Akkermansia glycaniphila

Last updated

Akkermansia glycaniphila
Scientific classification
Domain:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
A. glycaniphila
Binomial name
Akkermansia glycaniphila
Ouwerkerk et al. 2016

Akkermansia glycanphila is a species of intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. It was first isolated from reticulated python ( Malayopython reticulatus ) feces in 2016. [1]

Contents

Etymology

The genus was named for Antoon DL Akkermans (1940–2006), a Dutch microbiologist recognized for his contribution to microbial ecology, and the epithet from the New Latin and Greek meaning "glycan-loving". [2]

Biology and biochemistry

A. glycaniphila, like, A. muciniphila is Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, oval-shaped bacterium. The typestrain is PytT (=DSM100705T=CIP 110913T). A. glycaniphila is able to use mucin as its sole source of carbon and nitrogen. It is culturable under the same conditions as A. muciniphilia, (anaerobic conditions on medium containing gastric mucin). When grown on soft agar mucin medium, colonies appear white with a diameter of 0.7mm. The long axis of single cells is 0.6–1.0 μm. Cells are covered with filaments, and occur singly, in pairs, in short chains and in aggregates. [1]

The bacterial genome of A. glucaniphila PytT is encoded on a single chromosome of 3,074,121 bp. The G+C content is 57.6% and contains 2,532 coding regions, all 21 tRNA genes, and three complete rRNA operons. For 72% (1,811) of the coding sequences, a function could be predicted. Genome analysis revealed the presence of many mucin-degrading enzymes, of which a number are predicted to be secreted: 54 glycoside hydrolases, one glycosyl hydrolase, seven sialidases, and three sulfatases. The PytT genome is predicted to encode a cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase, indicating the potential for aerobic respiration. [3]

The complete genome of A. glycaniphilia has been sequenced. [3]

Ecology

This bacterium probably inhabits oxic-anoxic interface of the intestinal mucin layer. [3] This was demonstrated for A. muciniphila MucT. [4] 16s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing reveals that the genus Akkermansia have been detected in animals with a wide variety of GI tract anatomy (foregut, hindgut, or simple) and in diet (from herbivores to omnivores and carnivores). It has been found in mammals both wild and domesticated, and in non-mammals like birds, fish and reptiles like the Burmese python. [5] Mucin types, and the glycan types expressed, vary between these organisms, but mucus is a consistent feature of their intestinal tracts. [6] It may be that mucus-colonizing microbes have a role in protecting the host against intestinal pathogens and contribute to restoration of the microbiota. [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacteroidota</span> Phylum of Gram-negative bacteria

The phylum Bacteroidota is composed of three large classes of Gram-negative, nonsporeforming, anaerobic or aerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, sediments, and sea water, as well as in the guts and on the skin of animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gut microbiota</span> Community of microorganisms in the gut

Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora, are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals. The gastrointestinal metagenome is the aggregate of all the genomes of the gut microbiota. The gut is the main location of the human microbiome. The gut microbiota has broad impacts, including effects on colonization, resistance to pathogens, maintaining the intestinal epithelium, metabolizing dietary and pharmaceutical compounds, controlling immune function, and even behavior through the gut–brain axis.

Thermus thermophilus is a Gram-negative bacterium used in a range of biotechnological applications, including as a model organism for genetic manipulation, structural genomics, and systems biology. The bacterium is extremely thermophilic, with an optimal growth temperature of about 65 °C (149 °F). Thermus thermophilus was originally isolated from a thermal vent within a hot spring in Izu, Japan by Tairo Oshima and Kazutomo Imahori. The organism has also been found to be important in the degradation of organic materials in the thermogenic phase of composting. T. thermophilus is classified into several strains, of which HB8 and HB27 are the most commonly used in laboratory environments. Genome analyses of these strains were independently completed in 2004. Thermus also displays the highest frequencies of natural transformation known to date.

<i>Bacteroides fragilis</i> Species of bacterium

Bacteroides fragilis is an anaerobic, Gram-negative, pleomorphic to rod-shaped bacterium. It is part of the normal microbiota of the human colon and is generally commensal, but can cause infection if displaced into the bloodstream or surrounding tissue following surgery, disease, or trauma.

<i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> Species of bacterium

Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium commonly found in the soil. It is found on bird feathers, especially chest and back plumage, and most often in ground-dwelling birds and aquatic species.

Prevotella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria.

Clostridium cadaveris is an enteric, gas-forming, motile, strictly anaerobic gram-positive bacterium of the genus Clostridium. First described by Klein in 1899, it was noted to be the most prominent bacteria during human decomposition; historically it was described as "putrefying flora".

Akkermansia is a genus in the phylum Verrucomicrobiota (Bacteria). The genus was first proposed by Derrien et al. (2004), with the type species Akkermansia muciniphila.

Acidobacterium capsulatum is a bacterium. It is an acidophilic chemoorganotrophic bacterium containing menaquinone. It is gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, mesophilic, non-spore-forming, capsulated, saccharolytic and rod-shaped. It is also motile by peritrichous flagella. Its type strain is JCM 7670.

<i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> Species of bacterium

Akkermansia muciniphila is a human intestinal symbiont, isolated from human feces. It is a mucin-degrading bacterium belonging to the genus, Akkermansia, discovered in 2004 by Muriel Derrien and Willem de Vos at Wageningen University of the Netherlands. It belongs to the phylum Verrucomicrobiota and its type strain is MucT. It is under preliminary research for its potential association with metabolic disorders.

Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) are carbohydrates that are resistant to digestion by a host's metabolism, and are made available for gut microbes, as prebiotics, to ferment or metabolize into beneficial compounds, such as short chain fatty acids. The term, ‘‘microbiota-accessible carbohydrate’’ contributes to a conceptual framework for investigating and discussing the amount of metabolic activity that a specific food or carbohydrate can contribute to a host's microbiota.

Oscillibacter valericigenes is a species of mesophilic bacterium identified in the alimentary canal of Japanese Corbicula clams. It is Gram-negative and anaerobic, with a straight to slightly curved rod-like morphology, and is motile with petritrichous flagella. It was not observed in culture to form spores.

Anaerostipes is a Gram positive and anaerobic bacterial genus from the family of Lachnospiraceae. Anaerostipes occurs in the human gut. Anaerostipes may protect against colon cancer in humans by producing butyric acid.

Helicobacter typhlonius is a Gram-negative bacterium and opportunistic pathogen found in the genus Helicobacter. Only 35 known species are in this genus, which was described in 1982. H. typhlonius has a small number of close relatives, including Helicobacter muridarum, Helicobacter trogontum, and Helicobacter hepaticus, with the latter being the closest relative and much more prevalent.

Mucispirillum is a genus in the phylum Deferribacterota (Bacteria). It is represented by the single species Mucispirillum schaedleri|. It has been found in the intestinal tract of some rodents and considered a commensal with some association to disease. This species has been found in cockroaches mice, turkeys, dogs, pigs, goats, termites, and sometimes humans. It is anaerobic and does not form spores. It is motile, flagellated and thought to have the ability to move through mucus.

<i>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</i> Species of bacterium

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a gram-negative, rod shaped obligate anaerobic bacterium that is a prominent member of the normal gut microbiome in the distal intestines. Its proteome, consisting of 4,779 members, includes a system for obtaining and breaking down dietary polysaccharides that would otherwise be difficult to digest. B. thetaiotaomicron is also an opportunistic pathogen, meaning it may become virulent in immunocompromised individuals. It is often used in research as a model organism for functional studies of the human microbiota.

Bilophila wadsworthia is a Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, catalase-positive, bile-resistant, and asaccharolytic bacillus. Approximately 75% of B. wadsworthia strains are urease positive. B. wadsworthia is linked to various diseases and is not well known due to frequent misidentification of the bacteria, and the National Center for Biotechnology Information is including it the phylum of Proteobacteria. The two unique characteristics of B. wadsworthia are the utilisation of the sulfated amino acid taurine in the production of hydrogen sulfide and the rapid catalase reaction. This bacterium is susceptible to the β-lactam antibiotics imipenem, cefoxitin, and ticarcillin.

Bacteroides caccae is a saccharolytic gram-negative bacterium from the genus Bacteroides. They are obligate anaerobes first isolated from human feces in the 1980s. Prior to their discovery, they were known as the 3452A DNA homology group. The type strain is now identified as ATCC 43185.

Thiodictyon is a genus of gram-negative bacterium classified within purple sulfur bacteria (PSB).

Flavonifractor plautii is a bacterium of the monotypic genus Flavonifractor in the family Oscillospiraceae.

References

  1. 1 2 Ouwerkerk, Janneke P.; Aalvink, Steven; Belzer, Clara; de Vos, Willem M. (1 November 2016). "Akkermansia glycaniphila sp. nov., an anaerobic mucin-degrading bacterium isolated from reticulated python faeces". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (11): 4614–4620. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001399 . PMID   27499019.
  2. Euzéby, JP (April 1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 47 (2): 590–2. doi: 10.1099/00207713-47-2-590 . PMID   9103655.
  3. 1 2 3 Ouwerkerk, Janneke P.; Koehorst, Jasper J.; Schaap, Peter J.; Ritari, Jarmo; Paulin, Lars; Belzer, Clara; de Vos, Willem M. (5 January 2017). "Complete Genome Sequence of Strain Pyt , a Mucin-Degrading Specialist of the Reticulated Python Gut". Genome Announcements. 5 (1). doi:10.1128/genomeA.01098-16. PMC   5255907 . PMID   28057747.
  4. Ouwerkerk, Janneke P.; van der Ark, Kees C. H.; Davids, Mark; Claassens, Nico J.; Finestra, Teresa Robert; de Vos, Willem M.; Belzer, Clara; Schloss, P. D. (1 December 2016). "Adaptation of Akkermansia muciniphila to the Oxic-Anoxic Interface of the Mucus Layer". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 82 (23): 6983–6993. Bibcode:2016ApEnM..82.6983O. doi:10.1128/AEM.01641-16. PMC   5103097 . PMID   27663027.
  5. Costello, Elizabeth K; Gordon, Jeffrey I; Secor, Stephen M; Knight, Rob (3 June 2010). "Postprandial remodeling of the gut microbiota in Burmese pythons". The ISME Journal. 4 (11): 1375–1385. Bibcode:2010ISMEJ...4.1375C. doi:10.1038/ismej.2010.71. PMC   3923499 . PMID   20520652.
  6. Johansson, Malin E. V.; Ambort, Daniel; Pelaseyed, Thaher; Schütte, André; Gustafsson, Jenny K.; Ermund, Anna; Subramani, Durai B.; Holmén-Larsson, Jessica M.; Thomsson, Kristina A.; Bergström, Joakim H.; van der Post, Sjoerd; Rodriguez-Piñeiro, Ana M.; Sjövall, Henrik; Bäckström, Malin; Hansson, Gunnar C. (25 September 2011). "Composition and functional role of the mucus layers in the intestine". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 68 (22): 3635–3641. doi:10.1007/s00018-011-0822-3. PMID   21947475. S2CID   25759012.
  7. Reid, G; Younes, JA; Van der Mei, HC; Gloor, GB; Knight, R; Busscher, HJ (January 2011). "Microbiota restoration: natural and supplemented recovery of human microbial communities". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 9 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2473. PMID   21113182. S2CID   220860965.