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Theft is the act of taking another person's property or services without that person's permission or consent with the intent to deprive the rightful owner of it. The word theft is also used as a synonym or informal shorthand term for some crimes against property, such as larceny, robbery, embezzlement, extortion, blackmail, or receiving stolen property. In some jurisdictions, theft is considered to be synonymous with larceny, while in others, theft is defined more narrowly. A person who engages in theft is known as a thief.
Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force, threat of force, or by use of fear. According to common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property, by means of force or fear; that is, it is a larceny or theft accomplished by an assault. Precise definitions of the offence may vary between jurisdictions. Robbery is differentiated from other forms of theft by its inherently violent nature ; whereas many lesser forms of theft are punished as misdemeanors, robbery is always a felony in jurisdictions that distinguish between the two. Under English law, most forms of theft are triable either way, whereas robbery is triable only on indictment. The word "rob" came via French from Late Latin words of Germanic origin, from Common Germanic raub "theft".
The Theft Act 1968 is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It creates a number of offences against property in England and Wales.
Assault occasioning grievous bodily harm is a term used in English criminal law to describe the severest forms of battery. It refers to two offences that are created by sections 18 and 20 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861. The distinction between these two sections is the requirement of specific intent for section 18; the offence under section 18 is variously referred to as "wounding with intent" or "causing grievous bodily harm with intent", whereas the offence under section 20 is variously referred to as "unlawful wounding", "malicious wounding" or "inflicting grievous bodily harm".
The Theft Act 1978 is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It supplemented the earlier deception offences contained in sections 15 and 16 of the Theft Act 1968 by reforming some aspects of those offences and adding new provisions. See also the Fraud Act 2006.
Assault occasioning actual bodily harm is a statutory offence of aggravated assault in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Hong Kong and the Solomon Islands. It has been abolished in the Republic of Ireland and in South Australia, but replaced with a similar offence.
False accounting is a legal term for a type of fraud, considered a statutory offence in England and Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
Possession of stolen goods is a crime in which an individual has bought, been given, or acquired stolen goods.
Conspiracy to defraud is an offence under the common law of England and Wales and Northern Ireland.
Making off without payment is a statutory offence in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland and Hong Kong. It was first introduced on the recommendation of the Criminal Law Revision Committee and is intended to protect legitimate business concerns and applies where goods are supplied or a service is performed on the basis that payment will be made there and then. A taxi passenger who runs off without paying the fare at the end of the journey; and a motorist who fills up with petrol at a garage and drives off when the attendant is distracted. For these purposes, it must be proved that the defendant knew that payment on the spot was required or expected, and made off dishonestly with intent to avoid payment of the amount due.
Obtaining pecuniary advantage by deception was formerly a statutory offence in England and Wales and Northern Ireland. It was replaced with the more general offence of fraud by the Fraud Act 2006. The offence still subsists in certain other common law jurisdictions which have copied the English criminal model.
Obtaining property by deception was formerly a statutory offence in England and Wales and Northern Ireland.
Polygamous marriages may not be performed in the United Kingdom, and if a polygamous marriage is performed, the already-married person may be guilty of the crime of bigamy under section 11 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973.
Burglary is a statutory offence in England and Wales.
The Official Secrets Act 1920 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Removing article from place open to the public is a statutory offence in England and Wales and Northern Ireland.
Evasion of liability by deception was formerly a statutory offence in England and Wales and Northern Ireland.
Obtaining services by deception is a statutory offence in the Republic of Ireland. It has been abolished in England and Wales and Northern Ireland.
Assault with intent to resist arrest is a statutory offence of aggravated assault in England and Wales and Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
The Perjury Act 1911 is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It creates the offence of perjury and a number of similar offences.
References
- ↑ Low v Blease (1975) 119 SJ 695, [1975] Crim LR 513, DC
- ↑ "A man was arrested for charging his phone on a train. Why?". BBC Newsbeat. 13 July 2015.
- ↑ "Abstracting electricity". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑ UK public general acts. "Theft Act 1968". legislation.gov.uk.
- ↑ The Visiting Forces Act 1952, section 3(6) and Schedule, "paragraph 3(g)". (as inserted by the Theft Act 1968, Schedule 2, Part III)
- ↑ The Magistrates' Courts Act 1980, section 17(1) and Schedule 1, paragraph 28
- ↑ The Theft Act 1968, section 13
- ↑ The Magistrates' Courts Act 1980, section 32(1)
- ↑ The Visiting Forces Act 1952, section 3(6) and Schedule, "paragraph 3(g)". (as inserted by the Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969, Schedule 3, Part III)
- ↑ The Magistrates' Courts (Northern Ireland) Order 1981 (S.I. 1981/1675 (N.I. 26)), "article 45". and paragraph 20 of "Schedule 2". (as substituted by "3(2)". of, and Schedule 2 to, the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 (S.I. 1986/1883 (N.I. 15)
- ↑ The Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969, section 13
- ↑ The Magistrates' Courts (Northern Ireland) Order 1981 (S.I. 1981/1675 (N.I.26)), "article 46(4)".