Aid Access

Last updated
Aid Access
FormationMarch 2018;6 years ago (2018-03)
Founder Rebecca Gomperts
TypeNonprofit organization [1] : 1 
Headquarters Austria
Services Telemedicine prescription of medication abortion pills for delivery by mail
Website www.aidaccess.org

Aid Access is a nonprofit organization that provides access to medication abortion by mail to the United States and worldwide. It describes its work as a harm reduction strategy designed to provide safe access to mifepristone and misoprostol for those able to become pregnant in the United States who may not otherwise have access to abortion or miscarriage management services. [2] People are able to manage their own abortion with remote access to a physician and a help-desk for any questions. The website is available in English, Spanish, and Dutch.

Contents

Aid Access was founded by Rebecca Gomperts, a Dutch physician, in March 2018. [3] In 2019, Aid Access received a warning letter from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stating that they were not authorized to distribute generic mifepristone in the US. Aid Access in turn sued the FDA, stating that they were helping women exercise their constitutional right to abortion. The FDA pursued no further legal action, and the lawsuit ended. In 2021, the FDA made telemedicine abortion permanently legal. [4]

Over subsequent years, the number of requests for their service has risen to average over 100 per day. In 2021, they started offering "advanced provision" pills, whereby someone can order the pills ahead of time in case they might need them in the future.

History

Gomperts, a physician based in the Netherlands, started Aid Access in March 2018, to provide access to medication abortion in countries like the United States where abortion is legal but may be hard to access. [3] Aid Access was incorporated in Austria, where Gomperts is registered to practice medicine. [1]

In October 2018, after six months of non-publicized operation, Gomperts stated that she had fulfilled about 600 requests for pills (an average of 3 per day). [3] By February 2022, she said that she had served over 30,000 people in the US. [5] In January 2023, she said that they receive about 4,000 requests per month. [6] In 2024, she said that over 6,000 people each month receive pills from Aid Access in US states with abortion bans. [7]

2019 FDA warning letter and lawsuit

In March 2019, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sent AidAccess.org a letter warning it to cease selling the generic drug mifepristone, which they said was a "misbranded and unapproved new drug" in the United States. [8] [9] In a statement three days later, the National Women's Health Network stated that this was a politicized attack against medical abortion, rather than a broader attempt to curb online drug sales. [10] In May 2019, over 100 anti-abortion members of Congress sent a letter thanking the Trump administration and the FDA for this action, even though major medical organizations stated that medication abortion is safe for use at home and should be more readily available. [11] Gomperts did not comply with the warning and stated that she was not selling medications in the United States, since she sent the prescriptions to an independent pharmacy, which then dispensed the medications. [9]

In September 2019, on behalf of Aid Access, Gomperts sued the FDA, Alex Azar (then secretary for the Department of Health and Human Services) as well as other federal officials for seizing several packages containing medications and blocking transfer of some payments to Aid Access. [12] The goals of the suit were to stop these actions as well as to stop FDA prosecution of Gomperts and Aid Access in providing constitutionally protected abortion access. [12] In November 2019, the FDA filed a motion to dismiss the suit that was followed in December 2019 by a response letter from Aid Access to the FDA. The presiding judge accepted the FDA's position that this case was about a person's right to any unapproved drug and not about a woman's right to an abortion, and, because the FDA had not taken any subsequent action following its letter, dismissed the lawsuit. [13] [1]

In 2020, the FDA temporarily suspended its ban on online consultations in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, the FDA made it permanently legal for abortion pills to be sold following an online consultation. [4]

Studies

Data from Aid Access has been used in several studies because they had been the sole online abortion telemedicine service in the United States until April 2021, when the FDA (due to COVID-19) temporarily legalized delivery of medication abortion by telemedicine and mail (the FDA in December 2021 made it permanently legal). [14] [15]

A study of the reasons given for requesting a self-managed abortion by the 57,506 individuals who requested this service between March 20, 2018, and March 20, 2020 found the reasons for requests to be: lower cost compared to a clinic (74%), privacy (49%), distance to a clinic (40%), and difficulty getting time off work or school (38%). Some also stated a preference for an at home, self managed abortion with 28% saying they would be more comfortable, and 27% saying it would be more convenient. [16] [14]

Another study that included the 49,935 requests made through the online consultation form between January 1, 2019 and April 11, 2020 found that during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns and restrictions (March 20, 2020, to April 11, 2020), average daily requests increased 27% compared to the preceding 14 months. [15]

In a third study covering the period between October 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021, Aid Access received 45,908 requests from across all 50 USA states. In the first week of September 2021, after Texas Senate Bill 8 went into effect, the mean daily requests from Texas spiked by 1200%, (from 11 to 140) gradually decreasing over the next three months to 30 per day (175% higher than the pre-Senate Bill 8 level). [17] [5]

Services provided

Aid Access offers mifepristone in combination with misoprostol, and misoprostol alone for medical abortion. Services available depend on the state in which the person lives. An online consultation process is required, which includes questions to assess for the medical eligibility and safety of providing medical abortion by mail. [2] [18] In states where telemedical abortion services are allowed, US based doctors work with Aid Access to provide pills directly and quickly to residents of their state. [18] In most other states, an overseas physician provides a prescription and instructions for it to be filled with a pharmacy in India, which then mails the medication to the patient in the United States. [18] [19] Due to shipping from outside of the United States, sometimes it may take three weeks for the pills to arrive. [19] Following the passage of Senate Bill 8 by the state of Texas, Aid Access began providing "advanced provision" pills to individuals seeking access to abortion. [18] The practice of advanced provision involves providing abortion pills to individuals before they are pregnant, so that they may have them readily available for use should they need them in the future. [20] Gomperts has expressed her hope that this approach will become more widely adopted by U.S. doctors. [18] She believes that a way around the restrictive abortion laws is for all doctors to prescribe a set of abortion pills for a woman on her first menstruation, so that she will always have them if needed. [18]

Shield laws

In 2022 a paper was published in the Columbia Law Review about ways in which US shield laws could protect medical practitioners providing abortion who treated patients in banned states. [21] Following publication of the paper, several states passed shield laws for medical practitioners. As of July 2023 fifteen states had shield laws, and five had telemedicine provisions, specifically protecting a provider who prescribed and mailed medication abortion pills to a patient in a state where abortion was banned. [22] From 18 June 2023 Aid Access served patients throughout the US with providers licensed in the five states with telemedicine provisions, with no need to ship from other countries, reducing the delivery time from three or four weeks to between two and five days. [22] It was expected that legal battles would follow as the shield laws were tested in court. [22] Patients themselves are not protected by the shield laws, and could be prosecuted for self-managing abortions. [22]

Safety

There are no data addressing the safety of Aid Access in particular. Self-induced abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol can be performed safely, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). [23] [3] The WHO recommends that determination of eligibility for medical abortion is made by a health provider, but self-administering the medications at home and self-assessing the completion of the abortion are recommended in specific circumstances. [24] [3] This aligns with the care provided by Aid Access. [2] [3]

If a woman needs care after a self-administered medication abortion, Gomperts stated that the woman should say she had a miscarriage since the symptoms and treatment are exactly the same, and that no traces of the abortion pills remain if taken orally (recommended); though traces of the pills can last as long as 4 days if administered vaginally. [25]

Related Research Articles

Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or "spontaneous abortion"; these occur in approximately 30% to 40% of all pregnancies. When deliberate steps are taken to end a pregnancy, it is called an induced abortion, or less frequently "induced miscarriage". The unmodified word abortion generally refers to an induced abortion. The most common reasons women give for having an abortion are for birth-timing and limiting family size. Other reasons reported include maternal health, an inability to afford a child, domestic violence, lack of support, feeling they are too young, wishing to complete education or advance a career, and not being able or willing to raise a child conceived as a result of rape or incest.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mifepristone</span> Medication

Mifepristone, also known by its developmental code name RU-486, is a medication typically used in combination with misoprostol to bring about a medical abortion during pregnancy and manage early miscarriage. This combination is 97% effective during the first 63 days of pregnancy. It is also effective in the second trimester of pregnancy. It is taken by mouth.

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Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin medication used to prevent and treat stomach and duodenal ulcers, induce labor, cause an abortion, and treat postpartum bleeding due to poor contraction of the uterus. It is taken by mouth when used to prevent gastric ulcers in people taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). For abortions it is used by itself or in conjunction with mifepristone or methotrexate. By itself, effectiveness for abortion is between 66% and 90%. For labor induction or abortion, it is taken by mouth, dissolved in the mouth, or placed in the vagina. For postpartum bleeding it may also be used rectally.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rebecca Gomperts</span> Dutch physician and artist, founder of Women on Waves

Rebecca Gomperts is a Dutch physician and activist for women's rights, in particular abortion rights. She is the founder of Women on Waves and Women on Web, which provide reproductive health services for women in countries where they are not available. In 2013 and 2014, Gomperts was included in the BBC's 100 Women. In 2018, she founded Aid Access, which operates in the United States. A trained abortion specialist and activist, she is generally considered the first abortion rights activist to cross international borders.

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GenBioPro is a United States pharmaceutical company which makes and distributes a generic version of the medication abortion drug mifepristone.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Cohen, Rachel M. (2022-05-07). "The abortion provider that Republicans are struggling to stop". Vox. Retrieved 2022-05-19. Aid Access has faced one regulatory challenge, in 2019, when the FDA sent the group a cease-and-desist letter, claiming that its generic mifepristone drug represented a "misbranded and unapproved" drug that posed risk to consumers. (The FDA approved one brand of mifepristone, Mifeprex, in 2000, and in 2019 approved a generic version.) Aid Access, in turn, sued the FDA, alleging the agency was impeding Americans' constitutional right to an abortion and that its drugs were, in fact, approved. Aid Access also maintained that the FDA had no legal jurisdiction over Gomperts. The case was dismissed in part because the FDA never took action following its letter.
  2. 1 2 3 "For a safe abortion or miscarriage treatment". AidAccess. Retrieved 2020-08-04.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Khazan, Olga (2018-10-18). "Women in the U.S. Can Now Get Safe Abortions by Mail". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2020-08-04.
  4. 1 2 Belluck, Pam (2021-12-16). "F.D.A. Will Permanently Allow Abortion Pills by Mail". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  5. 1 2 Baker, Carrie. "Online Abortion Pill Orders Surged After Texas Ban. Researchers Say This Is Only the Beginning". Ms. New research published in the Journal of the American Medical Association shows that in the first week after SB 8 went into effect, average daily requests from Texas increased by almost twelve-fold, or 1,180 percent—from 10.8 to 137.7 per day. In the following three months, requests remained higher than before, at 29.5 per month or 174 percent higher than before SB 8 went into effect. ... She [Gomperts] has served over 30,000 people in the U.S. since she began Aid Access four years ago.
  6. ↑ Whyte, Liz Essley (2023-01-03). "Abortion Pills to Be Available More Widely Under New FDA Rules - Patients will be able to get the drug, called mifepristone, from bricks-and-mortar pharmacies". Wall Street Journal . Aid Access, a nonprofit based in Europe that mails pills worldwide, even to states with abortion bans, said it is receiving about 4,000 requests for abortion pills a month from the U.S.
  7. ↑ Kitchener, Caroline (April 11, 2024). "Alone in a bathroom: Fear and uncertainty of a post-Roe medication abortion". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
  8. ↑ Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and (2019-12-20). "Aidaccess.org - 575658 - 03/08/2019". Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  9. 1 2 "A European doctor prescribes abortion pills to U.S. women over the internet — but the FDA is watching". NBC News. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  10. ↑ "NWHN statement in response to the FDA's action against Aid Access". NWHN. 2019-03-12. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  11. ↑ "Anti-Choice Lawmakers Cheer FDA Crackdown on Medication Abortion Imports (Updated)". Rewire.News. Retrieved 2020-08-11. Over 100 anti-choice members of the U.S. House of Representatives thanked the Trump administration in a letter last week for addressing the sale of overseas medication abortion pills and encouraged Food and Drug Administration (FDA) officials to continue limiting the import of the drugs. ... But major medical associations have argued that medication abortion is safe for home use and should be more widely available, and researchers wrote in the Journal of the American Pharmacists Association in 2018 that the FDA limitations on medication abortion drugs are unnecessary.
  12. 1 2 McCammon, Sarah (9 September 2019). "European Doctor Who Prescribes Abortion Pills To U.S. Women Online Sues FDA". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-08-11. In the lawsuit, Dr. Rebecca Gomperts says she believes federal officials have seized between three and 10 doses of abortion drugs she has prescribed through her organization, Aid Access, since March. It also says Gomperts believes the government has blocked Aid Access from receiving payments from some patients. Gomperts' attorney, Richard Hearn, said the goal of the lawsuit is to force the FDA to stop those actions and to prevent Gomperts or her patients from being prosecuted under federal law.
  13. ↑ "Legal complaint against the FDA". AidAccess. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  14. 1 2 Sullivan, Kaitlin (2022-02-25). "At-home abortion medication requests soared after Texas restrictions". NBC News. In December, the FDA said it would permanently allow patients to receive the abortion pills by mail. ... A 2021 study on requests to Aid Access found that the distance from an abortion clinic and whether the person lived below the federal poverty level were the two main factors that drove pregnant women to seek abortion medication by mail, which is often much cheaper than in-office care.
  15. 1 2 Aiken, Abigail R. A.; Starling, Jennifer E.; Gomperts, Rebecca; Tec, Mauricio; Scott, James G.; Aiken, Catherine E. (2020-07-21). "Demand for Self-Managed Online Telemedicine Abortion in the United States During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 136 (4): 835–837. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004081 . ISSN   1873-233X. PMC   7505141 . PMID   32701762.
  16. ↑ Aiken, Abigail; Starling, Jennifer; Gomperts, Rebecca (2021-05-21). "Factors Associated With Use of an Online Telemedicine Service to Access Self-managed Medical Abortion in the US". JAMA Network Open. 4 (5): e2111852. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11852. PMC   8140373 . PMID   34019085.
  17. ↑ Aiken, Abigail R. A.; Starling, Jennifer E.; Scott, James G.; Gomperts, Rebecca (2022-02-25). "Association of Texas Senate Bill 8 With Requests for Self-managed Medication Abortion". JAMA Network Open. 5 (2): e221122. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.1122. ISSN   2574-3805. PMC   8881771 . PMID   35212751. S2CID   247106637.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Conaboy, Chelsea, The Doctor Prescribing Abortions from Overseas , Politico, June 3, 2022
  19. 1 2 "Aid Access Abortion Pills Are Getting Stuck in US Customs". www.vice.com. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  20. ↑ "Advance Provision of Abortion Pills". AidAccess. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  21. ↑ Cohen, David S.; Donley, Greer; Rebouché, Rachel (January 2023). "THE NEW ABORTION BATTLEGROUND". Columbia Law Review. 123 (1).
  22. 1 2 3 4 Grant, Rebecca (23 July 2023). "Group using 'shield laws' to provide abortion care in states that ban it". The Guardian.
  23. ↑ Organization, World Health. (2019). Medical Management of Abortion. World Health Organization. ISBN   978-92-4-069900-7. OCLC   1122450460.
  24. ↑ World Health Organization. Reproductive Health and Research, issuing body. (17 December 2015). Health worker roles in providing safe abortion care and post-abortion contraception. World Health Organization. ISBN   978-92-4-154926-4. OCLC   948838959.
  25. ↑ Caryn Rabin, Roni (2022-08-07). "Some Women 'Self-Manage' Abortions as Access Recedes - Information and medications needed to end a pregnancy are increasingly available outside the health care system". The New York Times . A medication abortion cannot be distinguished from a miscarriage, and traces of the pills cannot be discovered if they are taken orally, said Dr. Rebecca Gomperts, a Dutch physician who founded Aid Access. If a woman needs care after taking the pills, "we always tell people to say they had a miscarriage," she said. "It's exactly the same symptoms, and the treatment is exactly the same." A study of thousands of women in the United States who received abortion pills from a provider without an in-person visit during the pandemic found that the practice was safe.
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