Anil Kumar | |
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| Born | 25 June 1941 |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Known for | Studies on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, quantum information processing |
| Spouse | Padma Kumar |
| Children | Pankaja and Ankur |
Anil Kumar (born 25 June 1941) is an Indian experimental physicist known for his work in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. [1] He is a professor at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. [2]
Anil did his college studies at Meerut College (Agra University) from where he graduated in 1959 and completed his master's degree in 1961. From 1961 to 1964 he worked at Meerut College as a lecturer in physics, and then studied at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, graduating with a PhD degree in 1969 under the supervision of Prof. B. D. N. Rao.
Anil moved to the United States for his post-doctoral studies: one year at Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta and two years at the University of North Carolina. [3]
Anil worked with Nobel laureate Richard R. Ernst as a research associate during 1973–76. He then worked jointly with Richard Ernst and Nobel laureate Kurt Wüthrich during 1979–80 at ETH Zurich, Switzerland, where he participated in the pioneering work on 2D NMR spectroscopy. [4] [5]
Anil joined the Department of Physics in January 1977 at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He then was a Senior Scientific Officer (1977–82), Assistant Professor (1982–84), Associate Professor (1984–1990) and Professor (1990–2003) at IISc Bangalore. [6]
He also held the position of chairman of the Department of Physics (1994–97). At IISc, he was associated with the NMR facility as Resident-in-charge (1977–82), as Joint Convener (1984–94) and as Convener (1998–2003). He worked on the development of modern NMR methodology, established a research group at the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore in this field, and trained a number of PhD students. He has published more than 150 research papers. [7]
Anil initially worked on the development of double-resonance NMR techniques for relaxation studies. He performed the first 2D NMR experiment in liquids and the first 2D Fourier imaging experiment (which is now widely used in Magnetic resonance imaging). He also applied two-dimensional NMR techniques to the study of biomolecules. He was the first to apply the two-dimensional Nuclear Overhauser Effect (2D-NOE now known as NOESY) experiment to a biomolecule, which opened the field for the determination of three-dimensional structures of biomolecules in solution by NMR spectroscopy. [8]
Anil also has major contributions in the field of NMR Quantum Information Processing and NMR quantum computing. He with his group has successfully demonstrated experimentally, distillation of pseudo pure states, implementation of logical operations and gates on 2,3 and 4 qubit systems as well as implemented 2 and 3 qubit Deutsch-Jozsa quantum algorithm, using one and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. [9]
Anil is a fellow of Indian National Science Academy (INSA) [10] [11] [12] and of the World Academy of Sciences Trieste. He is also a recipient of the Sir C.V.Raman Medal (Hari Om Trust of UGC) 1993, Platinum Jubilee Lecture Award [13] of the Indian Science Congress Association 1994, Prof. K. Rangadhama Rao Memorial Award of INSA 1996, FICCI Award for Physical Sciences 1996–97, MSIL Chair at IISc [14] 1994–97 and Alumni Award of IISc for Excellence in Research in Science 2000.
Anil received the 2001 Goyal Award in Chemistry, "Life-time Achievement Award" by the Indian Chemical Society [15] for the year 2011 and the DAE-Raja Ramanna Prize [16] Lecture in Physics of Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) 2003. He held a Visiting Chair Condorcet at École normale supérieure (Paris) France in 1998 and Visiting Professorships at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill United States 1989–90, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis USA 1994 and University of Michigan Ann Arbor 1998–99.
After superannuation, he was designated an Honorary Professor at IISc Bangalore and currently is NASI Honorary Scientist at IISc Bangalore.
Richard Robert Ernst was a Swiss physical chemist and Nobel laureate.
Kurt Wüthrich is a Swiss chemist/biophysicist and Nobel Chemistry laureate, known for developing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods for studying biological macromolecules.
The nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) is the transfer of nuclear spin polarization from one population of spin-active nuclei to another via cross-relaxation. A phenomenological definition of the NOE in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is the change in the integrated intensity of one NMR resonance that occurs when another is saturated by irradiation with an RF field. The change in resonance intensity of a nucleus is a consequence of the nucleus being close in space to those directly affected by the RF perturbation.
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) results from transferring spin polarization from electrons to nuclei, thereby aligning the nuclear spins to the extent that electron spins are aligned. Note that the alignment of electron spins at a given magnetic field and temperature is described by the Boltzmann distribution under the thermal equilibrium. It is also possible that those electrons are aligned to a higher degree of order by other preparations of electron spin order such as: chemical reactions, optical pumping and spin injection. DNP is considered one of several techniques for hyperpolarization. DNP can also be induced using unpaired electrons produced by radiation damage in solids.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. This spectroscopy is based on the measurement of absorption of electromagnetic radiations in the radio frequency region from roughly 4 to 900 MHz. Absorption of radio waves in the presence of magnetic field is accompanied by a special type of nuclear transition, and for this reason, such type of spectroscopy is known as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. The sample is placed in a magnetic field and the NMR signal is produced by excitation of the nuclei sample with radio waves into nuclear magnetic resonance, which is detected with sensitive radio receivers. The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its individual functional groups. As the fields are unique or highly characteristic to individual compounds, in modern organic chemistry practice, NMR spectroscopy is the definitive method to identify monomolecular organic compounds.
Padmanabhan Balaram is an Indian biochemist and a former director of the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, India. He is a recipient of the third highest Indian civilian honour of Padma Bhushan (2014) as well as the TWAS Prize (1994). He has been conferred the 2021 R. Bruce Merrifield Award by the American Peptide Society.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins is a field of structural biology in which NMR spectroscopy is used to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of proteins, and also nucleic acids, and their complexes. The field was pioneered by Richard R. Ernst and Kurt Wüthrich at the ETH, and by Ad Bax, Marius Clore, Angela Gronenborn at the NIH, and Gerhard Wagner at Harvard University, among others. Structure determination by NMR spectroscopy usually consists of several phases, each using a separate set of highly specialized techniques. The sample is prepared, measurements are made, interpretive approaches are applied, and a structure is calculated and validated.
Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a set of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one. Types of 2D NMR include correlation spectroscopy (COSY), J-spectroscopy, exchange spectroscopy (EXSY), and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY). Two-dimensional NMR spectra provide more information about a molecule than one-dimensional NMR spectra and are especially useful in determining the structure of a molecule, particularly for molecules that are too complicated to work with using one-dimensional NMR.
Herbert Sander Gutowsky was an American chemist who was a professor of chemistry at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Gutowsky was the first to apply nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods to the field of chemistry. He used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the structure of molecules. His pioneering work developed experimental control of NMR as a scientific instrument, connected experimental observations with theoretical models, and made NMR one of the most effective analytical tools for analysis of molecular structure and dynamics in liquids, solids, and gases, used in chemical and medical research, His work was relevant to the solving of problems in chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science, and has influenced many of the subfields of more recent NMR spectroscopy.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus. This process occurs near resonance, when the oscillation frequency matches the intrinsic frequency of the nuclei, which depends on the strength of the static magnetic field, the chemical environment, and the magnetic properties of the isotope involved; in practical applications with static magnetic fields up to ca. 20 tesla, the frequency is similar to VHF and UHF television broadcasts (60–1000 MHz). NMR results from specific magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is widely used to determine the structure of organic molecules in solution and study molecular physics and crystals as well as non-crystalline materials. NMR is also routinely used in advanced medical imaging techniques, such as in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Manchanahalli Rangaswamy Satyanarayana Rao known by the abbreviation M. R. S. Rao, is an Indian scientist. He has been awarded the fourth highest civilian award Padma Shri in Science and Engineering category by the Government of India. He was the President of Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) in Bangalore, India (2003-2013).
Professor Ramakrishna Vijayacharya Hosur is an Indian biophysical scientist, known for his expertise in the areas of nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular biophysics. The Government of India honoured him, in 2014, by awarding him the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, for his contributions to the fields of science and technology.
Geoffrey Bodenhausen is a French chemist specializing in nuclear magnetic resonance, being highly cited in his field. He is a Corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He is professeur émérite at the Department of Chemistry at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) in Paris and professeur honoraire at the Laboratory of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). He is a member of the editorial board of the journal Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. He is the chair of the editorial board of the journal Magnetic Resonance.
Girjesh Govil was an Indian molecular biophysicist and a Raja Ramanna professor at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. He was known for his researches on semi-empirical quantum chemical theories. He was an elected fellow of The World Academy of Sciences, and all the three major Indian science academies viz. the National Academy of Sciences, India, Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Academy of Sciences. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1978, for his contributions to chemical sciences.
Chunni Lal Khetrapal was an Indian chemical physicist and a vice chancellor of Allahabad University. He was known for his studies in chemical physics, particularly in the field of Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. He was an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy and the National Academy of Sciences, India. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1982, for his contributions to chemical sciences.
Samaresh Mitra is an Indian bioinorganic chemist and an INSA Senior Scientist at the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB). He is known for his researches on inorganic paramagnetic complexes and low-symmetry transition metal complexes and is an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, the National Academy of Sciences, India and the Indian Academy of Sciences. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1983, for his contributions to chemical sciences.
Narayanan Chandrakumar is an Indian chemical physicist and a professor of chemistry at the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. He is the founder of the first Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) laboratory in India and is known for developing a new technique for NMR imaging and diffusion measurements. He is an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Academy of Sciences The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1996, for his contributions to chemical sciences.
Krityunjai Prasad Sinha was an Indian theoretical physicist and an emeritus professor of Indian Institute of Science. Known for his research in solid state physics and cosmology, Sinha was an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies – the Indian National Science Academy, the Indian Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Sciences, India. In 1974, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to physical sciences.
Gerhard Wagner is a German-American physicist currently the Elkan Rogers Blout Professor of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology at Harvard Medical School and is an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Academy of Sciences and International Society of Magnetic Resonance. He is considered one of the pioneers in Biological Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (Bio-NMR) and his research has been focused on protein structure, dynamics and stability, and on the relation of these to protein function. He is a structural biologist and is recognized for his work on the development of NMR spectroscopy for determination of protein structures in solution and characterizing protein dynamics.
Michael Albert Thomas is an Indian-American physicist, academic, and clinical researcher. He is a Professor-in-Residence of Radiological Sciences, and Psychiatry at the Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He is most known for developing novel single voxel based 2D NMR techniques, multi-voxel 2D MRS techniques using hybrid Cartesian as well as non-Cartesian spatio-temporal encoding such as concentric ring, radial and rosette trajectories.
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