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This is a sortable list of large eruptions that occurred between 11.7 Ka and 450+ Ma. Uncertainties as to dates and tephra volumes are not restated, and references are not repeated. The inclusion criteria here only covers entries with a Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or greater. The given values for events in the Miocene epoch sometimes lack references, and are given as VEI-equivalent, as an estimate of the erupted tephra volume.
VEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot | Material volume (km³) | Age in Ka [1] | Tephra or eruption name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 | Lolobau Island | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 50 | 12 | caldera formation |
6 | Menengai | Great Rift Valley, Kenya | < 25 | 12.3 | Ruplax Tuff |
6 | Nevado de Toluca | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 20 | 12.5 | Upper Toluca Pumice |
6 | Sakurajima | Kyūshū | 11 | 12.8 | Sakurajima-Satsuma Tuff |
6 | Laacher See | Eifel hotspot | 20 | 12.9 | |
6 | Nigorigawa | Hokkaidō | 10.9 | 14.6 | |
6 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | 79 | 14.9 | Neapolitan Yellow Tuff |
6 | Maly Semyachik | Kamchatka | 17.5 | 15 | |
6 | Towada | Honshū | 56 | 15.6 | eruption episode L |
7 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | Unknown | 15.7 | |
5 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 1.3 | 19.3 | Green Pumice |
7 | Long Island, PNG | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 100 | 19.3 | Kiau Ignimbrite |
7 | Zavaritzki Caldera | Simushir, Kuril Islands | 200 | 20 | |
6 | Rabaul | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | >10 | 21 | Kulau Ignimbrite |
6 | Menengai | Great Rift Valley, Kenya | 26.1 | 21 | Caldera formation 2 |
6 | Cape Riva Caldera, Santorini | South Aegean Volcanic Arc | >20 | 21.8 | Cape Riva |
5 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 1.9 | 22 | Basal Pumice |
6 | Mount Katmai | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | ⩾10 | 22.8 | Late Pleistocene rhyodacite pumice fall and ignimbrite |
8 | Taupō Volcano | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1170 | 26.5 | Oruanui eruption [lower-alpha 1] |
6 | Morne Diablotins | Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc | 14 | 26.6 | Grand Savanne Ignimbrite |
? | Laguna Caldera | Luzon Volcanic Arc | Unknown | 27-29 | |
5 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 2.2 | 28.6 | Codola Pumice |
6 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | ≥10 | 29.1 | Y3 |
6 | Emmons Lake caldera | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 50 | 29.3 | Dawson Tephra |
6 | Nemrut yanardağı | Turkey | 65.4 | 29.7 | |
7-8 | Aira Caldera | Kyūshū | [2] | 940 - 1,04030 [3] | Ito Ignimbrite |
6 | Nemo Peak | Onekotan, Kuril Islands | 10 | 30.8 | Nemo III |
6 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | >30 | 32.2 | caldera formation |
6 | Volcán Los Azufres | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 11 | 32.8 | Cieneguillas Ignimbrite |
6 | Morne Trois Pitons | Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc | 58 | 33.3 | Roseau Tuff/Ignimbrite |
7 | Lake Ranau | Sunda Arc, Sumatra | 150 | 33.6 | Ranau Tuff |
6 | Nemo Peak | Onekotan, Kuril Islands | 31.3 | 34 | Nemo II |
6 | Mount Batur | Sunda Arc, Bali | 84 | 34.6 | Ubud Ignimbrite |
6 | Ksudach | Kamchatka | 25 | 35 | Caldera II |
6 | Lake Mashū | Hokkaidō | 10 | 35.3 [4] | Nu-p |
6 | Menengai | Great Rift Valley, Kenya | 26.1 | 35.6 | Menengai Tuff |
6 | Towada | Honshū | 46 | 36 | eruption episode N |
6 | Lake Mashū | Hokkaidō | 10 | 38.3 [4] | Nu-r |
7 | Gorely | Kamchatka | 120 | 39 | Southern sea cliffs |
7 | Kussharo | Hokkaidō | 170 | 39.3 | Kp-1, Kutcharo Shoro Ash |
7 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | 430 - 680 | 39.9 | Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption |
5 | Galeras | Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 40 | |
6 | Ksudach | Kamchatka | 40 | 40 | Caldera I |
6 | Ugashik-Peulik | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 30 | 40 | Caldera formation |
6? | Ulleung | South Korea | 10? | 40 [3] | Ulleungdo-Yamato tephra |
6 | Irosin Caldera | Bicol-Leyte Volcanic Arc | 70 | 41 | Irosin Ignimbrites |
6 | Qualibou | Saint Lucia, Lesser Antilles island arc | 11 | 42.3 | Choiseul Tuff |
6 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 10.3 | 42.5 | C (Cs, Cy, Cm, Cw, Ct) (Ape Canyon) |
6 | Kuttara | Hokkaidō | [4] | 14.4 DRE43 [6] | Kt-1 |
7 | Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas | Kamchatka | 150 | 43.6 | Uzon ignimbrite - northern field |
6 | Golovnin | Kunashir, Kuril Islands | 15 | 43.7 | Kn III-5 Tephra |
6 | Mount Akagi | Honshū | 25.9 | 44 | Akagi-Kanuma pumice |
6 | Mendeleev | Kunashir, Kuril Islands | 60 | 44.5 | caldera formation |
7 | Opala | Kamchatka | 225 | 44.5 | caldera formation |
5-6 | Naruko | Honshū | [4] | 5 - 1045 | Yanagisawa Tuff |
7 | Nemo Peak | Onekotan, Kuril Islands | >115 | 45 | Nemo I |
6 | Smith Island | Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc | 49 | 45 | |
7 | Shikotsu | Hokkaidō | [7] | 350 - 39046 | caldera formation |
VEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot | Material volume (km³) | Age in Ka [8] | Tephra or eruption name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 | Kuttara | Hokkaidō | 10.2 DRE | 50 | Kt-2 |
7 | Ōkataina Volcanic Complex | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 50 | Rotoiti Ignimbrite |
6 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | 13.1 | 51 | Santa Lucia Tephra |
7 | Lake Maninjau | Sunda Arc, Sumatra | 235 | 52 | Maninjau paroxysmal welded and unwelded tuffs |
6 | Mount Kujū | Kyūshū | [9] | 1253.5 | Kuju-Handa pyroclastic flow (Kj-Hd), Kuju-1 Pumice (Kj-P1) |
6 | Skaros Caldera, Santorini | South Aegean Volcanic Arc | 13.75 | 54 | Upper Scoriae 2 |
6 | Kuttara | Hokkaidō | 20.1 DRE | 50 - 60 | Kt-3 |
6 | Ischia | Campanian volcanic arc | ≥ 10 | 56 | X2 |
6 | Ischia | Campanian volcanic arc | 40 | 56 | Monte Epomeo Green Tuff |
6 | Daisen | Honshū | 40 | 59.6 [3] | Daisen-Kurayoshi Pumice |
6 | Shikotsu | Hokkaidō | 50 | 60 | Shadai eruption |
6 | Towada | Honshū | 10 | 61 | eruption episode Q |
6 | Newberry Volcano | Cascade Volcanic Arc | > 12.5 | 62.5 | Olema tephra, Paulina tephra |
6 | Hakone | Honshū | 20 | 66 | Hakone-Tokyo Pumice |
6 | Akademia Nauk | Kamchatka | 12.5 | 69.4 | Odnoboky O2 tuffs |
6 | Los Humeros | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 37 | 69 | Zaragoza Tuff |
6 | Los Humeros | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 24 | 70 | Faby Tuff |
6 | Pico do Fogo | Cape Verde | Unknown | 73 | |
5-6 | Naruko | Honshū | 5 - 10 | 73 | Nisaka Tuff |
8 | Lake Toba Caldera | Sunda Arc, Sumatra | [10] | 2,800 - 5,30074 | Youngest Toba Tuff [lower-alpha 2] |
6 | Barrier Volcano | Great Rift Valley, Kenya | 10 | 74 | caldera formation |
6 | Kuttara | Hokkaidō | > 11 DRE | 75 | Kt-4 |
6 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | 12.35 | 80 | CA-1a Tephra |
6 | Bolshoy Semyachik | Kamchatka | 42 | 80 | Bol'shoi Semiachik Caldera II |
6 | Hakone | Honshū | 10 | 80 | Hakone-Obaradai Pumice |
7? | Mount Pinatubo | Luzon Volcanic Arc | 25 | 81 | Inararo Tuff |
6 | Etna | Campanian volcanic arc | 10 | 82.8 | X4; I-7 |
7 | Lago de Atitlán | Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala | 300 | 84 | Los Chocoyos eruption |
6 | Kuttara | Hokkaidō | 16.8 DRE | 84 | Kt-6 |
6 | Kussharo | Hokkaidō | 25 | 85 | Kp-2/3 |
6 | Kuttara | Hokkaidō | 10.8 DRE | 84 - 87 | Kt-7 |
7-8 | Mount Aso | Kyūshū | [2] | 930 - 1,86087 | Aso-4 Ignimbrite |
6 | Kuttara | Hokkaidō | 9.9 DRE | 87 - 106 | Kt-8 |
VEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot | Material volume (km³) | Age in Ka [12] | Tephra or eruption name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | Kikai Caldera | Ryukyu Islands | Unknown | 100 | Tozurahara eruption |
6 | Sierra la Primavera | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 90 | 100 | Tala Tuff |
6 | Skaros Caldera, Santorini | South Aegean Volcanic Arc | 14 | 100 | Middle Pumice |
6 | Ontake | Honshū | 50 | 100 | Ontake-1 Pumice |
6 | Rabaul | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 10? | 100 | Boroi Ignimbrites |
6 | Rabaul | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 10? | 100 | Malaguna Pyroclastics |
7 | Ata Caldera | Kyūshū | 350 | 100 [3] | Ata pyroclastic deposits |
6 | Sanbe | Honshū | 20 | 105 | Sanbe-Kisuki pumice |
6 | Tangkuban Perahu | Sunda Arc, Java | ≥ 10 | 105 | Sunda Caldera |
7 | Lake Tōya | Hokkaidō | 230 – 310 [2] | 106 | |
6 | Santo Antão | Cape Verde | 10.33 | 106 | Cão Grande I |
6 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | ≥ 10 | 106.2 | X5 |
6 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | ≥ 10 | 108.9 | X6 |
7 | Kussharo | Hokkaidō | 175 | 117.5 | Kp-4, Kutcharo Haboro Ash |
7 | Emmons Lake caldera | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 220 | 124 | Old Craw Tephra |
7 | Mount Aso | Kyūshū | > 150 | 130 | Aso-3 Ignimbrite |
6 | Mount Aso | Kyūshū | 50 | 141 | Aso-2 Ignimbrite |
6 | Yellowstone Caldera | Yellowstone hotspot | 23? | 143 | Cold Mountain Creek Tuff |
7 | Calabozos | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 150 | Loma Seca Tuff-Unit S |
5 | Galeras | Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 150 | |
7 | Kos-Nisyros Caldera | South Aegean Volcanic Arc | 110 | 161 | Kos Plateau Tuff |
7 | Los Humeros | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 290 DRE [13] | 164 | Xáltipan Ignimbrite |
7 | Lake Akan | Hokkaidō | 56.8 (DRE) | 175 | AK-2 |
6 | Yellowstone Caldera | Yellowstone hotspot | 50 | 176 | Bluff Point Tuff |
7 | Southern Caldera, Santorini | South Aegean Volcanic Arc | Unknown | 180 | |
7 | Awasa Caldera | Main Ethiopian Rift | 103.5 | 182.3 | |
7 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | Unknown | 205 | |
7 | Rotorua Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 230 | Mamaku Ignimbrite |
7 | Maroa Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 230 | Ohakuri Ignimbrite |
7 | Reporoa Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 230 | Kaingaroa Ignimbrite |
7 | Ata Caldera | Kyūshū | > 150 | 240 | Torihama eruption |
7 | Kapenga Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 240 | Ohakui Ignimbrite |
7 | O'a Caldera | Ethiopia | 276 | 240 | Qi3 Pumice |
8 | Maroa Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 254 | Whakamaru Ignimbrite |
6 | Mount Aso | Kyūshū | Unknown | 266 | Aso-1 Ignimbrite |
6 | Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas | Kamchatka | 46 | 278 | Uzon ignimbrite - southern field |
7 | Haroharo Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 280 | Matahina Ignimbrite |
7 | Kapenga Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 280 | Pakai Ignimbrite |
7 | Lake Maninjau | Sunda Arc, Sumatra | 175 | 280 |
VEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot | Material volume (km³) | Age in Ka [14] | Tephra or eruption name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | Calabozos | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 300 | Loma Seca Tuff-Unit V |
7 | Kapenga Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 300 | Chimpanzee Ignimbrite |
7 | Vulsini | Campanian volcanic arc | 460 | 300 | Bolsena Caldera |
7 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | Unknown | 320 | |
7 | Kakutō Caldera | Kyūshū | Unknown | 321 | Kakuto Ignimbrite |
7? | Suiendani | Honshū | Unknown | 370 | Okuhida Pyroclastics |
7 | Lake Bracciano | Lazio, Italy | > 200 | 370 | Mophi Tephra |
6 | Roccamonfina Caldera | Campanian volcanic arc | Unknown | 390 | |
6-7 | Medvezhia | Iturup, Kuril Islands | 90 | 410 | Medvezhia Ignimbrite |
7 | Toussidé | Tibesti Mountains | 150 | 430 | Yirrigué Ignimbrite |
7 | Pauzhetka Caldera | Kamchatka | 375 | 440 | Golygin Ignimbrite |
7 | Tumalo | Oregon | Unknown | 440 | Tumalo tuff |
7 | Aira Caldera | Kyūshū | Unknown | 450 | Oda Ignimbrite |
7 | Diamante Caldera | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 450 | |
7 | Aira Caldera | Kyūshū | Unknown | 500 | Yoshino Ignimbrite |
7 | Toba Caldera | Sunda Arc, Sumatra | 138 | 500 | Middle Toba Tuff |
7 | Kobayashi Caldera | Kyūshū | Unknown | 520 | Kobayashi Ignimbrite |
6 | Galeras | Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 560 | |
7 | Mount Kirishima | Kyūshū | Unknown | 580 | Hiwaki Ignimbrite |
6? | Hōhi Volcanic Zone | Kyūshū | Unknown | 600 | Yufugawa Ignimbrite |
6 | Mount Lassen | Cascade Volcanic Arc | > 75 | 610 | Rockland Caldera formation |
8 | Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field | Yellowstone hotspot | ⩾ 1,000 | 631 | Lava Creek Tuff |
7 | Acatlán Volcanic Field | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 150 | 650 | Acatlán Ignimbrite |
7 | Hōhi Volcanic Zone | Kyūshū | Unknown | 650 | Seiganji-Toga Tephra |
7 | Kamitakara | Honshū | Unknown | 650 | |
7 | Kapenga Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 680 | Matahana A |
7 | Kapenga Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 710 | Waiotapu Ignimbrite |
7 | Long Valley Caldera | Eastern California | 790 | 760 | Bishop Tuff |
7 | Kapenga Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 830 | Matahana B |
7 | Calabozos | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 840 | Loma Seca Tuff-Unit L |
8 | Lake Toba Caldera | Sunda Arc, Sumatra | 5,290 [10] | 840 | Toba Tuff |
7 | Shishimuta Caldera | Kyūshū | Unknown | 870 | Imaichi Ignimbrite |
7 | Tondano Caldera | North Sulawesi, Sulawesi | 600 - 950 | 870 | |
7 | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 950 | Marshall Ignimbrite |
7 | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 970 | Unit E |
VEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot | Material volume (km³) | Age in Ma [19] | Tephra or eruption name | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
? | Picabo volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 10 – 10.2 | Arbon Valley Tuffs | |
7-8 | Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera | Yellowstone hotspot | 950 | 10 – 12.5 | Ashfall Fossil Beds eruption | |
7 | Timber Mountain caldera complex | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Unknown | 11.45 | Timber Mountain Tuff - Ammonia Tanks member | |
8 | Timber Mountain caldera complex | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Unknown | 11.6 | Timber Mountain Tuff - Rainer Mesa member | |
8 | Paintbrush Caldera | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Unknown | 12.7 | Paintbrush Tuff - Topopah Spring member | |
8 | Paintbrush Caldera | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Unknown | 12.8 | Paintbrush Tuff - Tiva Canyon member | |
7 | Mount Sobo | Kyūshū | Unknown | 12.8 | ||
? | Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 13.9-12.8 | ||
7 | Mount Katamuki | Kyūshū | Unknown | 13 | ||
7 | Silent Canyon caldera complex | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Unknown | 13 | Belted Range Tuff | |
7 | Crater Flat Group | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Unknown | 13.25 | Crater Flat Tuff, Bullfrog member | |
7 | Shitara Caldera | Honshū | Unknown | 15.1-13.1 | ||
8 | Ōdai Caldera | Honshū | Unknown | 13.7 | Murō Ignimbrite | |
8 | Mount Ōkue | Kyūshū | Unknown | 13.7 | Okueyama volcano-plutonic complex | |
7 | Mount Ishizuchi | Shikoku | Unknown | 14 | ||
8 | Kumano Caldera | Honshū | Unknown | 14.4 | Kumano Acidic rocks | |
8 | Source unknown | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | 1100 | 15 | Huaylillas Ignimbrite | |
7 | McDermitt volcanic field, North | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 15 | Whitehorse Creek Tuff | |
? | Lake Owyhee volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot? | Unknown | 15 | ||
8 | Mount Osuzu | Kyūshū | Unknown | 15.1 | Osuzuyama volcano-plutonic complex | |
? | Northwest Nevada volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot? | Unknown | 16.5-15.5 | ||
7 | McDermitt volcanic field, South | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 15.6 | Longridge Tuff member 2-3 | |
7 | McDermitt volcanic field, South | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 15.6 | Longridge Tuff member 5 | |
7 | McDermitt volcanic field, South | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 15.7 | Double H Tuff | |
7 | McDermitt volcanic field, North | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 15.8 | Trout Creek Mountains Tuff | |
? | McDermitt volcanic field, South | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 16 | Hoppin Peaks Tuff | |
7 | McDermitt volcanic field, South | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 16.5 | Oregon Canyon Tuff | |
8 | Oxaya Formation | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | 3000 | 19 | Oxaya Ignimbrite | |
7 | Mount Belknap Caldera | Marysvale volcanic field | Unknown | 19 | Joe Lott member | |
^^^^Neogene^^^^ | ||||||
7 | Monroe Peak Caldera | Marysvale volcanic field | Unknown | 23 | Osiris Tuff | |
8 | La Garita Caldera | San Juan volcanic field | 5000 | 27.8 | Fish Canyon Tuff [lower-alpha 3] | |
8? | Bachelor | San Juan volcanic field | 1000 | 28 | Carpenter Ridge Tuff | |
8 | San Juan | San Juan volcanic field | Unknown | 28 | Sapinero Mesa Tuff | |
8? | Uncompahgre | San Juan volcanic field | 1000 | 28.1 | Dillon & Sapinero Mesa Tuffs | |
8? | Platoro | San Juan volcanic field | 1000 | 28.2 | Chiquito Peak Tuff | |
8 | Bursum | Southern New Mexico | Unknown | 28.5 | Apache Springs Tuff | |
8 | White Rock Caldera | Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex | Unknown | 29.2 | Lund Tuff | |
8 | Sana'a Ignimbrite | Afro-Arabian | Unknown | 29.5 | Tephra 2W63 | |
8 | Iftar Alkalb | Afro-Arabian | Unknown | 29.5 | Tephra 4 W | |
8 | Sam Ignimbrite | Yemen | Unknown | 29.5 | Green Tuff | |
8 | Jabal Kura'a Ignimbrite | Yemen | Unknown | 29.6 | ||
8 | Wah Wah Springs Caldera | Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex | 5900 | 30.06 | Wah Wah Springs Tuff [lower-alpha 4] | |
8 | Windows Butte Tuff | Central Nevada | Unknown | 33 | Windows Butte Tuff | |
8 | Emory Caldera | Southwestern New Mexico | Unknown | 34.9 | Kneeling Nun Tuff, City of Rocks State Park | |
8 | Mount Princeton | Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Colorado | Unknown | 35.3 | Wall Mountain Tuff | |
7 | Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex | Skukum Group | Unknown | 50 | ||
^^^^Paleogene^^^^ | ||||||
8 | Deccan Traps | West-central India | Unknown | 66 | This volcanic episode occurred about 300,000 years after the Chicxulub meteor impact, and may have been another contributing factor towards the extinction of the dinosaurs | |
8 | Source unknown | Honshū | Unknown | 70 | Noi Rhyolite | |
8 | Ontong-Java-Manihiki-Hikurangi Plateau | Southwestern Pacific Ocean, north of the Solomon Islands | Unknown | 121 | Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain. | |
8 | Guarapuava-Tamarana-Sarusas | Paraná and Etendeka traps | Unknown | 132 | Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain. | |
8 | Santa Maria Fria | Paraná and Etendeka traps | Unknown | 132 | Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain. | |
8 | Guarapuava-Ventura | Paraná and Etendeka traps | Unknown | 132 | Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain. | |
8 | High Island Caldera | Hong Kong | Unknown | 140 | ||
^^^^Cretaceous^^^^ | ||||||
8 | Ora Caldera | Southern Alps, Italy | Unknown | 277–274 | Ora Formation | |
7 | Altenberg–Teplice Caldera [20] | The Altenberg-Teplice Volcanic Complex | Unknown | 325-317 [20] | Teplice Rhyolite intra-caldera deposits | |
8 | Cerberean Caldera | Rubicon Valley | Unknown | 374 [21] | Cerberean Caldera now forms the northern part of the Marysville Igneous Complex in central Victoria at Lake Eildon National Park. [21] [22] | |
8 | Glen Coe | Scotland | Unknown | 420 [23] | ||
8 | Scafells | Lake District | Unknown | 450+ [24] |
A caldera is a large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber in a volcano eruption. An eruption that ejects large volumes of magma over a short period of time can cause significant detriment to the structural integrity of such a chamber, greatly diminishing its capacity to support its own roof, and any substrate or rock resting above. The ground surface then collapses into the emptied or partially emptied magma chamber, leaving a large depression at the surface. Although sometimes described as a crater, the feature is actually a type of sinkhole, as it is formed through subsidence and collapse rather than an explosion or impact. Compared to the thousands of volcanic eruptions that occur over the course of a century, the formation of a caldera is a rare event, occurring only a few times within a given window of 100 years. Only seven caldera-forming collapses are known to have occurred between 1911 and 2016. More recently, a caldera collapse occurred at Kīlauea, Hawaii in 2018.
Lake Toba is a large natural lake in North Sumatra, Indonesia, occupying the caldera of a supervolcano. The lake is located in the middle of the northern part of the island of Sumatra, with a surface elevation of about 900 metres (2,953 ft), the lake stretches from 2.88°N 98.52°E to 2.35°N 99.1°E. The lake is about 100 kilometres long, 30 kilometres (19 mi) wide, and up to 505 metres (1,657 ft) deep. It is the largest lake in Indonesia and the largest volcanic lake in the world. Toba Caldera is one of twenty geoparks in Indonesia, and was recognised in July 2020 as one of the UNESCO Global Geoparks.
A supervolcano is a volcano that has had an eruption with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 8, the largest recorded value on the index. This means the volume of deposits for such an eruption is greater than 1,000 cubic kilometers.
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) is a relative measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions. It was devised by Christopher G. Newhall of the United States Geological Survey and Stephen Self in 1982.
The Toba eruption was a supervolcano eruption that occurred around 74,000 years ago during the Late Pleistocene at the site of present-day Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia. It is one of the largest known explosive eruptions in the Earth's history. The Toba catastrophe theory holds that this event caused a severe global volcanic winter of six to ten years and contributed to a 1,000-year-long cooling episode, leading to a genetic bottleneck in humans.
Snæfellsjökull is a 700,000-year-old glacier-capped stratovolcano in western Iceland. It is situated on the westernmost part of the Snæfellsnes peninsula. Sometimes it may be seen from the city of Reykjavík over Faxa Bay, at a distance of 120 km (75 mi).
Kikai Caldera is a massive, mostly submerged caldera up to 19 kilometres (12 mi) in diameter in the Ōsumi Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.
The Sunda Arc is a volcanic arc that produced the volcanoes that form the topographic spine of the islands of Sumatra, Nusa Tenggara, Java, the Sunda Strait, and the Lesser Sunda Islands. The Sunda Arc begins at Sumatra and ends at Flores, and is adjacent to the Banda Arc. The Sunda Arc is formed via the subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate beneath the Sunda and Burma plates at a velocity of 63–70 mm/year.
The Akahoya eruption or Kikai-Akahoya eruption was the strongest known volcanic eruption of the Kikai Caldera in Kyūshū, Japan. It ejected 332–457 km3 (80–110 cu mi) of volcanic material, giving it a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7.
Reclus, also written as Reclús, is a volcano located in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, Chile. Part of the Austral Volcanic Zone of the Andes, its summit rises 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level and is capped by a crater about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide. Close to the volcano lies the Amalia Glacier, which is actively eroding Reclus.
This timeline of volcanism on Earth includes a list of major volcanic eruptions of approximately at least magnitude 6 on the Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) or equivalent sulfur dioxide emission during the Quaternary period. Other volcanic eruptions are also listed.
The 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain in Korea and China, also known as the Millennium Eruption or Tianchi eruption, was one of the most powerful volcanic eruptions in recorded history and is classified as a VEI-6 event. The eruption resulted in a brief period of significant climate change in Manchuria. The eruption occurred in late 946 CE.
Aso caldera is a geographical feature of Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. It stretches 25 kilometers north to south and 18 kilometers east to west. The central core "Aso Gogaku" is the five major mountains in the area. Aso valley (Asodani) runs along the northern base of Mount Aso and Nango valley (Nangodani) along the south. According to research of caldera sediment, lakes used to exist in these valleys. The dried up lake areas have come to be called Old Aso Lake, Kugino Lake, and Aso Valley Lake. The Kikuchi, Shirakawa and Kurokawa rivers now drain the caldera.
The Tierra Blanca Joven eruption of Lake Ilopango was the largest volcanic eruption in El Salvador during historic times, and one of the largest volcanic events on Earth in the past 7,000 years, registering at 6 on the Volcanic explosivity index (VEI), and dating back to the mid 5th century A.D. The eruption produced between 37–82 km3 (8.9–19.7 cu mi) of ejecta. The date of the eruption has been constrained within 429–433 CE by identifying its signature volcanic ash in precision-dated ice cores sampled from Greenland, thus eliminating it as the cause of extreme weather events of 535–536.
Ata Caldera, containing the Ata North Caldera, Mount Kaimon and Ikeda Caldera amongst other volcanoes, is a massive, ill defined, mostly submerged volcanic caldera associated with the southern portions of Kagoshima Bay.
The Cascade Volcanic Arc is a chain of volcanoes stretching from southern British Columbia down to northern California. Within the arc there is a variety of stratovolcanoes like Mount Rainier and broad shield volcanoes like Medicine Lake. But calderas are very rare in the Cascades, with very few forming over the 39 million year lifespan of the arc.
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