1990 Lithuanian Supreme Soviet election

Last updated

1990 Lithuanian Supreme Soviet election
Flag of Lithuania (1988-2004).svg
←  1985 24 February 1990 (first round)
4–10 March 1990 (second round)		 1992  →
All 141 seats in the Supreme Soviet
71 seats needed for a majority
Turnout71.72%
PartyLeaderSeats
LKP (independent) Algirdas Brazauskas 46
LSDP Kazimieras Antanavičius 9
LKP Mykolas Burokevičius 7
LŽP Rūta Gajauskaitė 4
LDP Saulius Pečeliūnas 3
LKDP Algirdas Saudargas 2
Independents –64
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Chairman of the Council of Ministers before Prime Minister after
Vytautas Sakalauskas
LKP 		Kazimira Prunskienė
Independent
(endorsed by Sąjūdis)

Supreme Soviet elections were held in the Lithuanian SSR on 24 February with run-off elections on 4, 7, 8 and 10 March 1990 to elect the 141 members of the Supreme Soviet. [1] In six constituencies, voter turnout was below the required minimum and a third round was held on 17 and 21 April. [2] For the first time since 1940 elections to the People's Seimas, non-communist candidates were allowed to run. The elections were the first free nationwide elections since 1926, and only the fifth free elections in all of Lithuanian history.

Contents

The pro-independence Sąjūdis movement refused to become a political party and endorsed non-partisan candidates or candidates of various other political parties based on their personal merits. [3] These endorsements often meant more than the official party affiliations, and Sąjūdis-backed candidates won 91 seats, an outright majority. [1] During its third session on 11 March 1990, the Supreme Soviet adopted the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, declaring Lithuania's independence from the Soviet Union.

Background

The Eleventh Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR was elected on 24 February 1985. It acted as rubber stamp legislature up until the summer of 1988. By the summer of that same year Reform Movement was founded and gained support Lithuanian SSR-wide. Along side this, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev announced the slogan of Demokratizatsiya, which intended to make Soviet institutions more democratic. It proposed candidacy of more than one person to single seat in soviets of various levels in the elections.

On 15 January 1989, first free elections took place for two vacant deputies' seats in Šiauliai. One of them has been won by Sąjūdis supported independent candidate Zigmas Vaišvila. [4]

On 26 March 1989, elections took place for 42 seats in the Congress of People's Deputies. Despite the Easter Sunday celebrations and boycott by dissident organizations such as the Lithuanian Liberty League, the turnout reached 82.5%. [5] The results were a sweeping victory to Sąjūdis: 36 out of its 39 candidates won against the Communist Party of Lithuania (CPL) (some of these candidates were CPL members themselves). [5] The communists won only 6 seats; two of them were uncontested, as Sąjūdis withdrew its candidates in favor of Algirdas Brazauskas and Vladimiras Beriozovas. [5] CPL, shaken by the defeat, was losing authority and membership. To save the party, its leader Brazauskas moved closer to the pro-independence movements. [6] By the summer of 1989, the party supported calls for "sovereignty" and cooperated with Sąjūdis.

On 29 September 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR Deputies' Election Act was passed. It reduced future Supreme Soviet by 60 per cent (from 350 to 141 members) and eliminated deputies from local government soviets and various organisations in the process. [7] At the same day, election day to the new Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR was proposed on 24 February 1990, [8] what will be done on 23 November 1989. [9] Initially, appointment (not electing) over one third of all deputies was proposed, but, due to public pressure, this proposal was not put in Election Act. [10]

On 7 December 1989 the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR, then almost fully controlled by CPL, amended the Constitution of the Lithuanian SSR eliminating Article 6, which established communist party monopoly in political life. [11] At the same day, Article 7, which established participation of the Lithuanian Komsomol in political life (including elections), was amended as well. [12] These decisions meant that Lithuania eliminated legal obstacles for a multi-party system and allowed other parties to compete in the upcoming parliamentary elections.

During its 20th congress on 19–20 December, the CPL separated itself from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) by a vote of 855 to 160. [13] For such insubordination, Brazauskas was scolded in a special session of the Central Committee of CPSU and Mikhail Gorbachev made a personal visit to Lithuania to heal the rift in January 1990. [14] However, such measures changed little and CPL (independent) kept slowly pushing for independence. This political divorce was not approved by hardline communists. They established a separate CPL, which was still part of the CPSU, and claimed to be the legal successor of the "real" CPL. [15] This pro-Moscow group was led by Mykolas Burokevičius and included disproportionately large numbers of representatives from Russian and Polish minorities. [13]

Electoral system

Members of the Supreme Soviet were elected from single-member constituencies by two-round system. Second round has been used or repeated if no candidate reach 50 per cent of all votes given or less than 50 per cent of all registered voters, who voted in constituency.

Campaign

The main competition was between Sąjūdis and CPL (independent). While both camps agreed on the eventual goal of independent Lithuania, Sąjūdis advocated acting quickly without fearing Moscow's reaction and CPL campaigned for a step-by-step approach to avoid conflict with Moscow. [16] Even though Sąjūdis was not a political party and was not reflected in any official statistics, [17] its endorsements had an immense influence on candidate's electability because the votes would be cast not for party lists, but for specific personalities. [18] Such endorsements would be handed out based on personal merits and without regard to political affiliation. [3] Therefore, a number of CPL members was backed by Sąjūdis. Other parties were formed just recently and did not enjoy widespread popularity. Of all parties participating, only CPL (CPSU) did not support Lithuanian independence. [19]

A total of 522 candidates registered for the election, but 50 dropped out before the election day. [20] Of the remaining 472 candidates, 201 were proposed by the CPL (independent), 139 were nonpartisans, and 79 were listed by CPL (CPSU). [17]

Opinion polls

Polling FirmLast date of polling Sąjūdis LKP LSDP LKDP LDP LŽP LKP (TSKP)
VNTC 29 December 1989 – 3 January 199027.739.93.16.44.33.68.2
VNTC 25 November – 1 December 198946.917.33.29.75.46.5-
VNTC 29 September – 5 October 198949.719.63.18.25.17.2-

Results

A total of 90 delegates were elected in the first round. In 51 constituencies, the run-off elections were held in early March. Originally scheduled for 10 March, the run-off was pushed forward whenever possible so that the Supreme Soviet could meet as soon as possible. [21] Due to low voter turnout (primarily in areas where Polish and Russian minorities concentrated), elections in six constituencies were invalid. [22]

Of the 135 members elected, 91 had been endorsed by Sąjūdis, including 58 of the 64 independents, 17 of the independent Communists, all elected members of the Social Democrats, Greens and Christian Democrats, and one of the three Democratic Party members. [1] [lower-alpha 1]

PartyFirst roundSecond roundTotal
seats
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Communist Party of Lithuania (independent) 222446
Lithuanian Social-Democratic Party 909
Communist Party of Lithuania (CPSU)707
Lithuanian Green Party 224
Lithuanian Democratic Party 033
Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party 202
Young Communist League 000
Independents481664
Vacant6
Total9045141
Total votes1,851,343–
Registered voters/turnout2,581,35971.72
Source: University of Essex, CSCE

Aftermath

Immediately after the first round, elected delegates gathered for semi-formal discussions and consultations. Some of the critical decisions were made during these "tea talks" between the first and second rounds of the election. [25] The Supreme Soviet was to convene as soon as possible (two weeks after the election) and declare independence without delay. The Lithuanians were afraid that during the scheduled assembly of the Congress of People's Deputies on 12 March 1990, Gorbachev would be appointed as the President of the Soviet Union and would gain greater powers within the union. [26] Specifically, Lithuanians feared that Gorbachev would pass a law on secession that would make it virtually impossible to break away from the Soviet Union. [27] At the time of its first gathering on 10 March, the final results of the run-off election were not yet available. [20]

During the first session, the delegates elected a commission to verify the election results. As verification was a time-consuming process, the Supreme Soviet adjourned until 9 am next morning. [20] On 11 March, the Supreme Soviet elected Vytautas Landsbergis, leader of Sąjūdis, as its chairman (91 votes) against Algirdas Brazauskas, leader of CPL, (38 votes). [28] On the same day the Soviet changed its name to the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania, re-adopted interwar coat of arms, and passed the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania (124 votes in favor, 6 abstentions, none opposed). [28] It also abolished Soviet constitutions and re-adopted the Lithuanian Constitution of 1938, the last constitution before the Soviet occupation. It was a symbolic move to emphasize the legal continuity of the interwar state as the Constitution of 1938 was suspended minutes later and replaced by the Provisional Fundamental Law, based on the Constitution of Lithuanian SSR proposals of 1989. [29] [30] Thus Lithuania officially declared its independence from the Soviet Union.

Notes

  1. ↑ Different sources often provide different breakdown between Sąjūdis, nonpartisan, and CPL (independent) delegates as the division was not clear-cut: Sąjūdis did not have formal membership while CPL kept losing its members. [23] CPL (independent), despite internal reforms and push for independence, fared rather poorly. [19] Observers note that the communists ran a passive campaign and lacked personalities that could compete with prominent intellectuals of Sąjūdis. [18] Also, the campaign was framed as a referendum for Lithuania's independence – all those in support were morally obligated to vote for Sąjūdis. [24]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seimas</span> Unicameral parliament of Lithuania

The Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania, or simply the Seimas, is the unicameral legislative body of the Republic of Lithuania. The Seimas constitutes the legislative branch of government in Lithuania, enacting laws and amendments to the Constitution, passing the budget, confirming the Prime Minister and the Government and controlling their activities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania</span> Political party in Lithuania

The Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania was a political party in Lithuania. It was the successor of the Soviet-era Communist Party of Lithuania. The youth organization of LDDP was called Lithuanian Labourist Youth Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sąjūdis</span> Political party in Lithuania

Sąjūdis, initially known as the Reform Movement of Lithuania, is a political organisation which led the struggle for Lithuanian independence in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was established on 3 June 1988 as the first opposition party in Soviet Lithuania, and was led by Vytautas Landsbergis. Its goal was to seek the return of independent status for Lithuania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baltic Way</span> 1989 peaceful demonstration in the form of a human chain

The Baltic Way or Baltic Chain was a peaceful political demonstration that occurred on 23 August 1989. Approximately two million people joined their hands to form a human chain spanning 690 kilometres (430 mi) across the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, which at the time were occupied and annexed by the USSR and had a combined population of approximately eight million. The central government in Moscow considered the three Baltic countries constituent republics of the Soviet Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Communist Party of Lithuania</span> Banned political party in Lithuania

The Communist Party of Lithuania is a banned communist party in Lithuania. The party was established in early October 1918 and operated clandestinely until it was legalized in 1940 after the Soviet invasion and occupation. The party was banned in August 1991, following the coup attempt in Moscow, Soviet Union which later led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Lithuanian SSR.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2004 Lithuanian parliamentary election</span>

Parliamentary elections were held in Lithuania on 10 October 2004, with a second round on 24 October 2004 in the constituencies where no candidate won a majority in the first round of voting. All 141 seats in the Seimas were up for election; 71 in single-seat constituencies elected by majority vote and the remaining 70 in a nationwide constituency based on proportional representation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania</span> 1990 declaration of independence from the Soviet Union by Lithuania

The Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania or Act of 11 March was an independence declaration by Lithuania adopted on 11 March 1990, signed by all members of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania led by Sąjūdis. The act emphasized restoration and legal continuity of the interwar-period Lithuania, which was occupied by the Soviet Union and annexed in June 1940. In March 1990, it was the first of the 15 Soviet republics to declare independence, with the rest following to continue for 21 months, concluding with Kazakhstan's independence in 1991. These events led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic</span> Legislature of the Lithuanian SSR (1940–1990)

The Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR was the supreme soviet of the Lithuanian SSR, one of the republics constituting the Soviet Union. The Supreme Soviet was established in August 1940 when the People's Seimas declared itself the provisional Supreme Soviet. According to the constitution it was very similar to modern democratic parliaments: it was elected every four years and had the power to create, amend and ratify the constitution, laws, and treaties and appoint officials in the Council of Ministers. However, in reality the elections were staged, the Soviet had very little actual power and carried out orders given by the Communist Party of Lithuania (CPL). The situation changed in 1988, when the Lithuanians began seeking independence from the Soviet Union. The political power shifted from CPL to the Soviet, which adopted a number of important constitutional amendments and laws, paving the way for the independence. The first free elections were held in February 1990 and were won by pro-independence Sąjūdis. During its first session the Supreme Soviet adopted the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania and renamed itself the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania.

Vytautas Kolesnikovas was a painter, graphic artist, politician, and signatory of the 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romualdas Ozolas</span> Lithuanian politician

Romualdas Ozolas [rɔmʊˈɐɫdɐs ˈoːzɔɫɐs] was a Lithuanian politician, activist, writer and pedagogue who taught at Vilnius University. He was of Latvian descent on his father's side.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 Lithuanian parliamentary election</span>

Parliamentary elections were held in Lithuania in two stages on 25 October and 15 November 1992. A total of 141 members were elected to the Seimas, which replaced the Supreme Council; 70 were elected using proportional representation and 71 from single-member constituencies. Where no candidate in the single-member constituecies received more than 50% of the vote on 25 October, a run-off was held on 15 November. The first round of the elections were held simultaneously with a referendum on the adoption of a new constitution.

The Lithuanian Liberty League or LLL was a dissident organization in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and a political party in independent Republic of Lithuania. Established as an underground resistance group in 1978, LLL was headed by Antanas Terleckas. Pro-independence LLL published anti-Soviet literature and organized protest rallies. While it enjoyed limited popularity in 1987–1989, it grew increasingly irrelevant after the independence declaration in 1990. It registered as a political party in November 1995 and participated in parliamentary elections without gaining any seats in the Seimas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1993 Lithuanian presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Lithuania on 14 February 1993. They were the first presidential elections under the new October 1992 constitution and the first direct presidential elections in the country's history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vytautas Sakalauskas</span>

Vytautas Sakalauskas was a Lithuanian Soviet politician who was the last Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic before Lithuanian independence in 1990.

The Sixth Seimas of Lithuania was the first parliament (Seimas) elected in Lithuania after it restored independence on 11 March 1990. Elections took place on 25 October 1992, with the second round on 15 November. In a surprisingly decisive outcome, the elections were won by Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania (LDDP), with 73 seats. The result reflected widespread dissatisfaction with the economic situation and the policies of the ruling Sąjūdis political movement in the preceding Supreme Council of Lithuania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithuania Independence Restoration Day</span> State holiday in Lithuania (11 March)

The day of restoration of Independence of Lithuania is a Lithuanian national holiday celebrated on 11 March in commemoration of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania that the Constituent Assembly signed in 1990. It is one of the three principal national holidays in Lithuania, along with the Day of the Re-Establishment of the Statehood of Lithuania on 16 February and the Statehood Day on 6 July.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania</span> 1990 geopolitical event

The Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania was imposed by the Soviet Union on Lithuania between 18 April and 2 July 1990.

In 1990, elections were held for the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia and the Supreme Soviets of 14 other republics of the Soviet Union.

Nikolai Mitkin was a figure of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Union of the Working People of Lithuania</span> Pro-Communist organization in Soviet-occupied Lithuania

The Union of the Working People of Lithuania or Union of Lithuanian Working People was the front organization set up by the Communist Party of Lithuania after the Soviet occupation of Lithuania to take part in the rigged 1940 Lithuanian parliamentary election to the so-called "People's Seimas". The organization ceased to exist as soon as the elections passed.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Popescu, Marina; Martin Hannavy (2002-12-12). "1990 Parliamentary Elections - Soviet". Project on Political Transformation and the Electoral Process in Post-Communist Europe. University of Essex. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
  2. ↑ Truska (2009), p. 261
  3. 1 2 Vardys (1997), p. 153
  4. ↑ "Prisiminimų vakaras – su prisipažinimu apie sprogdinimus | Šiaulių kraštas".
  5. 1 2 3 Vardys (1997), p. 144
  6. ↑ Vardys (1997), p. 151
  7. ↑ "XI-3249 Dėl Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinės Respublikos Aukščiausiosios Tarybos deputatų rinkimų".
  8. ↑ ELTA. Lietuvos TSR Aukščiausiosios Tarybos sesija / Šiaulių naujienos, Nr. 195 (106706), 1989, p. 1
  9. ↑ "Xi-3408 Dėl Dvyliktojo Šaukimo Lietuvos TSR Aukščiausiosios Tarybos Deputatų Rinkimų Paskyrimo".
  10. ↑ "XI-2960 Dėl Lietuvos TSR Aukščiausiosios Tarybos deputatų ir vietinių liaudies deputatų tarybų deputatų rinkimų įstatymų projektų rengimo ir rinkimų datos į šias tarybas nustatymo".
  11. ↑ Senn (1995), p. 76
  12. ↑ "Xi-3453 Dėl Lietuvos TSR Konstitucijos (Pagrindinio Įstatymo) 6 Ir 7 Straipsnių Pakeitimo".
  13. 1 2 Vardys (1997), p. 152
  14. ↑ Senn (1995), pp. 78–80, 83–84
  15. ↑ Senn (1995), p. 77
  16. ↑ Senn (1995), p. 89
  17. 1 2 Senn (1995), p. 90
  18. 1 2 Laurinavičius (2008), p. 515
  19. 1 2 Vardys (1997), p. 154
  20. 1 2 3 "Pirmasis posėdis" (in Lithuanian). Seimas. 1990-03-10. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
  21. ↑ Laurinavičius (2008), pp. 507, 509
  22. ↑ Laurinavičius (2008), p. 507
  23. ↑ Laurinavičius (2008), p. 514
  24. ↑ Laurinavičius (2008), p. 516
  25. ↑ Laurinavičius (2008), pp. 519–520
  26. ↑ Senn (1995), p. 91
  27. ↑ Vardys (1997), p. 156
  28. 1 2 "Trečiasis posėdis" (in Lithuanian). Seimas. 1990-03-11. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
  29. ↑ Senn (1995), p. 95
  30. ↑ "Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos koncepcijos metmenys". 26 February 2017.

Cited sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.