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In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm operating on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks. Block ciphers are specified elementary components in the design of many cryptographic protocols and are widely used to encrypt large amounts of data, including in data exchange protocols. A block cipher uses blocks as an unvarying transformation.
In cryptography, RC4 is a stream cipher. While it is remarkable for its simplicity and speed in software, multiple vulnerabilities have been discovered in RC4, rendering it insecure. It is especially vulnerable when the beginning of the output keystream is not discarded, or when nonrandom or related keys are used. Particularly problematic uses of RC4 have led to very insecure protocols such as WEP.
A stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream). In a stream cipher, each plaintext digit is encrypted one at a time with the corresponding digit of the keystream, to give a digit of the ciphertext stream. Since encryption of each digit is dependent on the current state of the cipher, it is also known as state cipher. In practice, a digit is typically a bit and the combining operation is an exclusive-or (XOR).
In cryptography, an S-box (substitution-box) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the key and the ciphertext, thus ensuring Shannon's property of confusion. Mathematically, an S-box is a vectorial Boolean function.
A5/1 is a stream cipher used to provide over-the-air communication privacy in the GSM cellular telephone standard. It is one of several implementations of the A5 security protocol. It was initially kept secret, but became public knowledge through leaks and reverse engineering. A number of serious weaknesses in the cipher have been identified.
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Akelarre is a block cipher proposed in 1996, combining the basic design of IDEA with ideas from RC5. It was shown to be susceptible to a ciphertext-only attack in 1997.
In cryptography, MUGI is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) designed for use as a stream cipher. It was among the cryptographic techniques recommended for Japanese government use by CRYPTREC in 2003, however, has been dropped to "candidate" by CRYPTREC revision in 2013.
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eSTREAM is a project to "identify new stream ciphers suitable for widespread adoption", organised by the EU ECRYPT network. It was set up as a result of the failure of all six stream ciphers submitted to the NESSIE project. The call for primitives was first issued in November 2004. The project was completed in April 2008. The project was divided into separate phases and the project goal was to find algorithms suitable for different application profiles.
VEST (Very Efficient Substitution Transposition) ciphers are a set of families of general-purpose hardware-dedicated ciphers that support single pass authenticated encryption and can operate as collision-resistant hash functions designed by Sean O'Neil, Benjamin Gittins and Howard Landman. VEST cannot be implemented efficiently in software.
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In cryptography, Mir-1 is a software-oriented stream cypher algorithm developed by Alexander Maximov. The algorithm was submitted to the eSTREAM project of the eCRYPT network in 2005. Mir-1 is named after the Russian space station Mir.
Crypto1 is a proprietary encryption algorithm and authentication protocol created by NXP Semiconductors for its MIFARE Classic RFID contactless smart cards launched in 1994. Such cards have been used in many notable systems, including Oyster card, CharlieCard and OV-chipkaart.
This article summarizes publicly known attacks against block ciphers and stream ciphers. Note that there are perhaps attacks that are not publicly known, and not all entries may be up to date.
In cryptography, Mutual Irregular Clocking KEYstream generator (MICKEY) is a stream cipher algorithm developed by Steve Babbage and Matthew Dodd. The cipher is designed to be used in hardware platforms with limited resources, and was one of the three ciphers accepted into Profile 2 of the eSTREAM portfolio. The algorithm is not patented and is free for any use.
PRESENT is a lightweight block cipher, developed by the Orange Labs (France), Ruhr University Bochum (Germany) and the Technical University of Denmark in 2007. PRESENT was designed by Andrey Bogdanov, Lars R. Knudsen, Gregor Leander, Christof Paar, Axel Poschmann, Matthew J. B. Robshaw, Yannick Seurin, and C. Vikkelsoe. The algorithm is notable for its compact size.
Prince is a block cipher targeting low latency, unrolled hardware implementations. It is based on the so-called FX construction. Its most notable feature is the alpha reflection: the decryption is the encryption with a related key which is very cheap to compute. Unlike most other "lightweight" ciphers, it has a small number of rounds and the layers constituting a round have low logic depth. As a result, fully unrolled implementation are able to reach much higher frequencies than AES or PRESENT. According to the authors, for the same time constraints and technologies, PRINCE uses 6–7 times less area than PRESENT-80 and 14–15 times less area than AES-128.
References
- ↑ Gammel, Berndt M.; Göttfert, Rainer; Kniffler, Oliver (30 June 2006). "ACHTERBAHN-128/80" (PDF). ECRYPT Stream Cipher Project Report.
- ↑ Naya-Plasencia, María (March 26–28, 2007). Cryptanalysis of Achterbahn-128/80 (PDF). Fast Software Encryption, 14th International Workshop. Revised Selected Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4593. Luxembourg: Springer. pp. 73–86. ISBN 978-3-540-74617-1.
- ↑ Naya-Plasencia, María (July 4–6, 2007). Cryptanalysis of Achterbahn-128/80 with a New Keystream Limitation (PDF). Research in Cryptology: Second Western European Workshop, WEWoRC. Revised Selected Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4945. Bochum, Germany: Springer. pp. 142–152. ISBN 978-3-540-88352-4.
- ↑ Gammel, Berndt M.; Göttfert, Rainer; Kniffler, Oliver (Jan 31 – Feb 1, 2007). Achterbahn-128/80: Design and Analysis. Workshop Record of The State of the Art of Stream Ciphers - SASC. Ruhr University Bochum, Germany. pp. 152–165. Archived from the original on July 24, 2007.
- ↑ Göttfert, Rainer; Gammel, Berndt M. (July 1–6, 2007). Helleseth, T.; Kumar, V.; Ytrehus, Ø. (eds.). On the frame length of Achterbahn-128/80 (PDF). Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Information Theory Workshop on Information Theory for Wireless Networks. Solstrand, Norway. pp. 91–95. ISBN 978-1-4244-1199-3.
- ↑ Gammel, Berndt M.; Göttfert, Rainer; Kniffler, Oliver (30 June 2006). "ACHTERBAHN-128/80" (PDF). Achterbahn home page.
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