While England has more reported tornadoes,relative to its land area,than any other country,the vast majority are weak. According to the Met Office,around 30 tornadoes hit the UK every year,though most are small and dissipate without causing significant damage.[1]
Several tornadoes have struck the city of Birmingham. An F3 tornado struck the city in 1931,killing one woman and severely damaging hundreds of houses.[2] On 23 November 1981,during a record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak,three tornadoes touched down within the Birmingham city limits –in Erdington,Kings Heath,and Selly Oak –with three other tornadoes touching down within the boundaries of the wider West Midlands county. Notable tornadoes also struck the city in 1946,1968,and 1999.[3]
Meteorological synopsis
On the morning of July 28,a shallow depression was located southwest of Cornwall,with a slow-moving warm front extending across the Midlands and a cold front advancing from the southwest. Early cloud cover gave way to breaks in the afternoon,allowing surface heating to destabilize the atmosphere. This heating,combined with an elevated mixed layer of dry air advected from Spain,created conditions favorable for intense convection.[4]
The supercell responsible for the tornado developed along a triple point,where the synoptic cold front intersected an insolation-enhanced warm front,a boundary strengthened by solar heating. This intersection enhanced low-level convergence and vorticity,providing the necessary lift for thunderstorm development. The environment featured moderate instability (1000–1600 J/kg of CAPE) and extreme wind shear,particularly in the lowest 1–3 km of the atmosphere,where directional shear promoted rotating updrafts.[5]
The Birmingham supercell developed at around 13:45 BST to the south of Birmingham,and moved north-northeastwards toward the city,displaying characteristics of a supercell. Several other supercell thunderstorms developed across the Midlands later that afternoon,producing brief,weak tornadoes.[5][6]
At 2:29 PM BST,a funnel cloud was photographed from the Hopwood Park Service area on the M42 motorway,8.5 miles south of Birmingham. TORRO concluded this to be a separate,T2 tornado. By around 2:37PM,the main tornado began in Howard Road,Kings Heath. Initially crossing the High Street,the tornado inflicted roof damage to several buildings,including a roof torn off and thrown across the road. A woman was taken to hospital after being struck by flying debris.[7]
Continuing northeastward into Wake Green and Moseley,the tornado began causing more significant damage to trees and homes. Several streets including Blenheim Road were completely blocked by fallen trees.[8]
Reaching Balsall Heath,the tornado attained peak IF3 intensity:several shops had their windows blown out and lost portions of their roofs. Several rows of terraced homes along Birchwood Road and Alder Road in Balsall Heath had their roofs torn off,and several sustained exterior wall damage to the upper floors. Cars were rolled several metres down driveways,and trees were flattened in Balsall Heath park.[9]
Continuing northwards across Stratford Road,Ladypool Primary School was extensively damaged and lost its distinctive Martin &Chamberlain tower. The adjacent St Agatha's Church also suffered some damage. Christ Church (consecrated in 1867),on the corner of Dolobran Road and Grantham Road in Sparkbrook,was also damaged and has now been demolished.[10][11]
Farm Park,Sparkhill suffered severe damage,shortly before the tornado approached Coventry Road where it significantly damaged a Wedding Hall and several homes;at this point,the tornado was weakening as it continued northwards past St Andrew's Stadium. A brick wall was blown down at Saltley Viaduct,and minor tree damage was noted along Heartlands Parkway at the intersection with Cuckoo Road. The tornado crossed the M6 Motorway just east of the Gravelly Hill interchange. TV Aerial damage was found in The Oval,Erdington,as well as minor roof damage. The final instance of damage came from Erdington Abbey,where trees suffered minor branch damage.[8]
Aftermath
Immediately following the tornado,more than 50 ambulance,and 10 fire crews were deployed to the scene,along with sniffer dogs,and West Midlands Fire Service declared a major incident. Over a dozen people were taken to hospital for treatment,39 were injured,several severely.[12] Then-Birmingham council leader,Paul Tillesley,remarked that it was a "miracle" that no fatalities occurred.[13]
Hundreds of residents were evacuated from significantly damaged areas,particularly Balsall Heath,while emergency services searched over 1000 properties. Overall,more than 500 buildings were damaged,including 115 businesses,Ladypool Primary School,churches,and hundreds of houses- several were subsequently marked for demolition.[8]
Birmingham City Council provided emergency accommodation for over 160 people following the tornado,and granted a £1 million recovery fund. The tornado is the costliest on record in the UK,having caused £40 million of damage,equivalent to £75 million in 2023.[14]
Three months later,on 12 October 2005,an IF2 tornado caused damage to roofs in Dovey Road,Moseley,less than a mile from the path of the 28 July tornado.[17][9]
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