| Karymshina | |
|---|---|
  Karymshina Location in Kamchatka Krai, Russia | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,300 m (4,300 ft) |
| Coordinates | 52°24′N158°00′E / 52.400°N 158.000°E |
| Geography | |
| Location | Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia |
| Parent range | Eastern Range |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | 1.5 Ma |
| Mountain type | Caldera |
| Last eruption | 1.5 Ma |
Karymshina is a large volcanic caldera located in the southern Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia. [1] It was discovered in 2006 by Vladimir L Leonov and Aleksey N. Rogozin. [2]
Karymshima is located about 50 km southwest of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Although it is towards the east side of Kamchatka, it is on Kamchatka's watershed, with rivers flowing to both the west and east coast.
Karymshina is a volcanic caldera. There is little to see on the ground since due to the volcano's great age (1.2-1.5 million years), it has been eroded and covered by younger lava flows from other volcanoes. The caldera measures about 25 km x 15 km. The highest point is Mount Tolstyi at 1,300 m. In the northwest of the caldera, there is an uplifted block, indicating an abortive eruption since forming. At present, the caldera floor is dry, but in the past it contained a lake that has left a sandstone layer. There are thermal springs, apparently heated by a large magma chamber that is still warm.
The earliest known eruption occurred about 1.5 million years ago. Although it is difficult to estimate ejecta volume due to erosion and more recent activity covering this eruptions ejecta, an estimate of ejecta volume has been produced by the discoverers, i.e. ~ 825 cubic km. After this eruption, an uplifted block formed. Rhyolite domes have also formed around the rim, about 500-800,000 years ago.
A caldera is a large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber in a volcanic eruption. An eruption that ejects large volumes of magma over a short period of time can cause significant detriment to the structural integrity of such a chamber, greatly diminishing its capacity to support its own roof, and any substrate or rock resting above. The ground surface then collapses into the emptied or partially emptied magma chamber, leaving a large depression at the surface. Although sometimes described as a crater, the feature is actually a type of sinkhole, as it is formed through subsidence and collapse rather than an explosion or impact. Compared to the thousands of volcanic eruptions that occur over the course of a century, the formation of a caldera is a rare event, occurring only a few times within a given window of 100 years. Only eight caldera-forming collapses are known to have occurred between 1911 and 2018, with a caldera collapse at Kīlauea, Hawaii in 2018. Volcanoes that have formed a caldera are sometimes described as "caldera volcanoes".
The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) is a relative measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions. It was devised by Christopher G. Newhall of the United States Geological Survey and Stephen Self in 1982.
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Several complexes compose the overall volcanic structure:
- ancient Pra-Gorely volcano which measures 20–25 km in diameter;
- a 12 km diameter caldera;
- thick stratum of ignimbrites totaling a volume of 100 km3;
- post-caldera eruption cinder cones;
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- a complex of 40 modern subsidiary cones on the slopes of “Young Gorely”.
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