	Wn (Kalama)
6	Bárðarbunga	Iceland	10 10	Un­known	1477 c.1477	Veidivatnahraun
7?	Un­known	Un­known	Un­known	Un­known	1458 c.1458	Undocumented 1458 eruption [26] [27] [28]
?	Un­known	Un­known	Un­known	Un­known	1452/1453	Undocumented 1452/1453 eruption [26] [27]
6	Öræfajökull	Iceland	10 10	Un­known	1362 June 5, 1362
6	Quilotoa	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	21 21	Un­known	1280 c.1280
5	Katla	Iceland	1		1262 CE
7	Mount Samalas	Lombok Island	81 81–92	33 33–40 [29]	1257 c.1257	1257 Samalas eruption [c]
5	Mount Asama	Honshū	1.3 1.3	Un­known	1108 August 29, 1108	Tennin eruption (1108)
5	Hekla	Iceland	1.2 1.2	Un­known	1104 c.1104	H1 tephra
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2		1034 CE ±11	SH2
5	Billy Mitchell	Bougainville & Solomon Is.	7		1030 CE	BM1
6	Baekdu Mountain [7]	Balhae (China – North Korea border)	40 40–98	10 10–64 [31]	0946 c.946	Millennium eruption Baegdusan-Tomakomai Tephra
5	Towada [32]	Honshū	6.5 6.54	Un­known	0915 c.915	Eruption episode A
6	Mount Churchill	eastern Alaska	50		847 CE ±1	WRAe
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	24 24	Un­known	0683 c.683	Rabaul Pyroclastics
6	Dakataua	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10		653 CE ±18	Dk
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2		650 CE ±40	SH3
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2		600 CE
5	Mount Haruna	Honshū	1.6		550 CE ±10	Futatsudake-Ikaho eruption
6-7	Unknown source	Unknown [d]	Un­known	Un­known	0536 c.536	Volcanic winter of 536
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.2 1.2	Un­known	0472 c.472	Pollena
6	Lake Ilopango	Central America Volcanic Arc, El Salvador	37 37–82	44 44–95 [33] [34]	0430 c.430	Tierra Blanca Joven eruption
5	Akutan	Aleutian Arc	1		340	Akutan tephra
7	Taupō Volcano [7]	Taupō Volcanic Zone	110 110	Un­known	0232 c.232 [e]	Hatepe eruption
5	Masaya [7]	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua	6.6		150	Masaya Tuff
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	3.2 3.25	Un­known	0079 c.79 [f]	Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
6	Ambrym	Vanuatu	70 70	Un­known	0050 c.50	Ambrym Pyroclastic Series

Before Common Era (BCE)

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km3)		Date	Age (ka) [35]	Tephra or eruption name
			Bulk	DRE
6	Okmok Caldera	Umnak, Aleutian Arc	25 25+ [36]	15 15+ [37]	-0043 43 BCE	2	Okmok II
5	Etna	Campanian volcanic arc	1.0 1	Un­known	-0122 122 BCE	2.1	S flank, summit (Cratere del Piano caldera)
6	Raoul Island	Kermadec Islands	28.8 28.8	Un­known	-0250 250 BCE	2.2	Fleetwood
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	1.2 1.2	Un­known	-0530 530 BCE	2.5	Ps/Pu (Pine Creek)
5	Mount Tarumae	Hokkaidō	3.3		550 BCE		Ta-c
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	1		780 BCE		SH5
5	Mount Fuji	Honshū	1		930 BCE		Upper SE flank, Tephra layer Zu
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	> 1		950 BCE
6	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	12.5 12.5	Un­known	-1050 1050 BCE	3	Maraunot eruptive period
5	Hekla	Iceland	7.5		1100 BCE ±50		H3 tephra
5	Mount Tarawera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	8		1310 BCE ±12		Kaharoa eruption
5	Mount Fuji	Honshū	1		1350 BCE		Tephra layer Os
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	1.75 1.75	Un­known	-1350 1350 BCE	3.3	Tephra layer IIAV3
6	Taupō Volcano	Taupō Volcanic Zone	17 17	Un­known	-1460 1460 BCE	3.4	Waimihia eruption
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	3.6 ≥ 3.6	Un­known	-1500 1500 BCE	3.5	Tephra layer AV1
5	Hayes Volcano	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	8.1		1550 BCE		Hayes Tephra set H
6	Youngest Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	34.5 34.5 [38]		-1610 1610 BCE	3.6	Minoan eruption
6	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	15.3 15.3	Un­known	-1860 1860 BCE	3.8	Yn (Smith Creek)
6	Mount Hudson	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	12 12	Un­known	-1890 1890 BCE	3.8
5	Mount Dana	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	1		1890 BCE		1890 BCE eruption
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	> 1		2000 BCE		SHsp
6-7	Deception Island [39]	South Shetland Islands	Un­known	30 30-60	-1960 1960 BCE	4	Outer Coast Tuff
6	Long Island, PNG	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10 > 10	Un­known	-2040 2040 BCE	4	biliau beds
5	Rungwe	Great Rift Valley, Tanzania	2.2		2050 BCE		Rungwe pumice
5	Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima	Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc	1.2		2050 BCE		Mitsune-7 scoria
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	> 1		2100 BCE		SHsp
7	Paektu Mountain	Balhae (China – North Korea border)	Un­known	Un­known	-2264 2264 BCE?	4.2–5.1 [40]	Tianwenfeng eruption
7	Cerro Blanco (Argentina)	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	172 172	8 8–83 [41]	-2300 2300 BCE	4.3
5	Hekla	Iceland	5.6		2310 BCE ±20		H4 tephra
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	1.2 1.2	Un­known	-2340 2340 BCE	4.3	Yb (Smith Creek)
5	Piton de la Fournaise	Réunion	1.8		2700 BCE		Bellecombe Ash Member
5	Ilyinsky	Kamchatka	1.3		2850 BCE		ZLT-tephra; IL-tephra
5	Água de Pau	São Miguel Island, Azores	5.4		2990 BCE		Fogo A
5	Lake Numazawa [32]	Honshū	4.71		3400 BCE
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2		3500 BCE
6	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	12 12?	Un­known	-3550 3550 BCE	5.5	Crow Valley eruptive period
7	Taal Volcano	Luzon Volcanic Arc	150 150>	90 90 [42]	-3580 3580 BCE	5.5	Taal scoria pyroclastic flow
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2		3650 BCE
5	Kaguyak	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	3.9		3850 BCE		Caldera formation
6	Masaya Volcano	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua	14.8 14.8	Un­known	-4050 4050 BCE	6
5	Towada	Honshū	9.18		4150 BCE		eruption episode C
5	Apoyeque	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua	1.9		4160 BCE ±30		Laguna Xiloá
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	4.0 ≥ 4	Un­known	-4340 4340 BCE	6.3	Tephra layer IAv12; AV4
6-7	Macauley Island	Kermadec Islands	100 ⩽ 100	Un­known	-4360 4360 BCE	6.3
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2		4400 BCE
5	Komagatake	Hokkaidō	3		4600 BCE ±50		Ko-g
5	Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima	Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc	1.2		4650 BCE		Mitsune-5 scoria
6	Mount Hudson	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	18 18	Un­known	-4750 4750 BCE	6.7
5	Ksudach	Kamchatka	7.5		4900 BCE		KS2
5	Tavui	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	5.75		4946 BCE ±40		Raluan Pyroclastics
5	Hekla	Iceland	1.7		5150 BCE		H5 tephra
5	Ksudach	Kamchatka	3		5200 BCE		KS3
5	Ichinsky	Kamchatka	2.5		5400 BCE
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	1.2		5500 BCE
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	18.6 18.6	Un­known	-5550 5550 BCE	7.5	Ma-f/g/h/i/j
6	Khangar	Kamchatka	15 15	Un­known	-5700 5700 BCE	7.7	KHG tephra
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	9 9	Un­known	-5980 5980 BCE	7.9	Tephra layer IAv2
6	Menengai	East African Rift	70 70	Un­known	-6050 6050 BCE	8
5	Mount Tarawera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	1.2		6060 BCE ±50		Haroharo (Te Horoa & other domes)
5	Makushin Volcano	Unalaska, Aleutian Arc	7.5		6100 BCE ±50
6	Karkar Island	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	20 20	Un­known	-6318 6318 BCE	8.3	Wadau deposit
5	Kizimen	Kamchatka	4.9		6400 BCE ±50		KZII
6	Karymsky	Kamchatka	14.5 14.5	Un­known	-6600 6600 BCE	8.6	Tephra layer KRM
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	1		6800 BCE
5	Mount Tarumae	Hokkaidō	1.9		6950 BCE		Ta-d
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2		7150 BCE
5	Towada	Honshū	2.5		7250 BCE		eruption episode E
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 1		7300 BCE
6	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	10 ⩾10	Un­known	-7460 7460 BCE	9.4	Tayawan caldera, Pasbul eruptive period
5	Mount Tarawera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			7560 BCE ±18		Lake Rotoma
6	Água de Pau	São Miguel Island, Azores	11.5 11.5	Un­known	-8000 8000 BCE	10	Inner Caldera Formation
7	Semisopochnoi Island	Aleutian Arc	120 120	Un­known	-8000 8000 BCE	10
5	Kizimen	Kamchatka	4		8050 BCE		KZI
6	Grímsvötn	Iceland	15 15	Un­known	-8230 8230 BCE	10.2	Saksunarvatn tephra
5	Lake Ngozi	Great Rift Valley, Tanzania	7		8250 BCE		Kitulo pumice
5	Towada	Honshū	1.3		8250 BCE		eruption episode F
6	Longonot	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	50 50	Un­known	-8910 8910 BCE	10.9
5	Mount Tongariro	Taupō Volcanic Zone	1		9350 BCE
5	Mount Tongariro	Taupō Volcanic Zone	1		9450 BCE		Poutu Lapilli (Mangamate)
5	Mount Tongariro	Taupō Volcanic Zone	1		9650 BCE

Exact year unknown

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume bulk (km3)	Date (earliest est.)	Date (latest est.)	Tephra or eruption name
5	Sakurajima	Kyūshū	1	1471 c.1471	1476 c.1476
5	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	1	1400 c.1400	1500 c.1500	Buag eruptive period
5	El Chichón	Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc	2.8	1260 c.1260	1460 c.1460
5	Ubinas	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	2.8	1000 c.1000	1164 c.1164
5	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	4.6	980 c.980	1180 c.1180	Ma-b
5	Puyehue	Andean Volcanic Belt	4.32	0785 c.785	0935 c.935	MH tephra
6	Ceboruco	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	10.9 10.95	0730 c.730	1130 c.1130	Jala Pumice
5	El Chichón	Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc	> 1	0680 c.680	0880 c.880	tephra unit D
6	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	20.0 20	0635 c.635	0785 c.785	Witori-Galilo tephra
5	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	6	0600 c.600	0780 c.780	Witori-Kimbe 4 tephra
5	Opala	Kamchatka	3.7	0560 c.560	0660 c.660	Baranii Amphitheatre crater
5	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	6	0210 c.210	0410 c.410	Witori-Kimbe 3 tephra
6	Mount Churchill	eastern Alaska	10.0 10	0145 c.145	0345 c.345	WRAn
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	18.5 18.5	0140 c.140	0340 c.340	KS1
5	Furnas	São Miguel Island, Azores	1.54	-0020 20 BCE	0180 c.180	Tephra layer C
6	Apoyeque	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua	18.0 18	-0150 150 BCE	0150 c.50
5	Masaya [7]	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua	3.4	-0270 270 BCE	-0070 70 BCE	Masaya Tuff
5	Popocatépetl	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	3.2	-0500 500 BCE	0150 c.100	I.A1 Yellow Pumice
5	Mount Meager massif	Garibaldi Volcanic Belt	0.1 ⩾ 1	-0610 610 BCE	-0210 210 BCE	Bridge River eruption
5	Mount Tongariro	Taupō Volcanic Zone	1.2	-0750 750 BCE	-0350 350 BCE
5	Khodutka	Kamchatka	1.25	-1030 1030 BCE	-830 830 BCE	KHD tephra
5	Yantarni Volcano	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	1	-1300 1300 BCE	-300 300 BCE
6	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	30.0 30	-1530 1530 BCE	-1210 1210 BCE	Witori-Kimbe 2 tephra
5	Etna	Campanian volcanic arc	0.2 1	-1550 1550 BCE	-1450 1450 BCE
6	Mount Aniakchak	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	50.0 50	-1636 1636 BCE	-1446 1446 BCE	Aniakch
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	3.5 3.5	-1870 1870 BCE	-1670 1670 BCE	Ye (Smith Creek) ak II
5	Villarrica	Andean Volcanic Belt	3.3	-2010 2010 BCE	-1610 1610 BCE	Pucón Ignimbrite
6	Black Peak	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	30.0 30	-2050 2050 BCE	-1750 1750 BCE
5	El Chichón	Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc	2	-2130 2130 BCE	-1930 1930 BCE	Unit K (SI; Espindola 2000) Unit E (Macias 1997)
5	Mount Galunggung	Sunda Arc, Java	1	-2400 2400 BCE	-2100 2100 BCE
6	Mount Veniaminof	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	50.1 > 50	-2455 2455 BCE	-2153 2153 BCE	V2
6	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	2.0 2.0	-2460 2460 BCE	-2380 2380 BCE	Avellino eruption
5	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	1.8	-2650 2650 BCE	-1650 1650 BCE	Agnano Monte Spina
5	Lake Ikeda	Kyūshū	2.3	-2765 2765 BCE	-2615 2615 BCE	Ikeda-ko caldera, Tephra layer Ikp
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	> 1	-2920 2920 BCE	-2320 2320 BCE	SHdv
5-6	Fisher Caldera	Unimak, Aleutian Arc	5.5 (DRE)	-3245 3245 BCE	-3095 3095 BCE	Turquoise Cone
5	Chaitén	Andean Volcanic Belt	4.7	-3320 3320 BCE	-2880 2880 BCE	Cha2/Mic2 tephra
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	1.5 1.5	-3350 3350 BCE	-3050 3050 BCE	Tephra layer IAv20; AV3
5	Mount Tarawera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	6	-3621 3621 BCE	-3431 3431 BCE	Whakatane tephra
5	Popocatépetl	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	⩾ 5	-4000 4000 BCE	-3400 3400 BCE	I.A1 Yellow Pumice
5	Apoyeque	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua	1	-4050 4050 BCE	-1050 1050 BCE	W Chiltepe Peninsula, Mateare Tephra
6	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10.0 10	-4210 4210 BCE	-3790 3790 BCE	Witori-Kimbe 1 tephra
5	Hekla	Iceland	1	-4210 4210 BCE	-4010 4010 BCE	Hekla Ö tephra
5	Mayor Island / Tūhua	Taupō Volcanic Zone	1.6	-5260 5260 BCE	-4860 4860 BCE	Taratimi Bay
5	Puyehue	Andean Volcanic Belt	1.66	-5230 5230 BCE	-4930 4930 BCE	PU-2 tephra
7	Kikai Caldera	Ryukyu Islands	170 332–457 [g]	-5353 5353 BCE	-5215 5215 BCE	Akahoya eruption
7	Crater Lake (as Mount Mazama)	Cascade Volcanic Arc	120 120 [h]	-5832 5832 BCE	-5734 5734 BCE	Mazama Tephra
5-6	Crater Lake	Cascade Volcanic Arc	8.9 > 9	-5950 5950 BCE	-5850 5850 BCE	Lower Pumice, Llao Rock
6	Mount Aniakchak	Aleutian Arc	30.0 30	-7550 7550 BCE	-5050 5050 BCE	Aniakchak I
6	Tao-Rusyr Caldera	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	55.0 55	-6438 6438 BCE	-6258 6258 BCE
7	Kurile Lake	Kamchatka	155 155	-6462 6462 BCE	-6416 6416 BCE	Ilinsky eruption
5	Pico de Orizaba	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	1	-6860 6860 BCE	-6560 6560 BCE	Upper Citlaltépetl ignimbrite
5-6	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	5.1 5.1	-7040 7040 BCE	-6840 6840 BCE	Mercato eruption
6	Okmok Caldera	Umnak, Aleutian Arc	75 75	-8456 8456 BCE	-6096 6096 BCE	Okmok I
6	Morne Trois Pitons	Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc	58 58	-7535 7535 BCE	-7347 7347 BCE	PPR3 - Link fall
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2	-7550 7550 BCE	-7250 7250 BCE
5	Calbuco	Southern Chile & Argentina	1	-7585 7585 BCE	-5935 5935 BCE	Ca8 tephra layer
5	Chaitén	Andean Volcanic Belt	3.54	-7950 7950 BCE	-7550 7550 BCE	Cha1 tephra
5	Roundtop Volcano	Unimak, Aleutian Arc	7	-8100 8100 BCE	-7100 7100 BCE
6	Ulleung	South Korea	28.5 28.5	-8305 8305 BCE [45]	-8227 8227 BCE [45]	Ulleungdo-Oki tephra
5	Taupō Volcano	Taupō Volcanic Zone	4.8	-8330 8330 BCE	-7930 7930 BCE	Unit E (Opepe Tephra)
5	Calbuco	Southern Chile & Argentina	1	-8615 8615 BCE	-8305 8305 BCE	Ca1 tephra layer
6	Lvinaya Past	Kuril Islands	75 75	-8756 8756 BCE	-8614 8614 BCE
6	Aira	Kyūshū	12	-9050 9050 BCE	-7050 7050 BCE	Wakamiko Caldera
5	Askja	Iceland	3.45	-9110 9110 BCE	-8710 8710 BCE	Dyngjufjöll Tephra
7	Fisher Caldera	Unimak, Aleutian Arc	142 142 [i]	-9114 9114 BCE	-8330 8330 BCE	Fisher Tuff
5	Taupō Volcano	Taupō Volcanic Zone	1	-9315 9315 BCE	-9165 9165 BCE	4 km W of Te Kohaiakahu Point, Unit C (Poronui)
5	Taupō Volcano	Taupō Volcanic Zone	1.4	-9660 9660 BCE	-9260 9260 BCE
5	Hijiori	Honshū	2.3	-10050 10050 BCE	-9050 9050 BCE	Obanazawa Pumice

See also

• Year Without a Summer
• Volcanic winter of 536
• List of largest volcanic eruptions
• List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions
• Timeline of volcanism on Earth

Notes

1. Similar in scale to Mount St. Helens in 1980. ^{[13] [14]}
2. At least three different volcanic eruptions contributed to the sulfate spike ^[20]
3. May have triggered the Little Ice Age ^[30]
4. Radical and far-ranging global effects. At least three separate eruptions contributed to the sulfate spike and climatic impact.
5. Sources give either ±5 or ±10
6. First definite record of a volcanic eruption written by Pliny the Younger in 79 AD.
7. 70–80 DRE ^[43]
8. 61 DRE ^[44]
9. 10–100 DRE ^[46]

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