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A strike began on 5 December 2019 to protest against broad changes to France's pension system proposed by President Emmanuel Macron.[1][2][3][4][5] Reforming the pensions was one of President Macron's promises and there are three primary proposals of the pension reform plan. The first is to create a universal state retirement plan, which would replace the 42 individual retirement plans that exist in France. The second is a "points system", to give a pension in proportion to the contributions paid. The third is to "improve the pensions of the most disadvantaged."[6] The result of the system would increase the retirement age of many jobs in France.
The 2019 French pension reform plan follows the prior pension reforms in 1993, 2003, 2010, and 2013, but is far more comprehensive in that rather than adjusting the system. In September 2017, Jean-Paul Delevoye was appointed as High Commissioner for Pension Reforms, and was ordered to review the pensions system. In July 2019, he delivered a report of his recommendations, outlining the basics of a bill to be proposed to the National Assembly for pension reform. He resigned on 16 December after the press revealed he forgot to disclose 13 volunteer activities including a remunerated one for the French Federation of Insurances.[7] Jean-Paul Delevoye was replaced by Laurent Pietraszewski, former employee of the French multinational retail group Auchan.[citation needed][unreliable source?] If the bill becomes law, it will only come into force in 2025.
Government ministers have claimed that the pension reforms will simplify a complex system, as well as making it fairer. Unions claim that the system will increase inequality between pensions and decrease the general level of the pensions.
This is the longest strike in modern French history.[8] After a month of protest, polling reported in January 2020 a 61% support in favour of the strikes in the French population.[9]
Background
The strikes, led in part by the CGT but also by the UNSA, the FSU and Solidaires unions, began prior to the disclosure of the details of President Emmanuel Macron's plan to merge France's current 42 different pension schemes into one state-managed system.[10] The French government maintains that merging the variety of profession dependent schemes is crucial. Unions say introducing a single system will mean millions of workers will end up working beyond the legal retirement age of 62 or receiving a far lower pension.[11]
Project
The project itself was officially announced on 11 December 2019. The mandatory impact study of the reform is to be released on 24 January with the submission of the project to the ministers.[12] The government opted for an accelerated procedure with a submission to the House on 17 February.[13]
The new system will essentially work in the following way:
Workers will buy points and the number of points earned by year will depend on their salaries;
The amount of money devoted to buying the points will correspond to 28% of their salary, 17% being paid by the employer and 9% by the employee;
The part of the salary above €10,000 (equivalent to US$11,148 and £8,569) per month will not give points but still 2.3% of it will contribute to the pension fund;
The buying value of a point may vary and will be decided by the State;
Once the legal age is reached, points will be converted into pensions;
The value of a point upon conversion in pension may vary and will be decided by the State;
Additional points can be earned for years of maternity/paternity leave.
The new system is criticised because of its differences with the current system:
it is impossible to predict the amount of a pension because it depends on the value of the point, which can vary over time;
because the pensions are calculated over the whole career and not only the best years, it will create more heterogeneity between pensions as is currently the case in Germany;[14][15]
decreasing the maximum salary threshold from €29,000 (equivalent to US$32,329 and £24,858) to €10,000 will decrease the income of the pension fund by 4.9billion euros (equivalent to 5.5billion dollars and 4.2billion pounds) per year;[16]
imposing that the pension fund represents more than 14% of the NGP will decrease pensions.[12]
Initially designed to create a unique pension funds system in France, following the protest of the unions, the project has introduced 8 special plans[17] for policemen, aeroplane pilots and stewards, train drivers, firemen, jailmen, truck drivers, fishermen and teachers. These plans were introduced to avoid strikes in critical sectors (police, air traffic) or to try to end ongoing strikes.
French information website France 24 reported that women may be the "biggest losers" with the pension reform.[18]
Actions
Strikes began on 5 December 2019 as more than 30 unions launched strike actions with the intention to shut down the country and force President Emmanuel Macron to reevaluate his plans for pension reform. Actions resulted in the Eiffel Tower being shut down along with most of the light rail lines in Paris.[19] 6000 police were deployed in Paris alone in anticipation of the protests, particularly around the Élysée Palace which was barricaded.[20]
The protests became violent in the east of Paris where protesters were seen lighting fires and smashing windows.[20][21]
The police reported 65,000 people had demonstrated in Paris, while the CGT labour union suggested 250,000 people had turned out.[22] While across the country the Interior Ministry said more than 800,000 people were protesting the CGT said the figure was 1.5million.[22]
Strikes and protests continued on 6 December as unions said there would be no let-up. While some schools reopened, almost all high-speed train services were cancelled, most of the Paris metro remained shut down, and hundreds of flights were cancelled.[11]
Transport across the country remained paralysed on 8 December as strikes by state rail company SNCF and Parisian public transport group RATP continued into their fourth day. Unions announced they were planning another large demonstration on 10 December.[23]
On 12 December French Prime Minister Édouard Philippe unveiled the government's proposal for raising the retirement age from 62 to 64 and harmonizing the 42 different retirement schedules.[24] The next day, the CFDT announced that it would be calling for its members to join the demonstrations on 17 December.[25]
To protest against the loss of their special regime, ballerinas from the Paris Opera performed Swan Lake in frontcourt of Palais Garnier on 23 December.[26]
Union workers from the electricity company EDF conducted operations to cut power of symbolic companies such as Amazon or deputies from Emmanuel Macron's party LREM,[27] while also performing "Robin Hood" operations to put electricity back on to homes unable to pay their bills.[citation needed]
In Caen, on 8 January 2020, dozens of lawyers threw their robes in front of the ministry of justice Nicole Belloubet as a sign of protest.[28] Lawyers are also on strike protesting against the destruction of their profitable pension regime.[29]
During union demonstrations, the level of violence exhibited by the police, as already condemned by the United Nations during the yellow vests demonstrations,[30] was extremely high with videos allegedly reporting a police officer firing point-blank at the protesters with a riot control gun on 9 January.[31]
On 25 January, French firefighters joined the protests. People rally on the street with Hong Kong anarchist flags, Antifa and Palestinian flags while together sang "L'Internationale" then shouted "Overthrow Capitalism!"; "Revolution now!" and there were several violent clashes with the police.
Conflicts of interests
Jean-Paul Delevoye, the High Commissioner for Pension Reforms, was revealed to be funded by the French Federation of Insurances,[7] which has a direct interest in the pension reform. Moreover, being funded by a private company while being a member of the government is illegal according to the French constitution.[32]
Articles have also pointed out the proximity between Emmanuel Macron and BlackRock, one of the world's largest asset management funds, which is interested in having the billions of euros of the French pension fund enter the financial market.[33] Multiple meetings between the French government and the firm's representatives have been reported.[34] The promotion of the head of BlackRock's French branch, Jean-Francois Cirelli, to rank of officer of the Légion d'honneur also contributed to highlight this proximity.[35]
Reactions
French President Emmanuel Macron stated that the nationwide strikes would not weaken his resolve to reform the pension system.[36] The workers and most unions are not backing off either.
Polling indicated a strong support of the population in favour of the strikes. According to the conservative newspaper Le Figaro, on 19 December 55% of French people found the movement against the pension reform justified.[37] Two weeks later, in what had become the longest French strike over the last 50 years,[8] 61% still found the movement justified.[9]
Crowdfunding initiatives to support the strikes have flourished[38] with a national one collecting more than 2 million euros.[39]
Macron has delayed the unveiling of the new plan until January 10, 2023.[40]
The 2007 strikes in France were a series of general strikes, mostly in the public sector, which started on 13 November 2007. The strike was over President Nicolas Sarkozy's and Prime Minister François Fillon's attempt to reduce early retirement benefits for 500,000 public employees. Sarkozy had stated that pension reform is the first in a series of measures designed to roll back protections for trade unions in France, and both unions and Sarkozy saw the pension strikes as a key political test.
The 2010 pension reform strikes in France were a series of general strikes and demonstrations which occurred in France throughout September and October 2010.
Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron is a French politician who has been serving as the 25th president of France since 2017 and ex officio one of the two Co-princes of Andorra. He previously was Minister of Economics, Industry and Digital Affairs under President François Hollande from 2014 to 2016 and Deputy Secretary-General to the President from 2012 to 2014. He has been a member of Renaissance since he founded it in 2016.
François Marcel Joseph Bernard Ruffin is a French journalist, filmmaker, author and politician. The editor-in-chief of the satirical quarterly Fakir, which he founded, he is best known for directing the 2016 film Merci patron! as well as for playing an instrumental role in the formation of the Nuit debout movement in France.
Renaissance is a liberal and centrist political party in France. The party was originally known as En Marche ! and later La République En Marche !, before adopting its current name in September 2022. RE is the leading force of the centrist Ensemble coalition, coalesced around Emmanuel Macron's original presidential majority.
The second Philippe government was the forty-first government of the French Fifth Republic. It was the second government formed by Édouard Philippe under President Emmanuel Macron, following the 2017 legislative election and the dissolution of the first Philippe government on 19 June 2017.
Delphine Bagarry is a French emergency physician and politician who was the National Assembly deputy for Alpes-de-Haute-Provence's 1st constituency from 2017 to 2022.
Carole Grandjean is a French politician of La République En Marche! (LREM) who has been serving as Minister for Education and Vocational Training in the government of Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne since 2022. From the 2017 elections to 2022, she was a member of the French National Assembly, representing the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle.
Laurent Pietraszewski is a French politician of La République En Marche! (LREM) who served as Secretary of State for Pensions in the governments of successive Prime Ministers Édouard Philippe and Jean Castex from 2019 to 2022.
Hubert Julien-Laferrière is a French economist and politician. As member of La République En Marche! (REM), he was elected to the National Assembly on 18 June 2017, representing the department of Rhône. He was then re-elected on 19 June 2022, this time with the left-wing union NUPES and is a member of the Ecologist Group.
Since Emmanuel Macron was elected President of France on 7 May 2017, a series of protests have been conducted by trade union activists, left-wing activists and right-wing activists in opposition to what protesters consider to be neoliberal policies and globalism, his support of state visits by certain world leaders, his positions on French labour law reform, as well as various comments or policy proposals he has made since assuming the presidency.
The Yellow Vests Protests or Yellow Jackets Protests or Yellow Vests Revolution are a series of populist, grassroots weekly protests in France that began on 17 November 2018.
The tenure of Emmanuel Macron as the 25th president of France began with his inauguration on 14 May 2017. Macron, the founding member of Renaissance, began his first term as president following his victory over National Rally nominee Marine Le Pen in the 2017 French presidential election and began his second term as president after defeating Le Pen again in the 2022 French presidential election. Upon his inauguration, he became the youngest president in French history and the youngest French head of state since Napoleon at 39.
The 2021 French labor protests were a series of protests and strikes organized by the General Confederation of Labour (France) (CGT), other trade unions, and French citizens dissatisfied with the country's economic and employment conditions in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. These were followed by protests against proposed laws that would give greater powers to police.
The Borne government was the forty-third government of the French Fifth Republic, formed on 16 May 2022 and headed by Élisabeth Borne as Prime Minister under President Emmanuel Macron. It served as a caretaker government in early January 2024, before Gabriel Attal was appointed Prime Minister by Macron.
Marguerite Cazeneuve is a French specialist in social affairs, health and pensions. She is an adviser of President Emmanuel Macron.
Thousands of people across France came to the streets in October 2022, launching a statewide strike against the rise in the cost of living. The demonstrations erupted following weeks of "walkouts" that have crippled oil refineries and caused gasoline shortages. The demonstrations have been described by Caroline Pailliez and Clotaire Achi of Reuters as the "stiffest challenge" for Emmanuel Macron since his re-election in May 2022.
Events in the year 2023 in France.
A series of protests began in France on 19 January 2023 with a demonstration of over one million people nationwide, organised by opponents of the pension reform bill proposed by the Borne government to increase the retirement age from 62 to 64.
On est là is a French protest song, inspired by the Italian song Che sarà, which was popularized in 2018 during the yellow vests protests. Originally a song of the supporters of the football clubs Olympique de Marseille and RC Lens, it is often sung during protests against policies of French president Emmanuel Macron, notably during the 2023 French pension reform strikes.
↑ Nossiter, Adam (5 December 2019). "General Strike in France Challenges Macron's Latest Ambition for Change". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 December 2019. The current pension system is one of the world's most protective, for all its flaws. Many French are asking why a plan of uncertain contours and outcomes should be substituted for it.
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