2012 Dharmapuri violence

Last updated

2012 Dharmapuri violence
Caste-related violence against Dalits
Date7 November 2012
Location
Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu
Caused byCaste tensions
Methods Arson, vandalism, looting
Casualties
Arrested142
Damage
  • 268 Dalit houses set on fire
  • 1500+ people left homeless

In the 2012 Dharmapuri violence, a Vanniyar caste mob set fire to about 268 Dalit houses in Natham, old and new Kondampatti and Annanagar Dalit colonies in Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu on 8 November 2012. [1] The violence occurred after a Vanniyar girl from Sellankottai village, and a Dalit boy, from the neighbouring Dalit colony of Natham, fled due to parental opposition to get married. A caste panchayat held on the morning of 7 November by leaders from both communities ruled that the girl be returned to her family. Distraught at her decision to stay with her husband, her father allegedly committed suicide. The discovery of his body later that day is said to have provoked a 1,500-strong mob to rampage through Natham and two smaller Dalit settlements, Kondampatti and Anna Nagar, where it set ablaze over 200 houses, damaged at least 50 others, and allegedly looted valuables and cash worth lakhs of rupees. The mob rampaged for four hours and was brought under control after arrest of 90 men and an additional deployment of 1000 policemen. [2]

Contents

While Ramadoss, belonging to Vanniyar political outfit Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK), had rubbished allegations that his party orchestrated the incident, many Dalits believe otherwise. His party is said to have fomented tension between Vanniyars and Dalits by publicly condemning marriages between the two. [3]

Many of the victims had blamed the fecklessness of the police and the district administration as this was a planned incident where a caste mob had been mobilised from 22 neighbouring villages. Though around 300 policemen were present on the spot anticipating trouble, they failed to control the violent gathering as the mob was eight times higher than the number of deployed forces. [4] [5] The Sub-inspector of Police, belonging to same caste of boy, and the constables responsible for maintaining peace in the area have since been transferred or suspended. [5]

The National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) described the attack as well- organized and pre-planned. [6]

Background

The Vanniyars are an intermediate caste dominant in northern Tamil Nadu and form 12-13% of the state's population. The Adi Dravidar community, formerly called Paraiyars, make up approximately half of the state's Dalit population and form around 10% of the state's population. Dharmapuri had been a stronghold of the Naxalite movement until the early 2000s, and the Communists and other Leftist groups encouraged a solidarity between different communities and ensured casteism was significantly reduced. With the collapse of Naxalism, the people, once monolithic in their opposition to untouchability and discrimination, were now lured by caste identities and the promise of power. Thus began an era where Dalits were made vulnerable by radicalised groups and Vanniyars turned sanctimonious about their perceived position in society. This inevitably led to clashes between the communities. [7] [8] These caste attitudes were strengthened by politicians, especially those of Vanniyar political outfit PMK. In April 2012, PMK MLA, Kaduvetti Guru incited caste fanaticism when he asked the members of community to kill non-Vanniyar men who marry Vanniyar women at a Vanniyar youth meeting held in Mamallapuram. [9] [10] [11]

Caste conflicts were present years before the violence in the Dharmapuri district. Although the Kondampatti village of Dharmapuri district is a panchayat village, the Dalits have access to the panchayat office, ration, schools in the nearby Vanniyar village of Puliyampatti. Dalits have access to the goods in these shops only after the Vanniyars had purchased. If anyone defiles these rules, they are beaten up and abused. There were several reports about Dalit women beaten up but no action was taken by the police despite lodged complaints. [1]

Incident

The unrest was sparked with the eloping of 20 year-old Divya, a Vanniyar from Sellankottai village, with 19 year-old E. Ilavarasan, a Dalit from the neighbouring Natham colony. Both were college students, and had been in a relationship for a long time. Their relationship was known to Ilavarasan's parents for at least a year before their elopement. The couple fled from the area when their parents opposed the marriage, and got married in a Salem temple on 12 October 2012. [8] After their flight, Ilavarasan's parents fled too, fearing an outburst of violence from the Vanniyars. Two weeks later, on 7 November, a caste panchayat of both communities was gathered, in which the couple were ordered to come home. When they refused, many Vanniyar community members taunted Divya's father, G. Nagaraj, for bringing "shame" to the community. Facing humiliation and distraught over the refusal of his daughter to return, he hung himself on the same evening. [12]

His body was discovered the next day. For his funeral, Vanniyars from 22 other villages had gathered. That afternoon, a 1500-strong Vanniayar mob marched towards the Natham colony, bearing Nagaraj's body, shouting caste slogans and cutting trees to block the Tirupattur highway. At the time, most of the Dalit men, who were daily-wagers in Coimbatore and Bangalore, were away, and the women and children that were there fled into nearby fields. Around 4:30, the mob charged into Natham bearing petrol and weapons. They looted every house, and torched many of them. The mob then moved on to Anna Nagar, 1.5 km away, and repeated the process while shouting obscenities. 36 out of 50 houses in the colony were set on fire. In Kodampatti, the mob was able to torch 14 houses but broke apart when a police team arrived. [2] The head of the Sellankottai village claimed the villagers of Sellankottai had nothing to do with the violence. [13]

The attack was reportedly organized by Vanniyar leaders to teach the Dalits who were upwardly mobile a lesson. [1]

Damages

As many as 268 homes of Dalits (of the Adi Dravida community) near Naikkankottai in Dharmapuri district were torched by the higher-caste group. [14] [15] 50 bikes and 4 vans were also burned in the violence. [1]

The victims have alleged that ‘systematic destruction’ of their properties and livelihood resources has taken place. Around 1500 who were homeless after the incident were put up in a ground nearby and were provided food and clothing [16] and also sanctioned Rs 50,000 as relief from Tamil Nadu Chief Minister's Relief Fund. [17] The affected people staged a fast demanding Chief Minister to visit the affected areas and to increase compensation. [18]

Aftermath

The Vanniyar Sangam organized a meeting to form a broader anti-Dalit front after the violence, only 12 among the expected 500 turned up for the event which was then quietly called off. [1]

Ramadoss created the "All Communities Federation," a nine-member front representing intermediary castes. The PMK leaders said that Dalit youngsters dressed in jeans wearing T-shirts and sunglasses with their motorbikes and cell phones were wooing caste-Hindu girls into marriage. To expose these "farcical love marriages" the federation arranged public meetings in several areas. [19]

Reactions

The attack was a planned one. Inter-caste love marriage was not the sole reason behind it. Rather, the attack was the result of a chain of events. The PMK functionaries are found to have instigated and carried out the attacks. While the police is yet to arrest all the culprits behind the attack, they have booked a few innocents who are not connected with the incident

It also blamed the state government for not taking enough steps to restore normalcy or implementing relief measures. [23]

Probe and court proceedings

The Tamil Nadu government transferred the probe from local police to Crime Branch CID. [31] More than 90 persons were arrested and cases were filed against over 200 people. [2] The Madras High Court has stated the incident as serious and instructed the state authorities to submit a status report and the counter affidavit on that date. [17] A PIL was filed seeking the suspension of District collector and Superintendent of police for inaction. [32] On 3 December 2012, The district collector told the court that adequate relief measures were provided to victims and steps have been taken to maintain law and order in the area. The Superintendent of Police said cases have been registered and 142 people have been arrested. [33] High Court termed the relief insufficient and ordered the state to provide a relief of 7.32 crore. [34] A fresh PIL was filed asking for effective monitoring of offenses under SC-ST act and transfer the probe to CBI. The petition was posted along with the other petitions in the case. [35] Tamil Nadu govt then declared solatium to individuals were ready to the tune of 7.32 crore as per court order. [36] On 9 February 2013, 91 people including some of whom who were falsely arrested for passing by near the violence area were let off and asked to appear before the CBCID. [37] On 29 March, the high court gave bail to 28 accused in the case. [38] No one was convicted. [8]

Ilavarasan's death

On 15 March 2013, Divya's mother filed a petition in the Madras Court claiming Ilavarasan had kidnapped her daughter. In June, Divya visited her mother and eventually decided to separate from Ilavarasan, which, according to her, was because of the lingering weight of her father's suicide. On 3 July, Divya declared she had "no more feelings" for Ilavarasan. The next day, his body was found on the Coimbatore railway track. Three days after his death, the Superintendent of Police ruled the death to be a suicide. Four days after the incident, the Jaylalitha-led AIADMK government set up a one-man commission led by Justice S. R. Singaravelu to determine the cause of Ilavarasan's death. On 28 June 2014, the police arrested four Dalits from Natham in the case, claiming to have found Naxalite pamphlets in their houses. Villagers claimed they had been forced to dig a grave at the spot where his body was found. [13] In November 2016, a CID report claimed he committed suicide while drunk, a claim strongly rejected by Ilavarasan's family. [39] [40] The Singaravelu commission delivered its report in 2019 claiming his death was caused by him jumping onto the railway tracks in depression, and being hit by a passing train. [41] However, the commission's findings were against contested by Ilavarasan's family and social activists, who continued to suspect Ilavarasan's death was an "honour" killing. In particular, one forensic pathologist who examined his body thought the injuries present were too few to have been causing by hitting a train. [42]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Veerappan</span> Indian bandit (1952–2004)

Koose Munusamy Veerappan(Tamil-வீரப்பன்) was an Indian poacher, smuggler, domestic terrorist and bandit who was active for 36 years, and kidnapped major politicians for ransom. He was charged with sandalwood smuggling and poaching of elephants in the scrub lands and forests in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. He was wanted for killing approximately 184 people, about half of whom were police officers and forest officials. He was also responsible for poaching approximately 500 of the 2000 elephants killed in the peninsular region where he was active and for smuggling ivory worth US$2.6 million and about 65 tons of sandalwood worth approximately US$22 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pattali Makkal Katchi</span> Political party in India

Pattali Makkal Katchi is a political party in Tamil Nadu, India, founded by S. Ramadoss in 1989 for the Vanniyar caste in northern Tamil Nadu. It is a part of the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA). It contests the elections with the "Ripe Mango" symbol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi</span> Indian political party

Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi formerly known as the Dalit Panthers of India or the Dalit Panthers Iyyakkam is an Indian social movement and political party that seeks to combat caste based discrimination, active in the state of Tamil Nadu. The party also has a strong emphasis on Tamil nationalism. Its chairman is Thol. Thirumavalavan, a lawyer from Chennai and its general secretary is the writer Ravikumar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vanniyar</span> Hindu agrarian caste in Tamil Nadu, India

The Vanniyar, also spelled Vanniya, formerly known as the Palli, are a Dravidian community or jāti found in the northern part of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

Caste-related violence in India has occurred and continues to occur in various forms.

S. Ramadoss is an Indian politician. He is the founder of the Pattali Makkal Katchi, an Indian political party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thol. Thirumavalavan</span> Indian politician

Tholkappiyan Thirumavalavan, better known as Thol. Thirumavalavan is a political leader, scholar and activist from the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. He is a Member of Parliament from Chidambaram. Leader and President of Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi. He rose to prominence in the 1990s as a bahujan leader, and formally entered politics in 1999. His political platform centres on ending caste-based discrimination and consequently the caste system. He has also expressed support for Tamil nationalist movements in Sri Lanka.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anbumani Ramadoss</span> Indian politician (born 1968)

Anbumani Ramadoss is an Indian politician from Tamil Nadu, The Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon, described him as a "public health champion".[21] The President of India, Pranab Mukherjee, presented him with a memento of appreciation on 29 March 2014 at the inauguration of Rotary International's Polio-Free Conclave 2014 in New Delhi.[22] He was awarded with the Luther L. Terry Award by the American Cancer Society in 2006.[23][24] He received the World Health Organization Director General's Special Award for Leadership and Special Award for tobacco control in 2007.[25][26] Rotary International awarded Polio Eradication Champion Award in 2007. He is a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India and was the Minister of Health and Family Welfare in the First Manmohan Singh ministry from (2004–2009) as a part of the UPA government. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India from Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu. He is also the president of the Pattali Makkal Katchi political party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">G. K. Mani</span> Indian politician

G. K. Mani is, as of 1998, the honorary president of Pattali Makkal Katchi from 2022 completing more than 25 years as president of PMK party. G.K. Mani's name was proposed by PMK founder Dr. S. Ramadoss during the party's general body meeting in 1998 for President's post in PMK. Later the same year, he was elected by votes for the PMK's President.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaduvetti Guru</span> Former Politician from Tamil Nadu,India

Kaduvetti Guru, also known as J. Guru, was an Indian politician, who was twice elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly in Tamil Nadu. He was the president of a caste organisation, the Vanniyar Sangam.

The 2013 Marakkanam violence was an incident of violence in Tamil Nadu between Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) and Dalit villagers in Marakkanam. The violence was instigated when drunk PMK cadres attacked Dalit villagers. The Dalit villagers blocked the road demanding their attackers be arrested which stopped the vehicle convoy taking PMK members to a youth festival organized by the Vanniyar Sangam at Mamallapuram. The PMK members attacked the Dalit colony and burned down nine huts of Dalits, they attacked homes of Muslims and offices of AIADMK MPs, they vandalized buses, felled trees among other things. In the ensuing violence, two PMK members were killed.

Violence against women in Tamil Nadu includes molestation, abduction, dowry-related violence, and domestic violence. The police recorded 1,130 cases during the first seven months in 2013, compared to 860 for the corresponding period in 2012. In Usilampatti Taluk, around 6,000 female children were killed in a span of 2 years during 1987–88, accounting to the single largest instance of recorded female infanticide.

Kausalya is a prominent Indian anti-caste activist. She became a cause célèbre after her former husband V. Shankar was hacked to death in 2016 in an honour killing by killers hired by her family. Her case, known as Udumalai Shankar murder case, became emblematic of the endemic issue of honour killings of inter-caste couples, as well as the enduring issues of caste violence in Tamil Nadu. Her family were opposed to her inter-caste marriage. She is a Thevar, while Shankar belonged to the Pallar caste. On 9 December 2018, she wedded Mr. Sakthi in Coimbatore. Her decision to get remarried was received well with wishes pouring in from many sections.

<i>Draupathi</i> (2020 film) Tamil action drama film

Draupathi is a 2020 Indian Tamil-language action drama film written, directed, and produced by Mohan G. Kshatriyan. The film stars Richard Rishi and Sheela Rajkumar, with K. S. G. Venkatesh, Karunas, and Nishanth in supporting roles. The music of the film was composed by Jubin and cinematography was performed by Manoj Narayan and edited by Devaraj S. The film is a crowdfunding project.

The 2004 Kalapatti violence refers to the violence against Dalits by dominant-caste villagers in the village of Kalapatti, Tamil Nadu on 16 May 2004. About 100 Dalit houses have been burned down by a mob of 200 villagers and Dalits who attempted to escape were attacked. The attacks lasted for 2 hours and 14 people were seriously injured in the violence including a man's arm reportedly hacked off.

The 2018 Ambalapattu violence refers to the violence on New Year's Eve of 2018 in a Dalit settlement in the village of Ambalapattu, Tamil Nadu. The settlement was attacked by dominant caste villagers during the New year celebrations by the Dalit community. Around 80 dominant caste villagers damaged Dalit homes, motor-bikes and properties. 8 Dalits were injured and 4 were admitted to the hospital.

The 2019 Ponparappi violence happened on April 18, 2019, during the polling day for the 2019 Indian general election in the village of Ponparappi, Tamil Nadu. The violence reportedly started as scuffles and agitations between the supporters of Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi (VCK) and the members of Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) together with the members of Hindu Munnani, which reportedly led to violence by the members of the PMK on a Dalit colony. 60 to115 Dalit houses were damaged and Dalits were assaulted.

The 2015 Seshasamudram violence also known as the Villupuram violence refers to the violence that took place on 15 August 2015 in Seshasmudram, a village in Sankarapuram Taluk, Viluppuram District, Tamil Nadu. A crowd of 500 dominant-caste villagers attacked a Dalit colony over a dispute over a procession of a temple car. 15 houses belonging to the Dalits were burnt down and 40 Dalits were injured during the violence.

The 1987 Vanniyar reservation protest was week-long a protest organized by the Vanniyar Sangham headed by S. Ramadoss in Tamil Nadu in September 1987 demanding 20 percent reservation for Vanniyars in education and employment in the state and 2 percent in education and employment in the Union government. The agitation turned violent and destructive, the protestors damaged roadways and reportedly cut down lakhs of trees to block roadways, and destroyed public property. The activists of the Vanniyar Sangham attacked Dalit settlements and burned down more than 1,400 Dalit houses in numerous villages. At least 21 people were shot dead by the Tamil Nadu police sent to suppress the agitators.

The 1978 Villupuram atrocity was an incident of caste based violence which happened on July 1978 in Villupuram, Tamil Nadu. The violence resulted in 12 Dalits being killed and more than 100 Dalit houses burned down in Periyaparaichery, a Dalit settlement. The violence was caused when a group of Dalits allegedly attacked a dominant caste man after he allegedly molested a Dalit women. Later, dominant caste people attacked the settlement with rocket fireworks and indulged in arsoning and assault. The Dalits also retaliated by setting fire to several dominant caste houses.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Caste Fire in Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu". Economic and Political Weekly. 47 (52): 7–8. 5 June 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 K A Shaji, TNN; V Senthil Kumaran; Karthick S (9 November 2012). "Inter-caste marriage sparks riot in Tamil Nadu district, 148 dalit houses torched". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  3. ↑ Shoba, V (25 November 2012). "Love and violence in Dharmapuri - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com.
  4. ↑ Shaji, K. A.; Kumaran, V. Senthil (8 November 2012). "Hindu: Dalit houses torched, caste violence in Dharmapuri". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  5. 1 2 "Love and violence in Dharmapuri - Indian Express" . Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  6. 1 2 R. Arivanantham (12 November 2012). "Attack on Dalits was planned: National Commission for SCs". The Hindu. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  7. ↑ Warrier, Shobha. "The Rediff Interview/R Thirumalvalavan". Rediff. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  8. 1 2 3 Chinnappan, Christina (25 April 2019). "The Dharmapuri Caste Violence of 2012 | #DalitHistoryMonth". Feminism In India. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  9. ↑ Chakra (17 May 2012). "வெட்டி தள்ளுங்க..: சாதி உணர்வை தூண்டிய காடுவெட்டி குரு மீது மாமல்லபுரம் போலீஸ் வழக்குப்பதிவு". OneIndia. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  10. ↑ "Double disadvantage". Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  11. ↑ "Why I want to ask disturbing questions and say the unsaid". Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016. ...Kaduvetti Guru has repeatedly been broadcasting this message. At a Chitra Pournami event in Mahabalipuram addressing Vanniyar youth, Guru openly exhorted that men of other castes marrying Vanniyar women should be killed.
  12. ↑ "Dravidianism is dead. Long live Ilavarasan!". Times of India Blog. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  13. 1 2 "The Divya-Ilavarasan tragic love story: A year on". Rediff. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  14. ↑ "Dalit houses torched, caste violence in Dharmapuri". The Times of India . 8 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  15. ↑ "Dharmapuri violence: Attack on Dalits pre-planned". The New Indian Express.
  16. ↑ "தர்மபுரி: வீடு எரிக்கப்பட்ட தாழ்த்தப்பட்ட மக்கள் வெட்ட வெளியில்". BBC Tamil. 9 November 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  17. 1 2 Sangameswaran, K. T. (10 November 2012). "Dharmapuri incident serious: HC". The Hindu. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  18. ↑ "Dharmapuri dalits on hunger strike, wants CM to visit, CBI probe". The Times of India . 29 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  19. ↑ SUBRAMANIAN, T. S. (15 May 2013). "Stoking caste flames". Frontline. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  20. ↑ "SC panel blames police for Dharmapuri violence". The New Indian Express. 27 November 2012. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  21. ↑ "VCK wants CBI probe into Dharmapuri violence". Zee News. 25 November 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  22. ↑ D. Karthikeyan (23 November 2012). "Dalits being targeted because of their upward economic mobility, say leaders". The Hindu. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  23. ↑ "DMK fact-finding committee points a finger at PMK". The Hindu. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  24. ↑ "CPI (M) MLAs visit Dalit colonies". The Hindu. 11 November 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  25. ↑ "People will take to streets if govt fails to check". Zee News. 9 November 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  26. ↑ "PMK's anti-Dalit rant in TN resembles Kerala's 'love jihad' theory - Firstpost". 3 December 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  27. ↑ "Ramadoss joins issue with VCK on Dharmapuri violence". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  28. ↑ B. Kolappan (2 December 2012). "Ramadoss consolidates intermediate caste groups against Dalits". The Hindu. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  29. ↑ "Gounder groups join Paattali Makkal Katchi's platform against inter-caste marriages". The Times of India . 22 December 2012. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  30. ↑ "In Tamil Nadu, after caste violence cupid enters political discourse". India Today. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  31. ↑ PTI (16 November 2012). "Dharmapuri violence: probe transferred to CB-CID". The Hindu. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  32. ↑ "Dharmapuri violence: PIL seeks suspension of collector and SP". The Times of India . 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  33. ↑ "Dharmapuri violence: Dalit victims provided with relief - Firstpost". 3 December 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  34. ↑ "HC terms TN relief for Dalits in Dharmapuri insufficient". Indian Express. 11 January 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  35. ↑ "PIL seeks effective monitoring of offences against SCs/STs". In.com. Retrieved 16 May 2013.[ dead link ]
  36. ↑ "Dharmapuri violence: TN govt tells HC solatium is ready". Business Standard India. Business Standard. Press Trust of India. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  37. ↑ "91 held for Dharmapuri violence walk free". The New Indian Express. 9 February 2013. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  38. ↑ "HC grants bail to 28 accused in Dharmapuri caste violence". Deccan Chronicle. 7 November 2012. Archived from the original on 31 March 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  39. ↑ J., Shanmughasundaram (21 August 2018). "Ilavarasan death: Inquiry panel submits report". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  40. ↑ "In Tamil Nadu, anatomy of a caste crime: Families devastated by honour killings speak of the scourge". Firstpost. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  41. ↑ "Dalit youth Elavarasan committed suicide: panel". The Hindu. 9 June 2019. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  42. ↑ Samuel, Sindhiya (12 June 2019). "Chennai: Forensic expert differs with judicial panel's finds". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.