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Seawater, or salt water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5%. This means that every kilogram of seawater has approximately 35 grams (1.2 oz) of dissolved salts. Average density at the surface is 1.025 kg/l. Seawater is denser than both fresh water and pure water because the dissolved salts increase the mass by a larger proportion than the volume. In comparison, most human physiological saline levels are approximately one quarter of this, for example blood is 9g/l. The freezing point of seawater decreases as salt concentration increases. At typical salinity, it freezes at about −2 °C (28 °F). The coldest seawater still in the liquid state ever recorded was found in 2010, in a stream under an Antarctic glacier: the measured temperature was −2.6 °C (27.3 °F). Seawater pH is typically limited to a range between 7.5 and 8.4. However, there is no universally accepted reference pH-scale for seawater and the difference between measurements based on different reference scales may be up to 0.14 units.
Pyrosomes, genus Pyrosoma, are free-floating colonial tunicates that usually live in the upper layers of the open ocean in warm seas, although some may be found at greater depths. Pyrosomes are cylindrical or cone-shaped colonies up to 18 m (60 ft) long, made up of hundreds to thousands of individuals, known as zooids. Colonies range in size from less than one centimeter to several metres in length. They are commonly called "sea pickles". Other nicknames include "sea worms", "sea squirts", "fire bodies", and "cockroaches of the sea".
Pyrosoma atlanticum is a pelagic species of marine colonial tunicate in the class Thaliacea found in temperate waters worldwide. The name of the genus comes from the Greek words pyros meaning 'fire' and soma meaning 'body', referring to the bright bioluminescence sometimes emitted. The specific epithet atlanticum refers to the Atlantic Ocean, from where the first specimen of the species was collected for scientific description; it was described in 1804 by François Péron, a French naturalist.
Desulfurobacterium atlanticum is a thermophilic, anaerobic and chemolithoautotrophic bacterium from the family Aquificaceae. In 2006 it was isolated from marine hydrothermal systems and proposed to become a new bacterial species.
Aquimarina atlantica is a Gram-negative and long-rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Aquimarina which has been isolated from seawater from the Atlantic Ocean.
Altererythrobacter xiamenensis is a Gram-negative and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Altererythrobacter which has been isolated from seawater in Xiamen in China.
Novosphingobium marinum is a Gram-negative, aerobic and short rod-shaped bacterium from the genus Novosphingobium which has been isolated from sea water from the Pacific Ocean.
Marivirga atlantica is a Gram-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Marivirga which has been isolated from seawater from the Atlantic Ocean.
Actibacterium is a bacterial genus from the family of Rhodobacteraceae.
Actibacterium mucosum is a chemoorganotrophic, aerobic and slightly halophilic bacterium from the genus of Actibacterium which has been isolated from water from the beach of Malvarrosa in Spain.
Actibacterium pelagium is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Actibacterium which has been isolated from seawater from the Pacific Ocean.
Actibacterium ureilyticum is a Gram-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Actibacterium with a polar flagella which has been isolated from seawater from the South China Sea in Taiwan.
Actibacterium lipolyticum is a Gram-negative and aerobic bacterium from the genus Actibacterium which has been isolated from the Jeju island in Korea.
Marinibacterium is a Gram-negative genus of bacteria from the family of Rhodobacteraceae with one known species. Marinibacterium profundimaris has been isolated from deep seawater from the Atlantic Ocean.
Roseovarius atlanticus is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Roseovarius which has been isolated from seawater from the Atlantic Ocean.
Pseudooceanicola is a genus of bacteria from the family of Rhodobacteraceae.
Pseudooceanicola antarcticus is a Gram-negative, aerobic, moderately halophilic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Pseudooceanicola which has been isolated from seawater.
Pseudooceanicola atlanticus is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Pseudooceanicola which has been isolated from seawater from the Atlantic Ocean.
Pseudooceanicola batsensis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Pseudooceanicola which has been isolated from seawater from the Sargasso Sea.
Oceanococcus is a Gram-negative genus of bacteria from the family of Ectothiorhodospiraceae with one known species. Oceanococcus atlanticus has been isolated from deep sea sediments from the Atlantic Ocean.
References
- 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Actibacterium". LPSN .
- 1 2 "Actibacterium atlanticum". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ Li, G; Lai, Q; Sun, F; Du, Y; Liu, X; Li, G; Xie, Y; Shao, Z (August 2014). "Actibacterium atlanticum sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 106 (2): 325–30. doi:10.1007/s10482-014-0203-7. PMID 24929932.