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Spacecraft propulsion is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. In-space propulsion exclusively deals with propulsion systems used in the vacuum of space and should not be confused with space launch or atmospheric entry.
In spacecraft propulsion,a Hall-effect thruster (HET) is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field. Hall-effect thrusters are sometimes referred to as Hall thrusters or Hall-current thrusters. Hall-effect thrusters use a magnetic field to limit the electrons' axial motion and then use them to ionize propellant,efficiently accelerate the ions to produce thrust,and neutralize the ions in the plume. The Hall-effect thruster is classed as a moderate specific impulse space propulsion technology and has benefited from considerable theoretical and experimental research since the 1960s.
An ion thruster,ion drive,or ion engine is a form of electric propulsion used for spacecraft propulsion. An ion thruster creates a cloud of positive ions from a neutral gas by ionizing it to extract some electrons from its atoms. The ions are then accelerated using electricity to create thrust. Ion thrusters are categorized as either electrostatic or electromagnetic.
A magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster (MPDT) is a form of electrically powered spacecraft propulsion which uses the Lorentz force to generate thrust. It is sometimes referred to as Lorentz Force Accelerator (LFA) or MPD arcjet.
A pulsed plasma thruster (PPT),also known as a Pulsed Plasma Rocket (PPR),or as a plasma jet engine (PJE),is a form of electric spacecraft propulsion. PPTs are generally considered the simplest form of electric spacecraft propulsion and were the first form of electric propulsion to be flown in space,having flown on two Soviet probes starting in 1964. PPTs are generally flown on spacecraft with a surplus of electricity from abundantly available solar energy.
The Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR) is an electrothermal thruster under development for possible use in spacecraft propulsion. It uses radio waves to ionize and heat an inert propellant,forming a plasma,then a magnetic field to confine and accelerate the expanding plasma,generating thrust. It is a plasma propulsion engine,one of several types of spacecraft electric propulsion systems.
The gridded ion thruster is a common design for ion thrusters,a highly efficient low-thrust spacecraft propulsion method running on electrical power by using high-voltage grid electrodes to accelerate ions with electrostatic forces.
A field-reversed configuration (FRC) is a type of plasma device studied as a means of producing nuclear fusion. It confines a plasma on closed magnetic field lines without a central penetration. In an FRC,the plasma has the form of a self-stable torus,similar to a smoke ring.
A plasma propulsion engine is a type of electric propulsion that generates thrust from a quasi-neutral plasma. This is in contrast with ion thruster engines,which generate thrust through extracting an ion current from the plasma source,which is then accelerated to high velocities using grids/anodes. These exist in many forms. However,in the scientific literature,the term "plasma thruster" sometimes encompasses thrusters usually designated as "ion engines".
A reactionless drive is a hypothetical device producing motion without the exhaust of a propellant. A propellantless drive is not necessarily reactionless when it constitutes an open system interacting with external fields;but a reactionless drive is a particular case of a propellantless drive that is a closed system,presumably in contradiction with the law of conservation of momentum. Reactionless drives are often considered similar to a perpetual motion machine. The name comes from Newton's third law,often expressed as:"For every action,there is an equal and opposite reaction."
Plasmadynamics and Electric Propulsion Laboratory (PEPL) is a University of Michigan laboratory facility for electric propulsion and plasma application research. The primary goals of PEPL are to increase efficiency of electric propulsion systems,understand integration issues of plasma thrusters with spacecraft,and to identify non-propulsion applications of electric propulsion technology. The current director and founder is Professor Alec D. Gallimore.
Spacecraft electric propulsion is a type of spacecraft propulsion technique that uses electrostatic or electromagnetic fields to accelerate mass to high speed and thus generating thrust to modify the velocity of a spacecraft in orbit. The propulsion system is controlled by power electronics.
The EmDrive is a concept for a thruster for spacecraft,first written about in 2001. It is purported to generate thrust by reflecting microwaves inside the device,in a way that would violate the law of conservation of momentum and other laws of physics. The concept has at times been referred to as a resonant cavity thruster.
The Nonequilibrium Gas and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory (NGPDL) at the Aerospace Engineering Department of the University of Colorado Boulder is headed by Professor Iain D. Boyd and performs research of nonequilibrium gases and plasmas involving the development of physical models for various gas systems of interest,numerical algorithms on the latest supercomputers,and the application of challenging flows for several exciting projects. The lab places a great deal of emphasis on comparison of simulation with external experimental and theoretical results,having ongoing collaborative studies with colleagues at the University of Michigan such as the Plasmadynamics and Electric Propulsion Laboratory,other universities,and government laboratories such as NASA,United States Air Force Research Laboratory,and the United States Department of Defense.
Busek Company Incorporated is an American spacecraft propulsion company that builds thrusters,electronics,and various systems for spacecraft.
Psyche is a NASA Discovery Program space mission launched on October 13,2023 to explore the origin of planetary cores by orbiting and studying the metallic asteroid 16 Psyche beginning in 2029. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) manages the project.
Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS) is a solar electric propulsion system for spacecraft that is being designed,developed and tested by NASA and Aerojet Rocketdyne for large-scale science missions and cargo transportation. The first application of the AEPS is to propel the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) of the Lunar Gateway,to be launched no earlier than 2027. The PPE module is built by Maxar Space Systems in Palo Alto,California. Two identical AEPS engines would consume 25 kW being generated by the roll-out solar array (ROSA) assembly,which can produce over 60 kW of power.
ASTER is a planned space mission under development by the Brazilian Space Agency that will launch a spacecraft to orbit a near-Earth object known as (153591) 2001 SN263,a triple asteroid system. The launch is scheduled for 2025,with a rendezvous in 2024/2027.
L. Brad King is an American engineer. He is the CEO and co-founder of Orbion Space Technologies,an aerospace company based in Houghton,MI,specializing in Hall-effect thrusters. He is also the CEO of Aerophysics Inc,a company based in Allouez,MI,providing "intelligence,surveillance,and reconnaissance" to the government. He is a Richard and Elizabeth Henes Endowed Professor for Space Systems in Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics at Michigan Technological University.
SPT-140 is a solar-powered Hall-effect ion thruster,part of the SPT-family of thrusters. SPT stands for Stationary Plasma Thruster. Like other members of the SPT series,it creates a stream of electrically charged xenon ions accelerated by an electric field and confined by a magnetic field.
References
- 1 2 "Dr. Alec Gallimore Talks about Space Electric Propulsion and How the University Michigan is Helping to Shape the Future of Space Travel". University of Michigan. April 16, 2020. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
- 1 2 "Our Neighbors". The Record. September 26, 1986. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
- ↑ "Alec D. Gallimore, Ph.D." (PDF). University of Michigan Department of Aerospace Engineering. 2022-07-26. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
- ↑ "Alec Gallimore". Ascend. Archived from the original on 2021-10-30. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
- ↑ Jesse, David (May 1, 2016). "From dreams of space to college dean at Michigan". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
- ↑ Futter, Isobel (March 17, 2016). "Alec Gallimore approved as College of Engineering dean". Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
- 1 2 "A rocket thruster that brings us closer to Mars". HBSciU. June 9, 2015. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
- ↑ "Dean Alec D. Gallimore". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
- 1 2 "Dean of Engineering Alec Gallimore elected to the National Academy of Engineering". University of Michigan. February 17, 2019. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
- ↑ McAlpine, Kate (February 15, 2016). "Michigan design selected for NASA's NextSTEP toward a crewed Mars mission". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
- ↑ Moehlman, Lara (February 18, 2016). "Regents appoint new Engineering dean to succeed Munson". Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
- ↑ "Dr. Alec Damian Gallimore". National Academy of Engineering. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
- ↑ "Dean of Engineering Alec Gallimore receives AIAA Wyld Propulsion Award". University of Michigan. May 2, 2020. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
- ↑ "Alec Gallimore Named Duke's Next Provost, Chief Academic Officer".
- ↑ "Duke Kunshan Celebrates 10th Year, Looks Ahead Toward New Challenges". Duke Today. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
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