Mount Hibok-Hibok

Last updated

Hibok‑Hibok
Catarman Volcano
Mount Hibok Hibok.jpg
Highest point
Elevation 1,332 m (4,370 ft) [1]
Prominence 700 m (2,300 ft) [2]
Coordinates 9°12′02″N124°40′05″E / 9.20056°N 124.66806°E / 9.20056; 124.66806
Geography
Mindanao relief location map.svg
Red triangle with thick white border.svg
Hibok‑Hibok
Philippines relief location map (square).svg
Red triangle with thick white border.svg
Hibok‑Hibok
Mount Hibok-Hibok
Country Philippines
Region Northern Mindanao
Province Camiguin
Geology
Mountain type Stratovolcano
Volcanic arc/belt Central Mindanao Volcanic Arc
Last eruption 1948–1953
Climbing
Easiest route from Ardent Hot Springs

Mount Hibok-Hibok (also known as Catarman Volcano [3] [4] ) is a stratovolcano on Camiguin Island in the Philippines. [1] One of the active volcanoes in the country, it is part of the Pacific ring of fire.

Contents

Description

Volcanologists classify Hibok-Hibok or Catarman Volcano as a stratovolcano [1] and dome complex [5] with an elevation of 1,332 metres (4,370 ft) and a base diameter of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). It was described in a 1905 report as having "suddenly risen from the plain a short distance from the town of Catarmin in 1872. [6]

Hibok-Hibok (left) and Mt Vulcan (right), the volcanic cone created in the 1871 flank eruption. Hibok-hibok Volcano and Mt. Vulcan.jpg
Hibok-Hibok (left) and Mt Vulcan (right), the volcanic cone created in the 1871 flank eruption.

It has six hot springs (Ardent Spring, Tangob, Bugong, Tagdo, Naasag and Kiyab), three craters (Kanangkaan Crater, site of a 1948 eruption; Itum Crater, site of an eruption in 1949, and Ilihan Crater, site of a 1950 eruption).

Its adjacent volcanic edifices are: 580 metres (1,900 ft)-high Mount Vulcan, northwest of Hibok-Hibok; 1,552 metres (5,092 ft)-high Mount Mambajao, at the center of Camiguin; 581 metres (1,906 ft)-high Mount Guinsiliban, southernmost Camiguin; 679 metres (2,228 ft)-high Mount Butay; and Mount Uhay, north of Mount Guinsiliban. There are also domes and cones at Campana Hill, Minokol Hill, Tres Marias Hill, Mount Carling, Mount Tibane, and Piyakong Hill.

Mount Timpoong and Hibok-Hibok form the two major landmarks within the Timpoong and Hibok-Hibok Natural Monument. The natural monument became an ASEAN Heritage Park in 2015. [7]

The indigenous Kamigin Manobo are believed to be the original inhabitants of Mount Hibok-Hibok. [8]

Eruptions

Hibok-Hibok has erupted four times in modern history.

The first recorded eruption occurred in 1827 and a similar activity followed in 1862. [5]

Volcanic activity is currently monitored through solar-powered autonomous stations operated by the Hibok-Hibok Volcano Observatory under the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. [9]

1871 to 1875

On February 16, 1871, earthquakes and subterranean rumblings began to be felt on the island, which increased in severity until April 30 when a volcanic fissure opened up 400 yards southwest of the village of Catarman, on the northwest flank of Hibok-hibok Volcano. From the opening, lava was continuously ejected and poured into the sea for four years, destroying the town. At the same time, the vent built a cone now known as Mt. Vulcan. In 1875, the Challenger expedition visited the area, and described the mountain as a dome, about 1,950 feet (590 m) in height, without any crater, but still smoking and incandescent at the top. [4]

The portion of the town containing a cemetery has subsided into the sea and is now marked with a huge white cross off the coast. The settlement was relocated to where the present Catarman town center is now located. The remains of old Catarman, including the ruins of the ancient Spanish church, convent and a bell tower, are now called Gui-ob.

1897 to 1902

In 1897, Mt. Hibok-Hibok emitted white sulfurous steam that damaged villages on the island. Solfataric activity continued up to 1902. In 1901, the volcano disappeared.

1948 to 1951

From 1948 to 1951, Mt. Hibok-Hibok constantly rumbled and smoked. There were also landslides and earthquakes followed by dome building and nuee ardente. The Peléan eruption in 1948 from the Kanangkaan crater caused little damage and loss of life. The eruption of 1949, originating from Itum crater caused 79 deaths due to landslides. On the morning of December 4, 1951, the volcano erupted again. This time, however, it unleashed boiling lava, poisonous gases, and landslides enough to destroy nearly 19 square kilometres (7.3 sq mi) of land particularly in Mambajao. All in all, over 3,000 people were killed. Before the eruption of Mt. Hibok-Hibok in 1951, the population of Camiguin had reached 69,000. After the eruption, the population was reduced to about 34,000 due to massive emigration.

Volcanologists observed an eruption pattern during the 1948–1952 eruptions (a cycle of four phases) beginning with a short period of emission of steam from the crater and avalanches of volcanic materials, followed by explosions or steam blast with emission of heavy clouds of steam, ash and other fragmentary volcanic materials with a strong possibility of the development of pyroclastic flows. The third phase involves eruption of incandescent materials, emission of ash and steam in large amounts, formation of flows and occasional minor crater outbursts, and finally a decrease in steam and other ejecta from the crater.

Hiking activity

Mt. Hibok-Hibok is a popular hiking destination in Camiguin island. A permit from the DENR office in Mambajao is required. It normally takes 3–5 hours to reach the summit; the usual jump-off is Ardent Hot Springs in Mambajao. Views from the summit include the nearby White Island, Bohol to the north, Eastern Mindanao to the east and the island of Siquijor to the west. The mossy crater of Camiguin's past eruption can also be seen. [10]

A solar-powered remote monitoring station located at Hibok-Hibok volcano Hibok-hibok Volcano Remote Monitoring Station.jpg
A solar-powered remote monitoring station located at Hibok-Hibok volcano

Mt. Vulcan can be hiked by way of the Stations of the Cross or The Walkway in Bonbon, Catarman. On the trail are the statues depicting the Roman Catholic Stations of the Cross, which are 14 events in the crucifixion of Jesus, at intervals on the climb. They are a memorial to the dead from the last eruption in the 1950s. [11] Mt. Vulcan, which is locally called the Old Volcano, is a misnomer as it is actually the youngest volcano on the island, formed in the 1871 eruption.

Hibok-Hibok Volcano Summit.jpg
Hibok-Hibok Volcano summit panorama

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mayon</span> Stratovolcano in the Philippines

Mayon, also known as Mount Mayon and Mayon Volcano, is an active stratovolcano in the province of Albay in Bicol, Philippines. A popular tourist spot, it is renowned for its "perfect cone" because of its symmetric conical shape, and is regarded as sacred in Philippine mythology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Camiguin</span> Province in Northern Mindanao, Philippines

Camiguin, officially the Province of Camiguin, is an island province in the Philippines located in the Bohol Sea, about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) off the northern coast of mainland Mindanao. It is geographically part of Region X, the Northern Mindanao Region of the country and formerly a part of Misamis Oriental province.

Didicas Volcano is an active volcanic island in the province of Cagayan in northern Philippines. The island, which was a submarine volcano and re-emerged from the sea in 1952, is 22 kilometres (14 mi) NE of Camiguin Island, one of the Babuyan Islands in Luzon Strait. Before 1952, the volcano first breached the ocean surface in 1857.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taal Volcano</span> Volcano in the Philippines

Taal Volcano is a large caldera filled by Taal Lake in the Philippines. Located in the province of Batangas about 50 kilometers (31 mi) south of Manila, the volcano is the second most active volcano in the country with 38 recorded historical eruptions, all of which were concentrated on Volcano Island, near the middle of Taal Lake. The caldera was formed by prehistoric eruptions between 140,000 and 5,380 BP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Bulusan</span> Volcano in the Philippines

Mount Bulusan, also known as Bulusan Volcano, is a stratovolcano on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. Located in the province of Sorsogon in the Bicol Region, it is 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Mayon Volcano and approximately 390 kilometres (240 mi) southeast of Manila. Bulusan is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Babuyan Claro Volcano</span> Volcano in the Philippines

Babuyan Claro Volcano, also known as Mount Pangasun, is an active volcano located on Babuyan Island, the northernmost of the Babuyan group of islands in Luzon Strait, north of the main island of Luzon in the Philippines. It is classified as one of the active volcanoes of the country with the last confirmed eruption in 1860.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kanlaon</span> Active volcano in the Philippines

Kanlaon, also known as Mount Kanlaon and Kanlaon Volcano, is an active andesitic stratovolcano and the highest mountain on the island of Negros in the Philippines, as well as the highest peak in the Visayas, with an elevation of 2,465 m (8,087 ft) above sea level. Mount Kanlaon ranks as the 42nd-highest peak of an island in the world.

Camiguin de Babuyanes or Mount Camiguin, is an active stratovolcano on Camiguin Island which is part of the Babuyan Islands group that is located in Luzon Strait in the Philippines, north of the island of Luzon located in the municipality of Calayan in the province of Cagayan. The volcano and the island are within the jurisdiction of the municipality of Calayan, in the province of Cagayan. The island has a population of 5,231 people in 2020. There has been only one single eruption by the volcano prior to 1857.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Iraya</span> Dormant stratovolcano on Batan Island, Philippines

Mount Iraya, is an active stratovolcano on Batan Island and the highest point in the province of Batanes, Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Matutum</span> Volcano on the island of Mindanao, Philippines

Mount Matutum is an active stratovolcano, is the highest point in the province of South Cotabato in the Philippines, with an elevation of 7,500 feet above sea level, approximately 5.7 kilometres (3.5 mi) from Acmonan, Tupi, South Cotabato. Matutum and its foothills are predominantly inhabited by indigenous Blaan families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Smith Volcano</span> Active volcano in the Philippines

Smith Volcano, also known as Mount Babuyan, is a cinder cone on Babuyan Island, the northernmost of the Babuyan group of islands on Luzon Strait, north of the main island of Luzon in the Philippines. The mountain is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines, which last erupted in 1924.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Melibengoy</span> Active volcano on Mindanao island in the Philippines

Mount Mélébingóy, formerly known as Parker Volcano, is an active volcano on Mindanao island in the Philippines. It is located in the province of South Cotabato, 30 km (19 mi) west of General Santos and 44 km (27 mi) south of Koronadal City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cabalian Volcano</span> Active volcano in the Philippines

Cabalian Volcano is an active stratovolcano located in the province of Southern Leyte in the Philippines.

Mount Mandalagan is a complex volcano located at latitude 10.65° North (10°39'0"N), longitude 123.25° East (123°15'0"E), in the province of Negros Occidental, on the north of the island of Negros of the Philippines. It is located inside the Northern Negros Natural Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Santo Tomas</span> Stratovolcano in Benguet, Philippines

Mount Santo Tomas is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Philippines located in the municipality of Tuba in the province of Benguet. The mountain is part of the protected Santo Tomas Forest Reserve declared through Proclamation No. 581 signed by President Manuel L. Quezon on July 9, 1940.

Mount Labo, is a potentially active stratovolcano in the province of Camarines Norte, in the Bicol Region (Region V), on Luzon Island, in the Philippines. It is located at the northwest end of the Bicol Peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Natib</span> Dormant startovolcano in Bataan, Philippines

Mount Natib is a dormant stratovolcano and caldera complex in the province of Bataan on western Luzon Island of the Philippines. The volcano complex occupies the northern portion of the Bataan Peninsula. The mountain and adjacent surrounding is a protected area first declared as the Bataan National Park in 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jolo Group of Volcanoes</span> Active volcano group in Jolo, Philippines

The Jolo Group of Volcanoes, more commonly referred to as the Jolo Group, are an active group of volcanoes on the island of Jolo in Southern Philippines. The Global Volcanism Program lists Jolo as one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines while the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) collectively lists the group as Bud Dajo, one of the cinder cones on the island.

Timpoong and Hibok-Hibok Natural Monument is a Philippine natural monument located in Northern Mindanao on the island of Camiguin. It encompasses two scenic volcanoes in the Camiguin Mindanao range that span the core of Camiguin: Mount Mambajao, which includes Mount Timpoong, its highest peak, and Mount Catarman, which includes Mount Hibok-Hibok, the island's only currently active volcano. Established in 2004 through Proclamation No. 570 issued by President Gloria Arroyo, the natural monument is an important watershed containing the only remaining rainforest on Camiguin. It supports a variety of endemic flora and fauna and is also noted for its waterfalls, rivers and springs.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Camiguin". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved November 4, 2008.
  2. ↑ "Hibok-Hibok, Philippines". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  3. ↑ "Camiguin – Synonyms and Subfeatures". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved on March 25, 2012.
  4. 1 2 Becker, George F. (1901). "Report on the Geology of the Philippine Islands", p.42-43. Washington Government Printing Office, 1901.
  5. 1 2 "Philippine Volcanoes". ABS-CBN Corporation. 1996. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
  6. ↑ Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1906. p.  4 . Retrieved August 16, 2024.
  7. ↑ Jerusalem, Jigger; Abaño, Robert Jaworski L. (March 16, 2016). "Camiguin's Timpoong, Hibok-Hibok declared Asean Heritage Park". Inquirer. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  8. ↑ Philippine Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas: Review of Policy and Implementation (PDF). London: Forest Peoples Programme. 2008. p. 24.
  9. ↑ "Volcano Observatory". Phivolcs. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  10. ↑ "PinoyMountaineer: Mount Hibok-Hibok". August 18, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007.
  11. ↑ Sago (April 9, 2009). "Camiguin Island's Stations of the Cross". Let's Go Sago!. Retrieved on January 16, 2011.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.