2013 Israeli protests

Last updated
2013 Israeli protests
DateMay and November 2013
Location
Israel
Goals Abolishment of Haredi conscription
Prevention of displacement of Bedouin
StatusOngoing
Number
Tens of thousands

In 2013, two independent protests occurred in Israel. In May, an attempt to change the Tal Law, which excluded ultra-Orthodox Jewish men for doing military service, led to protests by Haredi against military conscription. [1] Again in November, Bedouins in the Negev called for a 'Day of Rage' against their displacement by the Israeli government to state developed townships as a result of the Prawer-Begin plan. [2] [3]

Contents

Haredi protest

Following the announcements that the new government was planning to gradually incorporate the Haredi Jewish population of Israel into the country's armed forces, there were widespread protests against the government and the draft by the ultra-Orthodox community in Israel, called Haredim in Hebrew. Haredim are exempt from military service for religious reasons. [4] This exemption has been given to the Haredi community since the establishment of the State of Israel and gives them the space to devote themselves fully to the study of the Torah. Many ultra-Orthodox men are not against the Israeli military as such and see themselves as patriots. However, they wish to contribute to the protection of the state by studying the scriptures in yeshivas, in order to obtain the protection from God. [5]

The universal draft is an issue within Israeli society since the establishment of the state. In February 2012 the High Court of Justice considered the Tal Law, granting exemptions to yeshiva students, as unconstitutional, which caused unrest under the Haredim communities in Israel. [6] Several attempts have been made before to formulate new laws in order to draft the Haredim into the Israeli military but without much success. This made Israeli political parties like Yesh Atid and Jewish Home make the issue of the draft of the Haredim community a key point in their political campaigns. In April 2013, a ministerial committee led by minister Yaakov Peri announced that a bill on national service for all citizens, including Haredim, would be presented to the Knesset within two months. [7] Besides that, the coalition government of former prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu said to be committed to increase the military drafting of the Haredim. [8] Because of this renewed attention to the issue of the universal drafting, pamphlets were handed out in Haredi neighbourhoods in Jerusalem to motivate the Haredi men to demonstrate against army drafting of yeshiva students. [9] [10]

On 16 May 2013, between 15,000 and 30,000 Haredi men demonstrated outside an IDF recruiting office in Jerusalem. [11] Some allegedly threw stones and bottles at police and called them Nazis. [12] [13] [14] Rabbis warned the ultra-Orthodox community that army service would seriously harm and threaten their way of life. As Rabbi David Zycherman told the protesters crowd: "The government wants to uproot [our traditions] and secularise us, they call it a melting pot, but people cannot be melted. You cannot change our [way of life],” [15] Other protesters read out loud passages from the Torah to “annul the evil decree” of military service. [16]

Background

Tension between the Haredi community and the state of Israel is something that existed for a long time. The Jewish State of Israel was proclaimed in 1948 because of Zionist ideology. Before the establishment of the state secular Zionist and Haredim already disagreed on what a Jewish state should look like and what the role of Judaism should be in that state. In the first place, the pre-state Haredi community was against the establishment of the state of Israel, since they believe this should be done by the Messiah who, according to most religious Jews, is still yet to come. [17] [18] Zionism has no legitimacy without Judaism, since it is based on the ancient covenant of the Jewish people with the Bible. Besides that, the Zionist needed worldwide Jewish support for the establishment of the state of Israel and needed to please the Haredi community. This was done by compromising on religious issues. [19] Even though the Haredim did not support the man-made Jewish state, after the Holocaust almost all orthodox centers in Europe were destroyed and the establishment of the new state of Israel gave them the opportunity to rebuild their communities and guaranteed their lifestyle. [20]

This resulted in a status quo agreement initiated by David Ben-Gurion and ultra-Orthodox party Agudat Israel. It assured that the establishment of the state would protect ultra-Orthodox lifestyle, including exclusion from military service of 800 yeshiva students. When Menachem Begin became president in 1977, all yeshiva students got exemption from military service, which resulted in an increase in yeshiva students. In the Haredi community it is common to have an average of 7 children per family, therefore the number of those exempt from military service is growing rapidly. [21] In addition to being exempt from military service, the Haredi community also has a low labor participation rate and often live on benefits. [22] These are paid from the taxes of working people in society who are mostly not Haredim and also serve the military. This is why the discussion of military drafting often reappears in Israeli politics, it is part of a greater discussion of equality in society and a cause of polarisation between the secular and Haredim in Israel. [23] [24]

In 1998, the Israel High Court of Justice decided that the unequal drafting of people in Israel was unreasonable and inequitable and asked the Knesset to find a solution. The government, which contained a coalition with the ultra-Orthodox parties Shas and the United Torah Judaism, set up a committee chaired by former Supreme Court Justice Tzvi Tal to study the issue (the Tal Committee) and to make policy recommendations. In 2002 the Tal Law (The Service Deferment Law for Yeshiva Students for whom the Torah is Their Trade) was passed. The Tal committee accepted the principle that national conscription should be done by everyone in Israel but only if someone would consent in going into the army. According to the Tal Committee, the resistance of the Haredi community that the drafting would bring, would not serve the interests either of the IDF or the nation. In addition, the Tal law offered 23-year-old ultra-Orthodox men an optional “year of decision” where they were given a year off to study secular subjects, engage in vocational training or find work, without endangering their draft exemption, after which they were allowed to decide whether they wanted to do military service or not. [25] Only a few took advantage of this. [26] The Tal law therefore did not change the regulations surrounding the drafting of the ultra-Orthodox but rather legalised the existing policy. [27]

Bedouin protests

On 30 November 2013, a 'Day of Rage' was called against the Prawer-Begin plan in which 40,000-70.000 Bedouin citizens are forced to move from their homes into townships, specially designed by the Israeli government. [28] The Prawer-Begin plan intends to remove the tents of between 40.000 and 70.000 Bedouins from 35 villages out of their ancestral villages, which the government has classified as "illegal" and a "land grab,". The Bedouin community in Israel are Israeli citizens who make up around 30% of the population of the Negev, their villages take up around 2,5% of the land. [29] Half of the Bedouin community in Israel lives in classified 'informal villages'. [30] [31] However, the Bedouin communities do not want to move from their villages and want to maintain their traditional, (semi)nomadic way of life.

The Prawer-Begin plan was established in 2011, a committee was set up by the Israeli government to make a plan regarding the Bedouins headed by planning policy chief Ehud Prawer. This committee proposed that 50% of the land claimed by the Bedouin be turned over to the state and the demolition of 35 unrecognized villages. The Bedouin had no representation in this committee. [32] Former General Doron Almog, who is tasked with implementing the plan, said: "The idea is to ... better integrate Jews and Bedouins; to bring many more Bedouins to our work force; to employ and educate many more women for employment; and to build new communities; and to expand some of the current communities and make them modern." Its stated aim is also to "modernize" the Bedouin and improve their quality of life. US$340m has been allocated over five years for the project. According to the Bedouin community, it is the state of Israel that is denying them access to infrastructure, water and electricity because the state does not recognize their villages. [33] The United Nations' High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay commented, "As citizens of Israel, the Arab Bedouins are entitled to the same rights to property, housing, and public services as any other group in Israel. The government must recognize and respect the specific rights of its Bedouin communities, including recognition of Bedouin land ownership claims." [34]

The main protest was scheduled to be held near the Bedouin township of Hura on November 30, with other protests planned in Israel, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and in several other cities across Europe, North America and the Middle East like Londen, Berlin, Rome, Istanbul and Cairo. [35] [36] [37] Bedouin activist Huda Abu-Obeid said: "The government is trying to present the plan as 'in the best interest of the Bedouin', while with one hand it is acting to destroy Bedouin villages… and on the other it is building new Jewish localities in the Negev, some of these in the very same places where the [Bedouin] villages stand today." [38] The aim of the protests, according to the Bedouin community, was to drop the Prawer-Begin plan because they consider it racist and see it as a way to drive Bedouins off their land. [39] In the Negev, the Israeli police used teargas and water cannons against the protesters. Around 28 people in Haifa and the Negev got arrested, 15 police officers got injured. [40]

Following expectation that the plan would fail a Knesset vote, it was canceled. Benny Begin, who jointly formulated the plan, said: "Right and left, Arabs and Jews joined forces - while exploiting the plight of many Bedouin - to heat things up for political gain. There is no majority in the coalition for the bill. [But Netanyahu agreed to] carry out the development plan for Bedouin settlements in the coming years." [41]

Background

Before the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the Bedouin lived a nomadic life in the Negev, keeping animals and cultivating land. [42] After the establishment of the state, it was difficult for Bedouins to claim the land where they lived. This was mainly due to the Ottoman-Turkish Tabu Law of 1858, which required landowners to register their land in order to pay tax over it. This happened very rarely among the Bedouins. As a result, they were not registered as owners and lost their rights over the land. This meant that by the 1970s the Israeli government removed most of the Bedouin settlements. [43] The state of Israel mainly uses the Negev for building new housing, for military training and firing ranges. [44] Israeli officials claim that they do not want to force Bedouins into sedentarization but want to help and guide them towards a permanent settlement on the land. However, the restrictive measures that Israel enforced made the Bedouin community experience a significant and rapid change in their economic and social life and therefore a strong influence and limitation of the Bedouin lifestyle. [45]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Israel</span>

The State of Israel had a population of approximately 9,506,100 inhabitants as of May 2022. Some 73.9% were Jews of all backgrounds, 21.1% were Arab of any religion other than Jewish, while the remaining 5% were defined as "others", including people of Jewish ancestry deemed non-Jewish by religious law and persons of non-Jewish ancestry who are family members of Jewish immigrants, Christian non-Arabs, Muslim non-Arabs and all other residents who have neither an ethnic nor religious classification.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orthodox Judaism</span> Traditionalist branches of Judaism

Orthodox Judaism is the collective term for the traditionalist and theologically conservative branches of contemporary Judaism. Theologically, it is chiefly defined by regarding the Torah, both Written and Oral, as revealed by God to Moses on Mount Sinai and faithfully transmitted ever since.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haredi Judaism</span> Ultra-orthodox branch of Judaism

Haredi Judaism consists of groups within Orthodox Judaism that are characterized by their strict adherence to halakha and traditions, in opposition to modern values and practices. Its members are usually referred to as ultra-Orthodox in English; however, the term "ultra-Orthodox" is considered pejorative by many of its adherents, who prefer terms like strictly Orthodox or Haredi. Haredi Jews regard themselves as the most religiously authentic group of Jews, although other movements of Judaism disagree.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beit Shemesh</span> City in Israel

Beit Shemesh is a city located approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of Jerusalem in Israel's Jerusalem District, with a population of 141,764 in 2021.

The Tal Committee was an Israeli public committee appointed on 22 August 1999 which dealt with the special exemption from mandatory military service in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) given to Israeli ultra-Orthodox Jews which had been the status quo from the time of Ben Gurion, as well as extending mandatory military service to Israeli-Arabs. The committee was appointed by Prime Minister Ehud Barak and was initially headed by former Supreme Court Justice Tzvi Tal. The committee was later headed by Yohanan Plesner before its official dissolution on 2 July 2012, two days before submitting its report, hence the term Plesner Committee.

<i>The Jewish Press</i> American weekly newspaper based in Brooklyn, New York

The Jewish Press is an American weekly newspaper based in Brooklyn, New York, and geared toward the Modern Orthodox Jewish community. It describes itself as "America's Largest Independent Jewish Weekly".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haredim and Zionism</span> Overview of the relationship between Haredim and Zionism

From the founding of political Zionism in the 1890s, Haredi Jewish leaders voiced objections to its secular orientation, and before the establishment of the State of Israel, the vast majority of Haredi Jews were opposed to Zionism. This was chiefly due to the concern that secular nationalism would redefine the Jewish nation from a religious community based in their alliance to God for whom adherence to religious laws were “the essence of the nation’s task, purpose, and right to exists,” to an ethnic group like any other as well as the view that it was forbidden for the Jews to re-constitute Jewish rule in the Land of Israel before the arrival of the Messiah. Those rabbis who did support Jewish resettlement in Palestine in the late 19th century had no intention to conquer Palestine and declare its independence from the rule of the Ottoman Turks, and some preferred that only observant Jews be allowed to settle there.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Negev Bedouin</span> Nomadic Arab Muslim tribes residing in the Negev desert in Israel

The Negev Bedouin are traditionally pastoral nomadic Arab tribes (Bedouin), who until the later part of the 19th century would wander between Saudi Arabia in the east and the Sinai Peninsula in the west. Today they live in the Negev region of Israel. The Bedouin tribes adhere to Islam.

In Israel, the term status quo refers to a political understanding between secular and religious political parties not to alter the communal arrangement in relation to religious matters. The established Jewish religious communities in Israel desire to maintain and promote the religious character of the state, while the secular community sometimes wishes to reduce the impact of religious regulations in their everyday lives. Occasionally, one political side seeks to make changes to inter-communal arrangements, but these are often met by political opposition from the other side. The status quo preserves the established religious relations in Israel, and only small changes are usually made.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sephardic Haredim</span> Jewish ethnic and religious group

Sephardic Haredim are Jews of Sephardi and Mizrahi descent who are adherents of Haredi Judaism. Sephardic Haredim today constitute a significant stream of Haredi Judaism, alongside the Hasidim and Lita'im. An overwhelming majority of Sephardic Haredim reside in Israel, where Sephardic Haredi Judaism emerged and developed. Although there is a lack of consistency in many of the statistics regarding Haredim in Israel, it is thought that some 20% of Israel's Haredi population are Sephardic Haredim. This figure is disputed by Shas, which claims that the proportion is "much higher than 20%", and cites voting patterns in Haredi cities to support its position.

Secularism in Israel shows how matters of religion and how matters of state are related within Israel. Secularism is defined as an indifference to, rejection, or exclusion of religion and religious consideration. In Israel, this applies to the entirely secular community that identifies with no religion and the secular community within the Jewish community. When Israel was established as a new state in 1948, a new and different Jewish identity formed for the newly created Israeli population. This population was defined by the Israeli culture and Hebrew language, their experience with the Holocaust, and the need to band together against conflict with hostile neighbors in the Middle East.

Torato Umanuto is a special arrangement for the Israeli Haredi sector that allows young men enrolled in Haredi yeshiva academies to complete their studies before their conscription in the Israeli Defense Forces. Conscription is normally compulsory for each Israeli citizen from 18 years of age, except Israeli Arabs, and lasts three years for men and two for women.

Religious relations in Israel are relations between Haredim, non-Haredi Orthodox, Karaite, Ethiopian, Reform, Conservative, and secular Jews, as well as relations between different religions represented in Israel. The religious status quo, agreed to by David Ben-Gurion with the Orthodox parties at the time of Israel's declaration of independence in 1948, is an agreement on the role that Judaism would play in Israel's government and the judicial system. Tensions exist between religious and secular groups in Israel.

The Plesner Committee, also known as the Commission for Equality in the Burden, was a committee established by the Government of Israel with the aim of formulating recommendations on the issue of recruitment of Israelis to the Israeli Defense Forces, and in particular regarding the recruitment of Haredim and Arabs. The committee was established prior to the anticipated expiration of Tal Law which exempts Israeli yeshiva students from mandatory military service in the IDF.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Kasom Regional Council</span> Regional council located in Israel

al-Kasom Regional Council is one of two Negev Bedouin regional councils formed as a result of the split of the Abu Basma Regional Council on November 5, 2012. Al-Kasom regional council is in the northwestern Negev desert of Israel.

The Bill on the Arrangement of Bedouin Settlement in the Negev, also called the Prawer Plan or the Begin–Prawer Plan was formulated in September 2011 when the Israeli government approved a controversial five-year economic development plan. One of its implications is a relocation of some 40,000–70,000 Negev Bedouin from areas not recognized by the government to government-recognized local councils. It was a cause of the 2013 Israeli protests (November).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protest against conscription of yeshiva students</span> 2014 mass rally in Jerusalem

The protest against conscription of yeshiva students was a mass rally held in Jerusalem on March 2, 2014. Its organizers called for a "million-man protest" against a proposed law overturning the exemption from military service for Haredi talmudical students and criminalizing those who refused to enlist in the Israel Defense Forces. From 300,000 to 600,000 people gathered in one of the largest protests in Israeli history.

Jewish Israeli stone-throwing refers to criminal rock-throwing activity by Jewish Israelis in Mandatory Palestine, Israel, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and Jerusalem. It includes material about internecine stone-throwing, in which Haredi Jews throw stones at other Jews as a protest against what they view as violations of religious laws concerning Shabbat, modest clothing for women and similar issues, and material about stone-throwing by extremists in the settler movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palestinian Bedouin</span> Minority within Palestinian society

Palestinian Bedouins are a nomadic people who have come to form an organic part of the Palestinian people, characterized by a semi-pastoral and agricultural lifestyle. Originating from the Bi’r as-Saba’/Beersheba region in Southern Historical Palestine, Palestinian Bedouin are now, after various waves of forced displacement, predominantly concentrated in the South, the North (al-Jalil/Galilee) and in the West Bank. Bedouins have lived in the Bi’r as-Saba’/Naqab region, stretching from Gaza to the Dead Sea, since at least the fifth century. Bi’r as-Saba’, the Naqab, and bilad Gaza are topographic/topological terms used by communities of Southern Palestine. The Bi’r as-Saba’/Naqab Bedouin until recent times referred to themselves as the Arabs of Bi’r as-Saba’ (‘urban al-saba’ or Saba’wi). Remnants of Bedouin communities are also to be found in the Gaza Strip, including 5,000 Bedouins in Om al-Nasr. However in the Gaza strip, the number of true, nomadic Bedouins is shrinking and many are now settled.

The Jerusalem Faction is an Israeli-Haredi political organization based in Jerusalem. It was founded in 2012 by Shmuel Auerbach, as a reaction to the Bnei Brak-based Degel HaTorah's perceived moderate approach to the question of conscription of Haredim into the Israel Defence Forces by the Israeli government that came up following the expiration of the Tal Law.

References

  1. ↑ "Ultra-Orthodox Jews protest Israel army draft". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  2. ↑ "Israel scraps plan to uproot Bedouin". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  3. ↑ "Bedouin's plight: 'We want to maintain our traditions. But it's a dream here'". the Guardian. 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  4. ↑ "Het Parool - Vrij, Onverveerd". Het Parool (in Dutch). Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  5. ↑ "Dienstplicht om ultraorthodoxe joden meer te betrekken bij de samenleving". 28 May 2013.
  6. ↑ "Israel's Tal Law, Which Exempted the Ultra-Orthodox From Military Service, Was Just Ruled Unconstitutional—Now What?". Tablet Magazine. 2013-05-31. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  7. ↑ Zicherman, Chiam (19 December 2013). "צה"ל והחרדים - תמונת מצב".
  8. ↑ "Ultra-Orthodox Jews Protest in Jerusalem, Vowing to Defy Draft". VOA. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  9. ↑ "Tens of thousands of ultra-Orthodox men rally against army service". The Times of Israel .
  10. ↑ נחשוני, קובי (2013-05-16). "תהילים נגד גזירות הגיוס: 30 אלף חרדים מוחים". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  11. ↑ נחשוני, קובי (2013-05-16). "תהילים נגד גזירות הגיוס: 30 אלף חרדים מוחים". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  12. ↑ Sanders, Edmund (16 May 2013). "Ultra-Orthodox protest military draft in Israel". Los Angeles Times.
  13. ↑ "Ultra-Orthodox Jews in mass protest against Israel army draft". BBC News. 17 May 2013.
  14. ↑ "A day after violent protest, Haredi coverage ranges from delicate criticism to complete disregard". Haaretz.
  15. ↑ "Ultra-Orthodox Jews protest Israel army draft".
  16. ↑ "Tens of thousands of ultra-Orthodox men rally against army service". The Times of Israel .
  17. ↑ Auerbach, Jerold S. (2001). Are we one? : Jewish identity in the United States and Israel. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN   0-8135-3253-1. OCLC   52870631.
  18. ↑ Orr, Akiva (1983). The unJewish State the politics of Jewish identity in Israel. London: (Ithaca Press London. pp. 4–5.
  19. ↑ Ben-Porat, Guy (2012). Between State and Synagogue : the Secularization of Contemporary Israel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-139-61557-0. OCLC   823724546.
  20. ↑ Efron, Noah J. (2003). Real Jews : secular versus ultra-orthodox and the struggle for Jewish identity in Israel. New York: Basic Books. ISBN   0-465-01854-8. OCLC   51965679.
  21. ↑ Efron, Noah J. (2003). Real Jews : secular versus ultra-orthodox and the struggle for Jewish identity in Israel. New York: Basic Books. ISBN   0-465-01854-8. OCLC   51965679.
  22. ↑ Kershner, Isabel (2010-12-28). "Some Israelis Question Benefits for Ultra-Religious". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2022-05-19.
  23. ↑ Efron, Noah J. (2003). Real Jews : secular versus ultra-orthodox and the struggle for Jewish identity in Israel. New York: Basic Books. ISBN   0-465-01854-8. OCLC   51965679.
  24. ↑ Gross, Judah Ari. "IDF exemption for Haredim expires — but nothing's likely to change, for now". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  25. ↑ Zicherman, Chaim (19 December 2013). "צה"ל והחרדים - תמונת מצב". המכון הישראלי לדמוקרטיה.
  26. ↑ "Israel's Tal Law, Which Exempted the Ultra-Orthodox From Military Service, Was Just Ruled Unconstitutional—Now What?". Tablet Magazine. 2013-05-31. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  27. ↑ Bick, E. (2010-03-01). "The Tal Law: A Missed Opportunity for "Bridging Social Capital" in Israel". Journal of Church and State. 52 (2): 298–322. doi:10.1093/jcs/csq051. ISSN   0021-969X.
  28. ↑ NWS, VRT (2013-12-13). "Prawer-Begin-plan: vloek of zegen voor de bedoeïenen?". vrtnws.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  29. ↑ "Israel's plan to forcibly resettle Negev Bedouins prompts global protests". the Guardian. 2013-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  30. ↑ Koensler, Alexander (January 2013). "Insurgent Building: Emerging Spatial Politics in the Bedouin-State Conflict in Israel: Insurgent building in the Negev, Israel". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 37 (1): 46–60. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2012.01173.x.
  31. ↑ "Selections from the Press". Journal of Palestine Studies. 43 (1): 94–115. 2013. doi:10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.94. ISSN   0377-919X. JSTOR   10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.94.
  32. ↑ "Bedouin's plight: 'We want to maintain our traditions. But it's a dream here'". the Guardian. 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  33. ↑ "Selections from the Press". Journal of Palestine Studies. 43 (1): 94–115. 2013. doi:10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.94. ISSN   0377-919X. JSTOR   10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.94.
  34. ↑ "Selections from the Press". Journal of Palestine Studies. 43 (1): 94–115. 2013. doi:10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.94. ISSN   0377-919X. JSTOR   10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.94.
  35. ↑ "Israel's plan to forcibly resettle Negev Bedouins prompts global protests". the Guardian. 2013-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  36. ↑ "In Pictures: Bedouin protest displacement". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  37. ↑ "Israel: Negev Bedouins' 'day of rage' over resettlement plan". BBC News. 2013-11-30. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  38. ↑ "'Day of Rage' against Israel Bedouin eviction".
  39. ↑ "עימותים אלימים בהפגנת הבדואים נגד ה"עקירה" - וואלה! חדשות". וואלה! (in Hebrew). 2013-07-15. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  40. ↑ "Israel: Negev Bedouins' 'day of rage' over resettlement plan". BBC News. 2013-11-30. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  41. ↑ "Israel scraps plan to uproot Bedouin".
  42. ↑ "Bedouin's plight: 'We want to maintain our traditions. But it's a dream here'". the Guardian. 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  43. ↑ Goering, Kurt (1979). "Israel and the Bedouin of the Negev". Journal of Palestine Studies. 9 (1): 3–20. doi:10.2307/2536316. ISSN   0377-919X. JSTOR   2536316.
  44. ↑ "Israel's plan to forcibly resettle Negev Bedouins prompts global protests". the Guardian. 2013-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  45. ↑ Goering, Kurt (1979). "Israel and the Bedouin of the Negev". Journal of Palestine Studies. 9 (1): 3–20. doi:10.2307/2536316. ISSN   0377-919X. JSTOR   2536316.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.