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Hagia Sophia, officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque, is a mosque and former church serving as a major cultural and historical site in Istanbul, Turkey. The last of three church buildings to be successively erected on the site by the Eastern Roman Empire, it was completed in 537 AD. The site was a Chalcedonian church from 360 AD to 1054, an Orthodox church following the Great Schism of 1054, and a Catholic church following the Fourth Crusade. It was reclaimed in 1261 and remained Eastern Orthodox until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. It served as a mosque until 1935, when it became a museum. In 2020, the site once again became a mosque.
Nagorno-Karabakh is a region in Azerbaijan, covering the southeastern stretch of the Lesser Caucasus mountain range. Part of the greater region of Karabakh, it spans the area between Lower Karabakh and Syunik. Its terrain mostly consists of mountains and forestland.
Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire, usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great established a new Roman capital in Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. There was initially no hard line between the Byzantine and Roman Empires, and early Byzantine architecture is stylistically and structurally indistinguishable from late Roman architecture. The style continued to be based on arches, vaults and domes, often on a large scale. Wall mosaics with gold backgrounds became standard for the grandest buildings, with frescos a cheaper alternative.
Stepanakert or Khankendi is a ghost city in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan. The city was under the control and the capital city of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh prior to the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in the region. The city is located in a valley on the eastern slopes of the Karabakh mountain range, on the left bank of the Qarqarçay (Karkar) river.
Artsakh, officially the Republic of Artsakh or the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, was a breakaway state in the South Caucasus whose territory was internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan. Between 1991 and 2023, Artsakh controlled parts of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, including its capital Stepanakert. It had been an enclave within Azerbaijan from the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war until the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive, when the Azerbaijani military took control over the remaining territory controlled by Artsakh. Its only overland access route to Armenia after the 2020 war was via the five kilometres (3.1 mi) wide Lachin corridor, which was placed under the supervision of Russian peacekeeping forces.
Shusha or Shushi is a city in Azerbaijan, in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Situated at an altitude of 1,400–1,800 metres (4,600–5,900 ft) in the Karabakh mountains, the city was a mountain resort in the Soviet era.
The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is an ethnic and territorial conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, inhabited mostly by ethnic Armenians until 2023, and seven surrounding districts, inhabited mostly by Azerbaijanis until their expulsion during the 1990s. The Nagorno-Karabakh region was entirely claimed by and partially controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, but was recognized internationally as part of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan gradually re-established control over Nagorno-Karabakh region and the seven surrounding districts.
The conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques occurred during the life of Muhammad and continued during subsequent Islamic conquests and invasions and under historical Muslim rule. Hindu temples, Jain Temples, churches, synagogues, and Zoroastrian fire temples have been converted into mosques.
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Neo-Ottomanism is an irredentist and imperialist Turkish political ideology that, in its broadest sense, advocates to honor the Ottoman past of Turkey and promotes greater political engagement of the Republic of Turkey within regions formerly under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, the predecessor state that covered the territory of modern Turkey among others.
The Agdam Mosque or Juma Mosque is a mosque in the ghost town of Aghdam, Azerbaijan.
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Because of the geography, history, and sensitivities of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, accusations, allegations, and statements have been made of involvement by third-party and international actors during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, including in media reports. Azerbaijan has been accused of employing Syrian mercenaries during the war, including reports by the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR). There have also been allegations of Kurdish militia from Syria and Iraq fighting on the Armenian side, and although some third-party sources had confirmed it, some publications had considered these claims "dubious". During the war, ethnic Armenian volunteers from the Middle East, Europe, and Latin America fought on Armenian side. Both sides have denied employing mercenaries in the war, but the OHCHR had stated that there were reports about Syrian fighters motivated primarily by private gain fighting on Azerbaijan's side recruited with Turkey's assistance and foreign nationals fighting on Armenian side with motivation being investigated, calling for withdrawal of any mercenaries and related actors from Nagorno-Karabakh.
References
- ↑ "Slovenia's first mosque opens after 50 years". Arab News. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ↑ "15 trustees in Ram Temple trust; one to be Dalit: Amit Shah". The Economic Times. 5 February 2020. ISSN 0013-0389 . Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ↑ Dutta, Alisha; Tewari, Samridhi (22 February 2023). "2020 Delhi riots: three years later, the scars remain". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X . Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ↑ Gjelten, Tom (1 June 2020). "Peaceful Protesters Tear-Gassed To Clear Way For Trump Church Photo-Op". NPR. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ↑ Walker, Shaun (20 October 2020). "Angels and artillery: a cathedral to Russia's new national identity". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ↑ Romey, Kristin (10 July 2020). "Iconic Hagia Sophia stripped of museum status, paving its return to a mosque". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ↑ "Nagorno-Karabakh: Cathedral hit by shelling". dw.com. 8 October 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ↑ Makooi, Bahar (15 October 2021). "'The violence shook me profoundly': Teachers, students remember Samuel Paty's murder". France 24. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ↑ Winfield, Nicole (21 October 2020). "Francis becomes 1st pope to endorse same-sex civil unions". AP News. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ↑ "France attack: Three killed in 'Islamist terrorist' stabbings". BBC News. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ↑ "Will The New Athens Mosque Lead To The Closure Of The 90 Illegal Mosques?". Greek City Times. 5 November 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ↑ Lamb, Kate (30 December 2020). "Indonesia bans hardline Islamic Defender's Front group". Reuters. Retrieved 27 March 2023.