Angela Belcher

Last updated
Angela M. Belcher
Citizenship United States
Education University of California, Santa Barbara (B.S. 1991, Ph.D. 1997)
Known forViral assembly of nanotechnology
Awards MacArthur Fellowship (2004)
Beckman Young Investigators Award (2000) [1]
Scientific career
FieldsBiological engineering
materials science
InstitutionsMIT
Thesis Spatial and temporal resolution of interfaces, phase transitions and isolation of three families of proteins in calcium carbonate based biocomposite materials  (1997)
Doctoral advisor Galen D. Stucky

Angela M. Belcher is a materials scientist, biological engineer, and the James Mason Crafts Professor of Biological Engineering and Materials Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. [2] She is director of the Biomolecular Materials Group at MIT, a member of the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and a 2004 MacArthur Fellow. In 2019, she was named head of the Department of Biological Engineering at MIT. [3] She was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2022. [4]

Contents

Early life and education

Belcher grew up in San Antonio, Texas. She attended the University of California, Santa Barbara, where she received her bachelor's degree from the College of Creative Studies in 1991 and her Ph.D. in chemistry in 1997. [5]

Career

After studying abalone shells, she worked with several colleagues at MIT and engineered a virus, known as the M13 bacteriophage whose target is usually Escherichia coli . M13 can be made to latch onto and coat itself with inorganic materials including gold and cobalt oxide. The long tubular virus (coated in cobalt oxide) now acts as a minuscule length of wire called a nanowire. [6] Belcher's group coaxed many of these nanowires together and found that they resemble the basic components of a potentially very powerful and compact battery. [7] [8] In 2002 she founded Cambrios with Evelyn L. Hu of (at the time) University of California, Santa Barbara. [9] Their vision relied upon the use of nanostructured inorganic materials, fabricated and shaped by biological molecules to create novel materials and processes for a variety of industries. She also founded and serves on the Advisory Committee of Siluria Technologies, which develops catalytic methods for converting natural gas into products such as ethylene, gasoline, and diesel fuel. [10]

In 2009 Belcher and her team demonstrated the feasibility of using genetically modified viruses to build both anode and cathode of a lithium-ion battery. These new batteries have the same energy capacity and power as cutting-edge rechargeable batteries earmarked for use in hybrid cars, as well as powering a range of electronic devices. The batteries could be manufactured using a cheap and environmentally friendly process, as the synthesis can be done near room temperature, using no harmful solvents or toxic materials. [11] [12] In October 2009, President Barack Obama visited Belcher's lab at MIT. [13]

In 2014 Belcher and her group demonstrated the potential for M13 phages to detect cancer. They developed a nanoprobe that uses M13 virus-stabilized SWNTs (single walled carbon nanotubes) to visualize deep, disseminated tumors in vivo. Using this process, they were able to identify submillimeter tumors. [14]

A Time article [15] featured her work on viral batteries and Scientific American named her research leader of the year in 2006 for her current project. [16] In 2002, she was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35. [17] In 2013, Belcher was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize. [18]

She has been elected to the Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Inventors. Belcher was also elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 2018 for the development of novel genetic evolution methods for the generation of new materials and devices. [19] [20] [21]

Related Research Articles

The Lemelson–MIT Program awards several prizes yearly to inventors in the United States. The largest is the Lemelson–MIT Prize which was endowed in 1994 by Jerome H. Lemelson, funded by the Lemelson Foundation, and is administered through the School of Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The winner receives $500,000, making it the largest cash prize for invention in the U.S.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Filamentous bacteriophage</span> Family of viruses

Filamentous bacteriophages are a family of viruses (Inoviridae) that infect bacteria, or bacteriophages. They are named for their filamentous shape, a worm-like chain, about 6 nm in diameter and about 1000-2000 nm long. This distinctive shape reflects their method of replication: the coat of the virion comprises five types of viral protein, which are located in the inner membrane of the host bacterium during phage assembly, and these proteins are added to the nascent virion's DNA as it is extruded through the membrane. The simplicity of filamentous phages makes them an appealing model organism for research in molecular biology, and they have also shown promise as tools in nanotechnology and immunology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">M13 bacteriophage</span> Species of virus

M13 is one of the Ff phages, a member of the family filamentous bacteriophage (inovirus). Ff phages are composed of circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), which in the case of the m13 phage is 6407 nucleotides long and is encapsulated in approximately 2700 copies of the major coat protein p8, and capped with about 5 copies each of four different minor coat proteins. The minor coat protein p3 attaches to the receptor at the tip of the F pilus of the host Escherichia coli. The life cycle is relatively short, with the early phage progeny exiting the cell ten minutes after infection. Ff phages are chronic phage, releasing their progeny without killing the host cells. The infection causes turbid plaques in E. coli lawns, of intermediate opacity in comparison to regular lysis plaques. However, a decrease in the rate of cell growth is seen in the infected cells. The replicative form of M13 is circular double-stranded DNA similar to plasmids that are used for many recombinant DNA processes, and the virus has also been used for phage display, directed evolution, nanostructures and nanotechnology applications.

A mimotope is often a peptide, and mimics the structure of an epitope. Because of this property it causes an antibody response similar to the one elicited by the epitope. An antibody for a given epitope antigen will recognize a mimotope which mimics that epitope. Mimotopes are commonly obtained from phage display libraries through biopanning. Vaccines utilizing mimotopes are being developed. Mimotopes are a kind of peptide aptamers.

A nanowire battery uses nanowires to increase the surface area of one or both of its electrodes, which improves the capacity of the battery. Some designs, variations of the lithium-ion battery have been announced, although none are commercially available. All of the concepts replace the traditional graphite anode and could improve battery performance. Each type of nanowire battery has specific advantages and disadvantages, but a challenge common to all of them is their fragility.

The lithium–air battery (Li–air) is a metal–air electrochemical cell or battery chemistry that uses oxidation of lithium at the anode and reduction of oxygen at the cathode to induce a current flow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetically modified virus</span> Species of virus

A genetically modified virus is a virus that has been altered or generated using biotechnology methods, and remains capable of infection. Genetic modification involves the directed insertion, deletion, artificial synthesis or change of nucleotide bases in viral genomes. Genetically modified viruses are mostly generated by the insertion of foreign genes intro viral genomes for the purposes of biomedical, agricultural, bio-control, or technological objectives. The terms genetically modified virus and genetically engineered virus are used synonymously.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paula T. Hammond</span> American chemical engineer (born 1963)

Paula Therese Hammond is an Institute Professor and the Vice Provost for Faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She was the first woman and person of color appointed as head of the Chemical Engineering department. Her laboratory designs polymers and nanoparticles for drug delivery and energy-related applications including batteries and fuel cells.

Research in lithium-ion batteries has produced many proposed refinements of lithium-ion batteries. Areas of research interest have focused on improving energy density, safety, rate capability, cycle durability, flexibility, and cost.

Lithium–silicon batteries are lithium-ion battery that employ a silicon-based anode and lithium ions as the charge carriers. Silicon based materials generally have a much larger specific capacity, for example 3600 mAh/g for pristine silicon, relative to the standard anode material graphite, which is limited to a maximum theoretical capacity of 372 mAh/g for the fully lithiated state LiC6.

Yue Qi is a Chinese-born American nanotechnologist and physicist who specializes in computational materials scientist at Brown University. She won the 1999 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology for Theory along with William Goddard and Tahir Cagin for "work in modeling the operation of molecular machine designs."

Silicon nanowires, also referred to as SiNWs, are a type of semiconductor nanowire most often formed from a silicon precursor by etching of a solid or through catalyzed growth from a vapor or liquid phase. Such nanowires have promising applications in lithium ion batteries, thermoelectrics and sensors. Initial synthesis of SiNWs is often accompanied by thermal oxidation steps to yield structures of accurately tailored size and morphology.

Yang Shao-Horn is a Chinese American scholar, Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering and a member of Research Laboratory of Electronics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is known for research on understanding and controlling of processes for storing electrons in chemical bonds towards zero-carbon energy and chemicals.

Virus nanotechnology is the use of viruses as a source of nanoparticles for biomedical purposes. Viruses are made up of a genome and a capsid; and some viruses are enveloped. Most virus capsids measure between 20-500 nm in diameter. Because of their nanometer size dimensions, viruses have been considered as naturally occurring nanoparticles. Virus nanoparticles have been subject to the nanoscience and nanoengineering disciplines. Viruses can be regarded as prefabricated nanoparticles. Many different viruses have been studied for various applications in nanotechnology: for example, mammalian viruses are being developed as vectors for gene delivery, and bacteriophages and plant viruses have been used in drug delivery and imaging applications as well as in vaccines and immunotherapy intervention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frances M. Ross</span> Materials science and engineering professor

Frances Mary Ross is the Ellen Swallow Richards Professor in Materials Science and Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Her work involves the use of in situ transmission electron microscopy to study nanostructure formation. In 2018 she was awarded the International Federation of Societies for Microscopy Hatsujiro Hashimoto Medal. Ross is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Physical Society, the Microscopy Society of America and the Royal Microscopical Society,

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yi Cui (scientist)</span> Chinese-American materials scientist

Yi Cui is a Chinese-American materials scientist, specializing in nanotechnology, and energy and environment-related research. Cui is the Fortinet Founders Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, and by courtesy, of Chemistry at Stanford University. He currently serves as the director of the Precourt Institute for Energy, succeeding Arun Majumdar and Sally Benson. He has been named the inaugural faculty director of the Sustainability Accelerator within the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability. He also serves as a co-director of the Bay Area Photovoltaics Consortium, the Battery500 Consortium, and the StorageX initiative. He is a faculty member of Stanford Photon Science of SLAC, principal investigator at the Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, and a senior fellow at Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. He is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and European Academy of Engineering, and Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Materials Research Society (MRS), Electrochemical Society (ECS), and the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). He has been one of the world's most-cited researchers and most influential scientific minds. He has published over 806 research papers with an H-index of 267. He currently serves as the Executive Editor of Nano Letters from ACS Publications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shirley Meng</span> Singaporean-American materials scientist

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the lithium-ion battery</span> Overview of the events of the development of lithium-ion battery

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References

  1. ↑ "Angela M. Belcher". Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  2. ↑ DMSE - Faculty - Angela Belcher. Archived November 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  3. ↑ "Angela Belcher named head of the Department of Biological Engineering". MIT News. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  4. ↑ "2022 NAS Election".
  5. ↑ Belcher, Angela (June 2003). "The College of Creative Studies - Distinguished Alumni - Angela Belcher, Ph.D. (From her commencement speech, June 2003)". University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on 2008-02-26.
  6. ↑ Belcher, Angela M.; Iverson, Brent; Georgiou, George; Hayhurst, Andrew; Sweeney, Rozamond Y.; Kottmann, Stephen T.; Reiss, Brian D.; Solis, Daniel J.; Mao, Chuanbin (2004-01-09). "Virus-Based Toolkit for the Directed Synthesis of Magnetic and Semiconducting Nanowires". Science. 303 (5655): 213–217. Bibcode:2004Sci...303..213M. doi:10.1126/science.1092740. ISSN   1095-9203. PMID   14716009. S2CID   39176392.
  7. ↑ Belcher, Angela M.; Chiang, Yet-Ming; Hammond, Paula T.; Meethong, Nonglak; Chiang, Chung-Yi; Yoo, Pil J.; Kim, Dong-Wan; Nam, Ki Tae (2006-05-12). "Virus-Enabled Synthesis and Assembly of Nanowires for Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes". Science. 312 (5775): 885–888. Bibcode:2006Sci...312..885N. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.395.4344 . doi:10.1126/science.1122716. ISSN   1095-9203. PMID   16601154. S2CID   5105315.
  8. ↑ Lee, Yun Jung; Yi, Hyunjung; Kim, Woo-Jae; Kang, Kisuk; Yun, Dong Soo; Strano, Michael S.; Ceder, Gerbrand; Belcher, Angela M. (2009-05-22). "Fabricating genetically engineered high-power lithium-ion batteries using multiple virus genes". Science. 324 (5930): 1051–1055. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1051L. doi: 10.1126/science.1171541 . ISSN   1095-9203. PMID   19342549. S2CID   32017913.
  9. ↑ and sits on its Board About Cambrios. Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Cambrios Technologies Corp.
  10. ↑ Siluria Technologies Inc. "Siluria Technologies | Building with Natural Gas | Abundant fuels and chemicals without a single drop of oil". www.siluria.com. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  11. ↑ "Virus-Built Battery Could Power Cars, Electronic Devices". Science Daily . April 3, 2009.
  12. ↑ Lee, Y. J.; Yi, H.; Kim, W.-J.; Kang, K.; Yun, D. S.; Strano, M. S.; Ceder, G.; Belcher, A. M. (April 2, 2009). "Fabricating Genetically Engineered High-Power Lithium Ion Batteries Using Multiple Virus Genes". Science. 324 (5930): 1051–1055. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1051L. doi: 10.1126/science.1171541 . PMID   19342549. S2CID   32017913.
  13. ↑ "A President's Urgent Call–from MIT". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  14. ↑ Ghosh, D.; Bagley, AF.; Na, YJ.; Birrer, MJ.; Bhatia, SN.; Belcher, AM. (September 11, 2014). "Deep, noninvasive imaging and surgical guidance of submillimeter tumors using targeted M13-stabilized single-walled carbon nanotubes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (38): 13948–13953. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11113948G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1400821111 . PMC   4183329 . PMID   25214538.
  15. ↑ Lemonick, Michael D. (April 6, 2007). "Angela Belcher". Time . 295 (6): 50. Bibcode:2006SciAm.295f..50M. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1206-50a. Archived from the original on April 28, 2007.
  16. ↑ Minkel, J.R. (November 12, 2006). "Scientific American 50: Research Leader of the Year". Scientific American.
  17. ↑ "2002 Young Innovators Under 35". Technology Review. 2002. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
  18. ↑ "Dr. Angela Belcher | Lemelson-MIT Program". lemelson.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-12-12. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
  19. ↑ "Four MIT faculty named 2015 fellows of the National Academy of Inventors". MIT News. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
  20. ↑ "American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2012 Fellows" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-31.
  21. ↑ "National Academy of Engineering Elects 83 Members and 16 Foreign Members". NAE Website. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
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