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Joan Ruth Bader Ginsburg was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1993 until her death in 2020. She was nominated by President Bill Clinton to replace retiring justice Byron White,and at the time was viewed as a moderate consensus-builder. Ginsburg was the first Jewish woman and the second woman to serve on the Court,after Sandra Day O'Connor. During her tenure,Ginsburg authored the majority opinions in cases such as United States v. Virginia (1996),Olmstead v. L.C. (1999),Friends of the Earth,Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services,Inc. (2000),and City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York (2005). Later in her tenure,Ginsburg received attention for passionate dissents that reflected liberal views of the law. She was popularly dubbed "the Notorious R.B.G.",a moniker she later embraced.
Liberal feminism,also called mainstream feminism,is a main branch of feminism defined by its focus on achieving gender equality through political and legal reform within the framework of liberal democracy and informed by a human rights perspective. It is often considered culturally progressive and economically center-right to center-left. As the oldest of the "Big Three" schools of feminist thought,liberal feminism has its roots in 19th century first-wave feminism seeking recognition of women as equal citizens,focusing particularly on women's suffrage and access to education,the effort associated with 19th century liberalism and progressivism. Liberal feminism "works within the structure of mainstream society to integrate women into that structure." Liberal feminism places great emphasis on the public world,especially laws,political institutions,education and working life,and considers the denial of equal legal and political rights as the main obstacle to equality. As such liberal feminists have worked to bring women into the political mainstream. Liberal feminism is inclusive and socially progressive,while broadly supporting existing institutions of power in liberal democratic societies,and is associated with centrism and reformism. Liberal feminism tends to be adopted by white middle-class women who do not disagree with the current social structure;Zhang and Rios found that liberal feminism with its focus on equality is viewed as the dominant and "default" form of feminism. Liberal feminism actively supports men's involvement in feminism and both women and men have always been active participants in the movement;progressive men had an important role alongside women in the struggle for equal political rights since the movement was launched in the 19th century.
The Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature is awarded by the Norwegian Literature Critics' Association and has been awarded every year since 1950. The prize is presented to a Norwegian author for a literary work as agreed to among the members of the Norwegian Literature Critics' Association. Since 1978 the Norwegian Literature Critics' Association has also awarded a prize for the best work of children's literature. In 2003 the Critics Prize for the year's best work of translation was established,and in 2012 the Critics Prize for the year's best work of nonfiction for adults was established. For other Norwegian Critics Awards,see Norwegian Theatre Critics Award,which has been awarded every year since 1939,the Norwegian Music Critics Award,which has been awarded every year since 1947,and the Norwegian Dance Critics Award,which has been awarded every year since 1977.
Catholic Theological Union(CTU) is a private Roman Catholic graduate school of theology in Chicago,Illinois. It is one of the largest Catholic graduate schools of theology in the English speaking world and trains men and women for lay and ordained ministry within the Catholic Church. It was founded in 1968,when three religious institutes united their separate theology programs to form one school. The institution has since gained the sponsorship of twenty-four religious communities. CTU is run and staffed by religious men,religious sisters,and lay men and women. International students constitute nearly one third of the student body. Communicators for Women Religious (CWR) has office space at CTU.
Marit Nybakk is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party,a former First Vice-president of the Norwegian Parliament,the Storting,and a former President of the Nordic Council. From 2016 to 2018 she was President of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights,the preeminent women's and girls' rights organisation in Norway.
Events in the year 1966 in Norway.
The Norwegian Association for Women's Rights is Norway's oldest and preeminent women's and girls' rights organization and works "to promote gender equality and all women's and girls' human rights through political and legal reform within the framework of liberal democracy." Founded in 1884,NKF is Norway's oldest political organization after the Liberal Party. NKF stands for an inclusive,intersectional and progressive mainstream liberal feminism and has always been open to everyone regardless of gender. Headquartered at Majorstuen,Oslo,NKF consists of a national-level association as well as regional chapters based in the larger cities,and is led by a national executive board. NKF has had a central role in the adoption of all major gender equality legislation and reforms since 1884.
Karin Maria Bruzelius is a Swedish-born Norwegian supreme court justice and former president of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights. In 1989,she became the first woman to be appointed Permanent Secretary of a government ministry,heading the Ministry of Transport and Communications until 1997. She was appointed supreme court justice on the Supreme Court of Norway in 1997,retiring in 2011. She has previously also been a director-general in the Ministry of Justice and a corporate lawyer. She was a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague from 2004 to 2010,and chaired the Petroleum Price Board from 1987 to 2004. She served as president of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights from 1978 to 1984,and from 2018 to 2020. She has been affiliated with the Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law at the University of Oslo Faculty of Law since 2011.
Magnus Matningsdal is a Norwegian judge.
Torild Skard is a Norwegian psychologist,politician for the Socialist Left Party,a former Deputy Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and a former Chairman of UNICEF.
Wilhelm Eger Matheson is a Norwegian Supreme Court Justice. Matheson took office in November 2009.
Gunnar Bergby is a Norwegian retired former civil servant. He was secretary-general of the Supreme Court of Norway;this is not a judicial office and not the head of the supreme court,but the head of human resources and support services. He served one term on the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women;his nomination over a more qualified woman and after the Foreign Ministry had ruled out even considering a woman was controversial and was widely condemned by the women's rights movement and the legal community in the Nordic countries as discriminatory towards women in itself,and was described as an example of radical gender quotas which are banned in Norway.
State feminism is feminism created or approved by the government of a state or nation. It usually specifies a particular program. The term was coined by Helga Hernes with particular reference to the situation in Norway,which had a tradition of government-supported liberal feminism dating back to the 1880s,and is often used when discussing the government-supported gender equality policies of the Nordic countries,that are linked to the Nordic model. The term has also been used in the context of developing countries where the government may prescribe its form of feminism and at the same time prohibit non-governmental organizations from advocating for any other feminist program. In this sense it is possible to distinguish between a liberal state feminism found in Western democracies such as the Nordic countries,and a somewhat more authoritarian state feminism that is often also linked to secularism,found e.g. in certain Middle Eastern countries.
Anne Kari Lande Hasle is a Norwegian civil servant.
Margarete Ottilie Bonnevie was a Norwegian author,women's rights advocate and politician for the Liberal Party of Norway. A liberal feminist,she served as the 13th President of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights (NKF) from 1936 to 1946 and is credited with reviving the liberal women's rights movement in the 1930s. Bonnevie said that NKF should work for solutions that are in the best interest of all women and society,"be the captain who keeps a steady course" in the struggle for equality and "set out the main policy objectives and seek to get the government,parliament and local government bodies to implement the reforms that are required."
Thomas Bonnevie was a Norwegian Supreme Court justice.
The Norwegian Women's Lobby is a feminist policy and advocacy organization in Norway and works for "the human rights of girls and women in all their diversity,to eliminate all forms of discrimination against all girls and women and to promote a gender equal society." It is described as the country's "main,national,umbrella organization" for women's rights. NWL understands women's human rights and discrimination in an intersectional perspective and works to represent the interests of all those who identify as women and girls. NWL is funded by the government over the national budget. The mission of the organization is to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and girls on the basis of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women,the Beijing Platform for Action and other fundamental international agreements relating to women's human rights. It works to integrate women's perspectives into all political,economical and social processes.
Sigrun Hoel is a Norwegian lawyer,academic,government official and feminist. She served as the 22nd President of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights (NKF) from 1984 to 1988,succeeding supreme court justice Karin M. Bruzelius. Before she became the national President she was chair of the Oslo chapter from 1980 to 1984 and Vice President of NKF from 1982 to 1984. She was acting Gender Equality Ombud in 1984,1988 and 1991.
Anders Sommar Bruzelius was a Swedish jurist,judge and an early collaborator of Ruth Bader Ginsburg.
Kvinnesaksnytt was a Norwegian liberal feminist journal on women's rights that included news and analysis of Norwegian and international women's rights issues,seen from the perspective of the liberal or mainstream women's rights movement. It was published by the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights,the country's main women's rights organization,from 1950 to 2016,and was Norway's main women's rights journal for 66 years. It was the successor of the association's earlier journal Nylænde (1887–1927),one of the most influential political magazines in Norway since the 1880s.
References
- ↑ "Anne Hege Grung". tf.uio.no. Archived from the original on 2021-10-27. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
- 1 2 3 Prest overtar ledervervet i Norsk Kvinnesaksforening, Vårt Land
- ↑ Teolog overtar lederverv, NRK
- ↑ "Anne Hege Grung". tf.uio.no. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
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