List of large volcanic eruptions

For a list of the largest recorded eruptions, see List of largest volcanic eruptions.

Satellite images of the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai

This is a sortable list of large eruptions that occurred between 11.7 Ka and 450+ Ma. Uncertainties as to dates and tephra volumes are not restated, and references are not repeated. The inclusion criteria here only covers entries with a Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or greater. The given values for events in the Miocene epoch sometimes lack references, and are given as VEI-equivalent, as an estimate of the erupted tephra volume.

<11.7KA (Holocene)

Main article: List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions

11.7 to 49KA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km3)	Age in Ka [1]	Tephra or eruption name
6	Lolobau Island	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	50 50	12	caldera formation
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	24.9 < 25	12.3	Ruplax Tuff
6	Nevado de Toluca	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	20 20	12.5	Upper Toluca Pumice
6	Sakurajima	Kyūshū	11 11	12.8	Sakurajima-Satsuma Tuff
6	Laacher See	Eifel hotspot	20 20	12.9
6	Nigorigawa	Hokkaidō	10.9 10.9	14.6
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	79 79	14.9	Neapolitan Yellow Tuff
6	Maly Semyachik	Kamchatka	17.5 17.5	15
6	Towada	Honshū	56 56	15.6	eruption episode L
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	Un­known	15.7
5	Mount Vesuvius		1.3 1.3	19.3	Green Pumice
7	Long Island, PNG	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	100 100	19.3	Kiau Ignimbrite
7	Zavaritzki Caldera	Simushir, Kuril Islands	200 200	20
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10.1 >10	21	Kulau Ignimbrite
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	26.1 26.1	21	Caldera formation 2
6	Cape Riva Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	20.1 >20	21.8	Cape Riva
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.9 1.9	22	Basal Pumice
6	Mount Katmai	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	10.1 ⩾10	22.8	Late Pleistocene rhyodacite pumice fall and ignimbrite
8	Taupō Volcano	Taupō Volcanic Zone	1170 1170	26.5	Oruanui eruption [a]
6	Morne Diablotins	Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc	14 14	26.6	Grand Savanne Ignimbrite
?	Laguna Caldera	Luzon Volcanic Arc	Un­known	27-29
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	2.2 2.2	28.6	Codola Pumice
6	Phlegraean Fields		10.1 ≥10	29.1	Y3
6	Emmons Lake caldera	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	50 50	29.3	Dawson Tephra
6	Nemrut yanardağı	Turkey	65.4 65.4	29.7
7-8	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū	940 940 - 1,040 [2]	30 [3]	Ito Ignimbrite
6	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	10 10	30.8	Nemo III
6	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	30.1 >30	32.2	caldera formation
6	Volcán Los Azufres	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	11 11	32.8	Cieneguillas Ignimbrite
6	Morne Trois Pitons	Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc	58 58	33.3	Roseau Tuff/Ignimbrite
7	Lake Ranau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	150 150	33.6	Ranau Tuff
6	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	31.3 31.3	34	Nemo II
6	Mount Batur	Sunda Arc, Bali	84 84	34.6	Ubud Ignimbrite
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	25 25	35	Caldera II
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	10 10	35.3 [4]	Nu-p
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	26.1 26.1	35.6	Menengai Tuff
6	Towada	Honshū	46 46	36	eruption episode N
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	10 10	38.3 [4]	Nu-r
7	Gorely	Kamchatka	120 120	39	Southern sea cliffs
7	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	170 170	39.3	Kp-1, Kutcharo Shoro Ash
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	430 430 - 680	39.9	Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption
5	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	Un­known	40
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	40 40	40	Caldera I
6	Ugashik-Peulik	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	30 30	40	Caldera formation
6?	Ulleung	South Korea	10 10?	40 [3]	Ulleungdo-Yamato tephra
6	Irosin Caldera	Bicol-Leyte Volcanic Arc	70 70	41	Irosin Ignimbrites
6	Qualibou	Saint Lucia, Lesser Antilles island arc	11 11	42.3	Choiseul Tuff
6	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	10.3 10.3	42.5	C (Cs, Cy, Cm, Cw, Ct) (Ape Canyon)
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	14.4 14.4 DRE [4]	43 [6]	Kt-1
7	Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas	Kamchatka	150 150	43.6	Uzon ignimbrite - northern field
6	Golovnin	Kunashir, Kuril Islands	15 15	43.7	Kn III-5 Tephra
6	Mount Akagi	Honshū	25.9 25.9	44	Akagi-Kanuma pumice
6	Mendeleev	Kunashir, Kuril Islands	60 60	44.5	caldera formation
7	Opala	Kamchatka	225 225	44.5	caldera formation
5-6	Naruko	Honshū	5 5 - 10 [4]	45	Yanagisawa Tuff
7	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	115.1 >115	45	Nemo I
6	Smith Island	Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc	49 49	45
7	Shikotsu	Hokkaidō	350 350 - 390 [7]	46	caldera formation

50 to 99KA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km3)	Age in Ka [8]	Tephra or eruption name
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	10.2 10.2 DRE	50	Kt-2
7	Ōkataina Volcanic Complex	Taupō Volcanic Zone	100 >100 DRE [9]	50	Rotoiti Ignimbrite
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	13.1 13.1	51	Santa Lucia Tephra
7	Lake Maninjau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	235 235	52	Maninjau paroxysmal welded and unwelded tuffs
6	Mount Kujū	Kyūshū	12.0 12 [10]	53.5	Kuju-Handa pyroclastic flow (Kj-Hd), Kuju-1 Pumice (Kj-P1)
6	Skaros Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	13.8 13.75	54	Upper Scoriae 2
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	20.1 20.1 DRE	50 - 60	Kt-3
5 [11]	Torfajökull [12]	Iceland	44 DRE [11]	55.4 [12]	Þórsmörk ignimbrite and Greenland II-RHY-1 [12]
6	Ischia	Campanian volcanic arc	10.1 ≥ 10	56	X2
6			40.0 40	56	Monte Epomeo Green Tuff
6	Daisen	Honshū	40.0 40	59.6 [3]	Daisen-Kurayoshi Pumice
6	Shikotsu	Hokkaidō	50.0 50	60	Shadai eruption
6	Towada	Honshū	10.0 10	61	eruption episode Q
6	Newberry Volcano	Cascade Volcanic Arc	12.6 > 12.5	62.5	Olema tephra, Paulina tephra
6	Hakone	Honshū	20.0 20	66	Hakone-Tokyo Pumice
6	Akademia Nauk	Kamchatka	12.5 12.5	69.4	Odnoboky O2 tuffs
6	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	37.0 37	69	Zaragoza Tuff
6			24.0 24	70	Faby Tuff
6	Pico do Fogo	Cape Verde	Un­known	73
5-6	Naruko	Honshū	5.0 5 - 10	73	Nisaka Tuff
8	Lake Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	2800 2,800 - 5,300 [13]	74	Youngest Toba Tuff [b]
6	Barrier Volcano	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	10.0 10	74	caldera formation
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	11.1 > 11 DRE	75	Kt-4
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	12.4 12.35	80	CA-1a Tephra
6	Bolshoy Semyachik	Kamchatka	42.0 42	80	Bol'shoi Semiachik Caldera II
6	Hakone	Honshū	10.0 10	80	Hakone-Obaradai Pumice
7?	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	25.0 25	81	Inararo Tuff
6	Etna	Campanian volcanic arc	10.0 10	82.8	X4; I-7
7	Lago de Atitlán	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala	300 300	84	Los Chocoyos eruption
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	16.8 16.8 DRE	84	Kt-6
6	Kussharo		25.0 25	85	Kp-2/3
6	Kuttara		10.8 10.8 DRE	84 - 87	Kt-7
7-8	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	930 930 - 1,860 [2]	87	Aso-4 Ignimbrite
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	9.9 9.9 DRE	87 - 106	Kt-8

100 to 299KA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km3)	Age in Ka [15]	Tephra or eruption name
7	Kikai Caldera	Ryukyu Islands	Un­known	100	Tozurahara eruption
6	Sierra la Primavera	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	90	100	Tala Tuff
6	Skaros Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	14	100	Middle Pumice
6	Ontake	Honshū	50	100	Ontake-1 Pumice
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10?	100	Boroi Ignimbrites
6			10?	100	Malaguna Pyroclastics
7	Ata Caldera	Kyūshū	350	100 [3]	Ata pyroclastic deposits
6	Sanbe	Honshū	20	105	Sanbe-Kisuki pumice
6	Mount Sunda	Sunda Arc, Java	≥ 10	105	Sunda Caldera
7	Lake Tōya	Hokkaidō	230 – 310 [2]	106
6	Santo Antão	Cape Verde	10.33	106	Cão Grande I
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10	106.2	X5
6			≥ 10	108.9	X6
7	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	175	117.5	Kp-4, Kutcharo Haboro Ash
7	Emmons Lake caldera	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	220	124	Old Craw Tephra
7	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	> 150	130	Aso-3 Ignimbrite
6			50	141	Aso-2 Ignimbrite
6	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	23?	143	Cold Mountain Creek Tuff
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Un­known	150	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit S
5	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	Un­known	150
7	Kos-Nisyros Caldera	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	110	161	Kos Plateau Tuff
7	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	290 DRE [16]	164	Xáltipan Ignimbrite
7	Lake Akan	Hokkaidō	56.8 (DRE)	175	AK-2
6	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	50	176	Bluff Point Tuff
7	Southern Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	Un­known	180
7	Awasa Caldera	Main Ethiopian Rift	103.5	182.3
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	Un­known	205
7	Rotorua Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	230	Mamaku Ignimbrite
7	Maroa Caldera		Un­known	230	Ohakuri Ignimbrite
7	Reporoa Caldera		Un­known	230	Kaingaroa Ignimbrite
7	Ata Caldera	Kyūshū	> 150	240	Torihama eruption
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	240	Ohakui Ignimbrite
7	O'a Caldera	Ethiopia	276	240	Qi3 Pumice
8	Maroa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	254	Whakamaru Ignimbrite
6	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	Un­known	266	Aso-1 Ignimbrite
6	Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas	Kamchatka	46	278	Uzon ignimbrite - southern field
7	Haroharo Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	280	Matahina Ignimbrite
7	Kapenga Caldera		Un­known	280	Pakai Ignimbrite
7	Lake Maninjau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	175	280

300 to 999KA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km3)	Age in Ka [17]	Tephra or eruption name
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Un­known	300	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit V
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	300	Chimpanzee Ignimbrite
7	Vulsini	Campanian volcanic arc	460	300	Bolsena Caldera
7	Phlegraean Fields		Un­known	320
7	Kakutō Caldera	Kyūshū	Un­known	321	Kakuto Ignimbrite
7?	Suiendani	Honshū	Un­known	370	Okuhida Pyroclastics
7	Lake Bracciano	Lazio, Italy	> 200	370	Mophi Tephra
6	Roccamonfina Caldera	Campanian volcanic arc	Un­known	390
6-7	Medvezhia	Iturup, Kuril Islands	90	410	Medvezhia Ignimbrite
7	Toussidé	Tibesti Mountains	150	430	Yirrigué Ignimbrite
7	Pauzhetka Caldera	Kamchatka	375	440	Golygin Ignimbrite
7	Tumalo	Oregon	Un­known	440	Tumalo tuff
7	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū	Un­known	450	Oda Ignimbrite
7	Diamante Caldera	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Un­known	450
7	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū	Un­known	500	Yoshino Ignimbrite
7	Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	138	500	Middle Toba Tuff
7	Kobayashi Caldera	Kyūshū	Un­known	520	Kobayashi Ignimbrite
6	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	Un­known	560
7	Mount Kirishima	Kyūshū	Un­known	580	Hiwaki Ignimbrite
6?	Hōhi Volcanic Zone		Un­known	600	Yufugawa Ignimbrite
6	Mount Lassen	Cascade Volcanic Arc	> 75	610	Rockland Caldera formation
8	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	⩾ 1,000	631	Lava Creek Tuff
7	Acatlán Volcanic Field	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	150	650	Acatlán Ignimbrite
7	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū	Un­known	650	Seiganji-Toga Tephra
7	Kamitakara	Honshū	Un­known	650
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	680	Matahana A
7			Un­known	710	Waiotapu Ignimbrite
7	Long Valley Caldera	Eastern California	790	760	Bishop Tuff
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	830	Matahana B
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Un­known	840	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit L
8	Lake Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	5,290 [13]	840	Toba Tuff
7	Shishimuta Caldera	Kyūshū	Un­known	870	Imaichi Ignimbrite
7	Tondano Caldera	North Sulawesi, Sulawesi	600 - 950	870
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	950	Marshall Ignimbrite
7			Un­known	970	Unit E

1 to 9.9MA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km3)	Age in Ma [18]	Tephra or eruption name
7	North Vate	Vanuatu	Un­known	001 1	Efaté Pumice Formation
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	001 1	Rocky Hill Ignimbrite
7	Shishimuta Caldera	Kyūshū	Un­known	001 1	Yabakei Ignimbrite
7	Tamagawa Caldera	Honshū	Un­known	001 1
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas		Un­known	001 1	Saigō Ignimbrite
7	Tokachi-Mitsumata Caldera	Hokkaidō	130 > 130	001 1
8	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	001.01 1.01	Kidnappers Ignimbrite
8	Awasa Caldera	Main Ethiopian Rift	1000	001.09 1.09
8	Gakkel Ridge Caldera	Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean	3000	001.1 1.1
7	Akademia Nauk	Kamchatka	100	001.13 1.13	Stena-Soboliny Ignimbrite
7	Kulshan Caldera	Cascade Volcanic Arc	117 > 117.5	001.15 1.149	Lake Tapps Tephra, Swift Creek Ignimbrite, Kulshan caldera formation
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	001.18 1.18	Ahuroa Ignimbrite
7	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū	Un­known	001.2 1.2	Shikido Ignimbrite
6	Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	Un­known	001.2 1.2	Haranggoal Dacite Tuff
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū	Un­known	001.2 1.2	Ashino Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	001.2 1.2	Unit D
8			Un­known	001.21 1.21	Ongatiti Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	Raton hotspot	690	001.22 1.223	Upper Bandelier Tuff
7	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	280 > 280 (DRE)	001.27 1.27	Mesa Falls Tuff
7	Puricó Complex	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	Un­known	001.3 1.3	Puricó Ignimbrite
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū	Un­known	001.4 1.4	Kumado Ignimbrite
7	Mount Tokachi	Hokkaidō	Un­known	001.4 1.4	Tokachi Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	001.4 1.4	Unit C
7			Un­known	001.53 1.53	Unit B
7			Un­known	001.55 1.55	Unit A
7	Mount Jiigatake [19]	Honshū	Un­known	001.6 1.6	Ōmine Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA	690	001.61 1.61	Lower Bandelier Tuff
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Un­known	001.65 1.65
6	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex	Un­known	001.7 1.7	Puripica Ch0ico ignimbrite
7	Young Island	Valleny Islands	100	001.7 1.7	Eltanin
7	Bolshe-Bannaya	Kamchatka	800	001.7 1.7
7	Mount Hotakadake [19]	Honshū	Un­known	001.75 1.75	Ebisutōge-Fukuda tephras
7	Mount Hotakadake		Un­known	001.76 1.76	Nyūkawa Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA	101 ⩾ 100	001.78 1.78	San Diego Canyon Ignimbrite
7	Karymshina	Kamchatka	Un­known	001.78 1.78
7	Lago de Atitlán	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala	Un­known	001.8 1.8
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Un­known	001.88 1.88	Kitazawa Ignimbrite
7	Mount Tokachi	Hokkaidō	Un­known	001.9 1.9	Biei Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Un­known	002 2	Reishōji Ignimbrite
7			Un­known	002 2	Ht-3 Ignimbrite
7			Un­known	002 2	Nyūnomi Ignimbrite
7			Un­known	002 2	Ichiuda Ignimbrite
7	Mount Hotakadake		Un­known	002 2	Sonehara Ignimbrite
7	Tamagawa Caldera		Un­known	002 2
8	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	2160	002.07 2.0794	Huckleberry Ridge Tuff A & B
7	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	290	002.11 2.113	Huckleberry Ridge Tuff C
7	Mount Jiigatake [19]	Honshū	Un­known	002.18 2.18	Taniguchi Ignimbrite
8	Cerro Galán	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1030	002.2 2.2	Cerro Galán Ignimbrite
7?	Mount Erciyes	Turkey	Un­known	002.5 2.52	Valibabatepe Ignimbrite
^^^^Quaternary^^^^
7	Hiwada Caldera	Honshū	Un­known	002.8 2.8	Hotokezawa Ignimbrite
8	Pastos Grandes Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1500	002.9 2.9	Pastos Grandes Ignimbrite
7	Teragi Cauldron	Honshū	Un­known	003 3.03	Teragi Group [20]
7	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex	Un­known	003.5 3.5	Tara Ignimbrite
7	Yunosawa Caldera	Honshū	Un­known	003.5 3.5	Obirakiyama Tuff
8	Pacana Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	2800	004 4	Atana Ignimbrite
8	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	004.5 4.45	Kilgore Tuff
?			Un­known	005.5 5.51	Conant Creek Tuff
8	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex	1300	005.7 5.7	Guacha ignimbrite
7	Cerro Panizos	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	Un­known	006.1 6.1	Panizos Ignimbrite
?	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	006.3 6.27	Walcott Tuff
8			Un­known	006.6 6.62	Blacktail Tuff
7	Black Mountain Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Un­known	007 7	Thirsty Canyon Tuff
7	Pastos Grandes Caldera or Vilama Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	Un­known	008.3 8.3	Sifon Ignimbrite
?	Twin Falls volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	008.6 8.6-10
8	Grey's Landing Supereruption		2800 > 2800 [21]	008.7 8.72	Grey's Landing Ignimbrite
8	McMullen Supereruption		1700 > 1700 [21]	008.9 8.99	McMullen Ignimbrite

10MA and older

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km3)	Age in Ma [22]	Tephra or eruption name
?	Picabo volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	010 10 – 10.2	Arbon Valley Tuffs
7-8	Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera		950	011 10 – 12.5	Ashfall Fossil Beds eruption
7	Timber Mountain caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Un­known	011.5 11.45	Timber Mountain Tuff - Ammonia Tanks member
8			Un­known	011.6 11.6	Timber Mountain Tuff - Rainer Mesa member
8	Paintbrush Caldera		Un­known	012.7 12.7	Paintbrush Tuff - Topopah Spring member
8			Un­known	012.8 12.8	Paintbrush Tuff - Tiva Canyon member
7	Mount Sobo	Kyūshū	Un­known	012.8 12.8
?	Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	012.8 13.9-12.8
7	Mount Katamuki	Kyūshū	Un­known	013 13
7	Silent Canyon caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Un­known	013 13	Belted Range Tuff
7	Crater Flat Group		Un­known	013.3 13.25	Crater Flat Tuff, Bullfrog member
7	Shitara Caldera	Honshū	Un­known	013.1 15.1-13.1
8	Ōdai Caldera		Un­known	013.7 13.7	Murō Ignimbrite
8	Mount Ōkue	Kyūshū	Un­known	013.7 13.7	Okueyama volcano-plutonic complex
7	Mount Ishizuchi	Shikoku	Un­known	014 14
8	Kumano Caldera	Honshū	Un­known	014.4 14.4	Kumano Acidic rocks
8	Source unknown	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1100	015 15	Huaylillas Ignimbrite
7	McDermitt volcanic field, North	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	015 15	Whitehorse Creek Tuff
?	Lake Owyhee volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot?	Un­known	015 15
8	Mount Osuzu	Kyūshū	Un­known	015.1 15.1	Osuzuyama volcano-plutonic complex
?	Northwest Nevada volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot?	Un­known	015.5 16.5-15.5
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	015.6 15.6	Longridge Tuff member 2-3
7			Un­known	015.6 15.6	Longridge Tuff member 5
7			Un­known	015.7 15.7	Double H Tuff
7	McDermitt volcanic field, North		Un­known	015.8 15.8	Trout Creek Mountains Tuff
?	McDermitt volcanic field, South		Un­known	016 16	Hoppin Peaks Tuff
7			Un­known	016.5 16.5	Oregon Canyon Tuff
8	Oxaya Formation	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	3000	019 19	Oxaya Ignimbrite
7	Mount Belknap Caldera	Marysvale volcanic field	Un­known	019 19	Joe Lott member
7	Semilir	Sunda Arc, Java	480	021 21 [23]	Semilir eruption
^^^^Neogene^^^^
7	Monroe Peak Caldera	Marysvale volcanic field	Un­known	023 23	Osiris Tuff
8	La Garita Caldera	San Juan volcanic field	5000	027.8 27.8	Fish Canyon Tuff [c]
8?	Bachelor		1000	028 28	Carpenter Ridge Tuff
8	San Juan		Un­known	028 28	Sapinero Mesa Tuff
8?	Uncompahgre		1000	028.1 28.1	Dillon & Sapinero Mesa Tuffs
8?	Platoro		1000	028.2 28.2	Chiquito Peak Tuff
8	Bursum	Southern New Mexico	Un­known	028.5 28.5	Apache Springs Tuff
8	White Rock Caldera	Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex	Un­known	029.2 29.2	Lund Tuff
8	Sana'a Ignimbrite	Afro-Arabian	Un­known	029.5 29.5	Tephra 2W63
8	Iftar Alkalb		Un­known	029.5 29.5	Tephra 4 W
8	Sam Ignimbrite	Yemen	Un­known	029.5 29.5	Green Tuff
8	Jabal Kura'a Ignimbrite		Un­known	029.6 29.6
8	Wah Wah Springs Caldera	Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex	5900	030 30.06	Wah Wah Springs Tuff [d]
8	Windows Butte Tuff	Central Nevada	Un­known	033 33	Windows Butte Tuff
8	Emory Caldera	Southwestern New Mexico	Un­known	034.9 34.9	Kneeling Nun Tuff, City of Rocks State Park
8	Mount Princeton	Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Colorado	Un­known	035.3 35.3	Wall Mountain Tuff
7	Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex	Skukum Group	Un­known	050 50
^^^^Paleogene^^^^
8	Deccan Traps	West-central India	Un­known	066 66	This volcanic episode occurred about 300,000 years after the Chicxulub meteor impact, and may have been another contributing factor towards the extinction of the dinosaurs
8	Source unknown	Honshū	Un­known	070 70	Noi Rhyolite
8	Ontong-Java-Manihiki-Hikurangi Plateau	Southwestern Pacific Ocean, north of the Solomon Islands	Un­known	121 121	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Guarapuava-Tamarana-Sarusas	Paraná and Etendeka traps	Un­known	132 132	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Santa Maria Fria		Un­known	132 132	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Guarapuava-Ventura		Un­known	132 132	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	High Island Caldera	Hong Kong	Un­known	140 140
^^^^Cretaceous^^^^
8	Ora Caldera	Southern Alps, Italy	Un­known	274 277–274	Ora Formation
7	Altenberg–Teplice Caldera [24]	The Altenberg-Teplice Volcanic Complex	Un­known	317 325-317 [24]	Teplice Rhyolite intra-caldera deposits
8	Cerberean Caldera	Rubicon Valley	Un­known	374 374 [25]	Cerberean Caldera now forms the northern part of the Marysville Igneous Complex in central Victoria at Lake Eildon National Park. [25] [26]
8	Glen Coe	Scotland	Un­known	420 420 [27]
8	Scafells	Lake District	Un­known	450 450+ [28]

Notes

1. First documented Supervolcanic eruption, and last known volcanic eruption with a VEI of 8.
2. The eruption of Lake Toba was the biggest volcanic eruption in the Quaternary period. ^[14]
3. Second biggest explosive eruption in the last 100 million years
4. The biggest explosive eruption in the last 100 million years

See also

• Geologic time scale
• Timeline of volcanism on Earth
• List of large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province

References

1. start from 1950 CE
2. Shinji Takarada; Hideo Hoshizumi (2020). "Distribution and Eruptive Volume of Aso-4 Pyroclastic Density Current and Tephra Fall Deposits, Japan: A M8 Super-Eruption". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 170. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..170T. doi: 10.3389/feart.2020.00170 .
3. Victoria C. Smith; et al. (2013-05-01). "Identification and correlation of visible tephras in the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sedimentary archive, Japan: chronostratigraphic markers for synchronising of east Asian/west Pacific palaeoclimatic records across the last 150 ka". Quaternary Science Reviews. 67: 121–137. Bibcode:2013QSRv...67..121S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.026.
4. Yamamoto, Takahiro (2014). "Cumulative volume step-diagrams for eruptive magmas from major Quaternary volcanoes in Japan". gsj.jp (in Japanese). National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology . Retrieved 2021-01-04.
5. Mitsuhiro Nakagawa; Mizuho Amma-Miyasaka; Daisuke Miura; Shimpei Uesawa (2018). "Tephrostratigraphy in Ishikari Lowland, Southwestern Hokkaido". The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan (in Japanese). 124 (7): 473–489. doi: 10.5575/geosoc.2018.0038 .
6. The up is covered with Shikotsu caldera formation deposits. ^[5]
7. "Volcanic activities and eruption sequence of the large-scale eruption at Shikotsu, Toya, Nigorikawa and Daisen Volcanoes" (PDF) (in Japanese). Geological Survey of Japan, AIST. 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
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9. Bouvet de Maisonneuve, C.; Forni, F.; Bachmann, O. (2021). "Magma reservoir evolution during the build up to and recovery from caldera-forming eruptions – A generalizable model?". Earth-Science Reviews. 218: 103684. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103684. hdl: 10356/161241 . ISSN   0012-8252. S2CID   236237501.
10. Yoshihisa Kawanabe; Hideo Hoshizumi; Jun'ichi Itoh; Seiko Yamasaki (2015). "Kuju : Geological Maps of Japan". Geological Survey of Japan, AIST.
11. "Thórsmörk Ignimbrite(correlated to Ash Zone 2)". VOGRIPA. Retrieved 27 May 2024. This source has not yet been updated by post 2019 knowledge.
12. Moles, J.D.; McGarvie, D.; Stevenson, J.A.; Sherlock, S.C.; Abbott, P.M.; Jenner, F.E.; Halton, A.M. (2019). "Widespread tephra dispersal and ignimbrite emplacement from a subglacial volcano (Torfajökull, Iceland)". Geology. 47 (6): 577–580. doi: 10.1130/G46004.1 .
13. Antonio Costa; Victoria C. Smith; Giovanni Macedonio; Naomi E. Matthews (2014). "The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption". Frontiers in Earth Science. 2: 16. Bibcode:2014FrEaS...2...16C. doi: 10.3389/feart.2014.00016 .
14. Chad L.Yost; Lily J.Jackson; Jeffery R.Stone; Andrew S.Cohen (2018). "Subdecadal phytolith and charcoal records from Lake Malawi, East Africa imply minimal effects on human evolution from the ~74 ka Toba supereruption". Journal of Human Evolution. 116: 75–94. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.005 . PMID   29477183.
15. start from 1950 CE
16. Jaime Alberto Cavazos-Álvarez; Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez (2020). "Anatomy of the Xáltipan ignimbrite at Los Humeros Volcanic Complex; the largest eruption of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 392: 106755. Bibcode:2020JVGR..39206755C. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106755. S2CID   213394831.
17. start from 1950 CE
18. start from 1950 CE
19. Teruki Oikawa (2003). "The Spatial and Temporal Relationship between Uplifting and Magmatism in the Hida Mountain Range, Central Japan" . Quaternary Research (in Japanese). 42 (3): 141–156. doi: 10.4116/jaqua.42.141 . Retrieved 2021-01-04.
20. Toshiki Haji; Takashi Kudo; Sota Niki; Takafumi Hirata (2023). "The Age of the Lower Tuff in the Utaosa Rhyolite, Teragi Cauldron, southwest Japan:Uranium‒lead dating of Late Pliocene zircon using femtosecond laser ablation-inductively coupled multi-collector ICP mass spectrometry". The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan (in Japanese). 129 (1): 341–354. doi: 10.5575/geosoc.2023.0002 .
21. Knott, Thomas; Branney, M.; Reichow, Marc; Finn, David; Tapster, Simon; Coe, Robert (June 2020). "Discovery of two new super-eruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot track (USA): Is the Yellowstone hotspot waning?". Geology. 48 (9): 934–938. Bibcode:2020Geo....48..934K. doi: 10.1130/G47384.1 . Retrieved 21 June 2022.
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23. Smyth, HR (2011). "A Toba-scale eruption in the Early Miocene: The Semilir eruption, East Java, Indonesia". Lithos. 126 (3–4): 198–211. Bibcode:2011Litho.126..198S. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2011.07.010.
24. Casas-García, Raymundo; Rapprich, Vladislav; Breitkreuz, Christoph; Svojtka, Martin; Lapp, Manuel; Stanek, Klaus; Hofmann, Mandy; Linnemann, Ulf (2019-11-15). "Lithofacies architecture, composition, and age of the Carboniferous Teplice Rhyolite (German–Czech border): Insights into the evolution of the Altenberg-Teplice Caldera" . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 386: 106662. Bibcode:2019JVGR..38606662C. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106662. ISSN   0377-0273. S2CID   202913004.
25. Clemens, J. D.; Birch, W. D. (2012-12-15), "Assembly of a zoned volcanic magma chamber from multiple magma batches: The Cerberean Cauldron, Marysville Igneous Complex, Australia" , Lithos, 155: 272–288, Bibcode:2012Litho.155..272C, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2012.09.007, ISSN   0024-4937
26. Birch, W. D. (1970), An investigation of the Upper Devonian Cerberean Cauldron complex in central Victoria, University of Melbourne
27. "Glencoe – Geology". Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
28. P. J. Brenchley (2006). Timing and Duration of The Volcanism and Related Intrusions. Geological Society of London. p. 116. ISBN   9781862392007.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

Bibliography

• Ward, Peter L. (2 April 2009). "Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways" (PDF). Thin Solid Films. 517 (11): 3188–3203. Bibcode:2009TSF...517.3188W. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  • Supplementary Table I: "Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  • Supplementary Table II: "Supplementary References to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009)" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
• "Large Holocene Eruptions". Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2010-04-17.

Further reading

• Scott E. Bryan; Ingrid Ukstins Peate; David W. Peate; Stephen Self; Dougal A. Jerram; Michael R. Mawby; J.S. Marsh; Jodie A. Miller (2010). "The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth" (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 102 (3–4): 207–229. Bibcode:2010ESRv..102..207B. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001.
• Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project Website "VOGRIPA".
• Lee Siebert; Tom Simkin; Paul Kimberly (2011). Volcanoes of the World. University of California Press. ISBN   9780520268777.