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A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or,in rare cases,the base of a cumulus cloud. It is often referred to as a twister,whirlwind or cyclone,although the word cyclone is used in meteorology to name a weather system with a low-pressure area in the center around which,from an observer looking down toward the surface of the Earth,winds blow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes,and they are often visible in the form of a condensation funnel originating from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud,with a cloud of rotating debris and dust beneath it. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 180 kilometers per hour,are about 80 meters across,and travel several kilometers before dissipating. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 480 kilometers per hour (300 mph),can be more than 3 kilometers (2 mi) in diameter,and can stay on the ground for more than 100 km (62 mi).
A tornado watch is a statement issued by weather forecasting agencies to advise the public that atmospheric conditions in a given region may lead to the development of tornadoes within the region over a period of several hours. In addition to the potential for tornado development,thunderstorms that develop within the watch area may contain large hail,straight-line winds,intense rainfall and/or flooding that pose a similar damage risk as the attendant tornado threat.
The 2005 Birmingham tornado remains the costliest tornado recorded in Great Britain,occurring on 28 July 2005 in the Southern and Eastern suburbs of Birmingham. It formed on a day when thunderstorms were expected to develop across the Midlands and eastern England. The tornado touched down at approximately 14:37 BST in the King’s Heath area and moved north-northeasterly,affecting King's Heath,Moseley,Sparkhill,Balsall Heath,Saltley and Erdington as it carved a roughly 7 mi (11 km) long path through the city. Several organizations have rated this tornado with various degrees of intensity;most recently the European Severe Storms Laboratory rated the tornado IF3 on the International Fujita scale in December 2024.
The TORRO tornado intensity scale is a scale measuring tornado intensity between T0 and T11. It was proposed by Terence Meaden of the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO),a meteorological organisation in the United Kingdom,as an extension of the Beaufort scale.
This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2006. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States,Bangladesh,and Eastern India,but they can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also develop occasionally in southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer and somewhat regularly at other times of the year across Europe,Asia,Argentina,Brazil and Australia. Tornadic events are often accompanied with other forms of severe weather,including strong thunderstorms,strong winds,and hail.
The 2006 London tornado was a significant United Kingdom tornado spawned from a squall line moving over the city on 7 December 2006 at approximately 11:02 GMT. Its intensity is estimated to have been T5 on the TORRO scale,equating to F2 on the Fujita scale.
Severe weather is any dangerous meteorological phenomenon with the potential to cause damage,serious social disruption,or loss of human life. These vary depending on the latitude,altitude,topography,and atmospheric conditions. High winds,hail,excessive precipitation,and wildfires are forms and effects,as are thunderstorms,downbursts,tornadoes,waterspouts,tropical cyclones,and extratropical cyclones. Regional and seasonal phenomena include blizzards,snowstorms,ice storms,and duststorms.
Convective storm detection is the meteorological observation,and short-term prediction,of deep moist convection (DMC). DMC describes atmospheric conditions producing single or clusters of large vertical extension clouds ranging from cumulus congestus to cumulonimbus,the latter producing thunderstorms associated with lightning and thunder. Those two types of clouds can produce severe weather at the surface and aloft.
This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 2011. Extremely destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States,Bangladesh,Brazil and Eastern India,but they can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also appear regularly in neighboring southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer season,and somewhat regularly in Europe,Asia,and Australia.
The following is a glossary of tornado terms. It includes scientific as well as selected informal terminology.
This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2016. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States,Bangladesh,Brazil and Eastern India,but they can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also develop occasionally in southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer and somewhat regularly at other times of the year across Europe,Asia,and Australia. Tornadic events are often accompanied with other forms of severe weather,including strong thunderstorms,strong winds,and hail. There were 1,059 tornadoes reported in the United States in 2016,of which 974 were confirmed. Worldwide,133 fatalities were reported:100 in China,18 in the United States,five in Uruguay,four in Brazil and two in Italy,Russia and Indonesia each.
A widespread and deadly tornado outbreak affected the Southeastern United States on Easter Sunday and Monday,April 12–13,2020. Several tornadoes were responsible for prompting tornado emergencies,including the first one to be issued by the National Weather Service in Charleston,South Carolina. A large squall line formed and tracked through the mid-Atlantic on April 13,prompting more tornado warnings and watches. A total of 15 watches were produced during the course of the event,two of which were designated Particularly Dangerous Situations.
The following is a list of weather events that occurred on Earth in the year 2020.
A tornado outbreak occurred on Saint Patrick's Day in the Deep South. Mississippi and Alabama were greatly affected,with numerous tornadoes being confirmed,including four that were rated EF2. Six people were injured by four different tornadoes across Alabama during the outbreak. A non-tornadic fatality also occurred due to a car crash near Natchez,Mississippi. The outbreak began the day before,with a couple tornadoes in Mississippi,and continued over the next two days. The storm moved eastward and affected portions of Florida,Georgia,the Carolinas,and Virginia on March 18,spawning more tornadoes and causing wind damage before the storms pushed offshore that night. In total,51 tornadoes were confirmed during the event,including 25 in Alabama,making it the sixth-largest tornado event in the state's history,and is sometimes locally referred to as the Saint Patrick's Day tornado outbreak of 2021. The same areas would be hit again by a more significant and destructive tornado outbreak sequence one week later.
This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2022. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States,Argentina,Brazil,Bangladesh,and Eastern India,but can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also develop occasionally in southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer and somewhat regularly at other times of the year across Europe,Asia,Argentina,Australia and New Zealand. Tornadic events are often accompanied by other forms of severe weather,including strong thunderstorms,strong winds,and hail. Worldwide,32 tornado-related deaths were confirmed:23 in the United States,three in China,two each in Poland and Russia,and one each in the Netherlands and Ukraine.
On 23 October 2022,Storm Beatrice spawned multiple severe thunderstorms across parts of Europe,including tornadic supercells in parts of France and embedded circulations in the mesoscale convective system that impacted parts of England. Eleven tornadoes were confirmed as a result of the outbreak,some of which were strong and caused major damage. 4 F1 tornadoes and 1 F2 tornado struck Hampshire and Greater London. The most significant tornadoes of the outbreak occurred in France,including two F2 tornadoes,and a very long-tracked EF3/F3/IF3/T6 tornado that caused major damage in multiple towns,and became the longest-tracked tornado in the history of France,remaining on the ground for 206 km (128 mi). The most severe damage from the F3 tornado occurred in Bihucourt,where numerous brick homes and other buildings had roofs torn off and exterior walls collapsed. The Bihucourt tornado eventually crossed into Belgium before dissipating and was the strongest tornado in France since an F3 tornado caused significant damage near Étrochey on 19 June 2013. One of the F2 tornadoes struck Beuzeville while the other impacted Songeons,with significant damage occurring in both towns. In addition to the tornadoes,numerous reports of flooding,hail,and damaging straight-line winds were also received. Despite the severity of the damage,no fatalities occurred as a result of the tornadoes,though a few injuries were reported.
This is a list of notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2023. Strong,destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States,Argentina,Brazil,Bangladesh and East India,but can occur almost anywhere. Tornadoes develop occasionally in southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer,and at other times of the year across Europe,Asia,Argentina,Australia and New Zealand. They are often accompanied by other forms of severe weather,including thunderstorms,strong winds,and large hail. Worldwide,116 tornado-related deaths were confirmed –83 in the United States,12 in China,nine in Indonesia,eight in Myanmar,three in Turkey,and one in Saudi Arabia.
Storm Ciarán,known in Germany as Storm Emir was a European windstorm that severely affected parts of Europe from late October to early November 2023. Part of the 2023–24 European windstorm season,Ciarán impacted northwestern Europe and killed 21 people,eleven of whom were in Italy and four in France. It also caused mass disruption to transport. Widespread damage from 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) winds were reported in the Channel Islands,while 1.2 million French households were left without electricity.
A multi-day period of significant tornado activity along with significant derechos occurred across the Midwestern United States and the Mississippi Valley as well as an additional tornado in the Canadian province of Quebec. From May 19–27,2024,two derechos occurred and tornadoes were reported across large portions of the Central United States,with multiple Particularly Dangerous Situation (PDS) watches issued across the sequence. On May 19,strong tornadoes occurred with isolated supercells in Colorado and Oklahoma while a derecho produced widespread wind damage and weak tornadoes across Kansas into the early morning hours of May 20. Limited tornadic activity took place on May 20,but another outbreak along with widespread damage struck mainly Iowa and Wisconsin on May 21. Five fatalities were confirmed with a large,violent,long-tracked EF4 tornado that went through Greenfield,Iowa. Scattered to widespread severe weather and tornadoes occurred over the next two days,including an EF2 tornado that injured 30 people on the west side of Temple,Texas. Another derecho formed in southwestern Nebraska late on May 23 and moved eastward,producing widespread wind damage and weak tornadoes through Nebraska and Iowa and northwestern Illinois before withering away in the northern part of the state during the morning hours of May 24.
Debris fallout refers to debris lofted into the air by a tornado that falls back to the ground,and that can persist well after a tornado has lifted. Debris lofted by stronger tornadoes has been known to travel significant distances,upwards of 200 mi (320 km) on rare occasions. Debris fallout events can be detected on radar using dual polarization products,notably correlation coefficient. Most debris in excess of 1 lb (0.45 kg) is not moved a great distance;however,lighter objects—especially paper goods—can be absorbed by the storm's updraft and moved into its forward-flank downdraft where they can be transported further by non-tornadic downdraft winds.
References
- ↑ "TORRO PRESS RELEASE on the Jersey tornado of early November 2023" (PDF). TORRO.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "The Jersey Tornado - 1 November 2023 - Site investigation report by the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO)" (PDF). TORRO.
- ↑ "Tornado that hit Jersey during Storm Ciaran was 'strongest in almost 70 years'". Sky News. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
- ↑ "ESWD".
- ↑ "Looking back on a storm-laden season". Met Office. 2024-08-27. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
- ↑ Newsdesk (2023-11-02). "Storm Ciarán: Jersey schools to remain closed on Friday". Jersey Evening Post. Retrieved 2024-12-04.
- ↑ @Jersey_Met (2023-11-01). "Storm Ciarán can be seen spiraling to the west of the English Channel, rapidly deepening before its appearance over the Channel Islands this evening, bringing heavy rain and damaging winds. The worst of the winds are expected between 9pm today and 9am tomorrow". X (formerly Twitter).
- ↑ "Lightning detection Manche from 11/01/2023, 11:50pm". Meteologix.com. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
- ↑ Wells, Henry M.; Webb, Jonathan D. C.; Holley, Dan; Clark, Matthew R.; Hillier, John (2024). "The remarkable Jersey hailstorm of 1–2 November 2023: description and comparison with other cool season, dual-hazard storms". Weather. n/a (n/a). doi: 10.1002/wea.7637 . ISSN 1477-8696.
- ↑ "Cell motion". RMETS.
- ↑ "Hail size". RMETS.
- ↑ Heath, Richard (2023-11-03). "Radar imagery "hook" appears to show moment tornado hit Jersey". Jersey Evening Post. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
