Industry | Construction, lodging |
---|---|
Founded | 1947Osaka, Japan | in
Defunct | 2004 |
Fate | Merged with Asunaro Construction |
Successor | Asunaro Aoki Construction |
Headquarters | Tokyo , Japan |
Number of employees | 6,500 (2001) |
Website | aoki.co.jp (defunct) |
Aoki Corporation was a Japanese construction company founded in 1947. It built many projects in Japan, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, and also invested in non-construction businesses, like hotels. It previously owned the Westin Hotels chain. The company, considered one of Japan's mid-tier zenekon (general contractors) by the 1990s, went bankrupt in 2001 and merged with Asunaro Construction in 2004.
The company was established as the Bulldozer Koji Co. Ltd. in Osaka in 1947 by Masuji Aoki, a former Imperial Japanese Navy commander. [1] It opened a Tokyo branch office in 1948. [2] In 1969, the company was renamed Aoki Corporation. [2]
The firm was a "newcomer" to the Japanese construction industry, and found it more difficult to win projects than the larger, traditional firms did. As a result, Aoki diversified into the hotels business, partly to generate construction business for itself. In 1976 it bought the Caesar Park Hotel in Brazil and expanded the brand into a multi-national chain of nine locations. It also developed golf courses in South America. [3]
A Hong Kong branch office was established in 1976 after Aoki won a tunneling contract for the new Mass Transit Railway (MTR). [4] [1] [5] An American subsidiary, Aoki America Corporation, was founded in December 1980 in Columbia, Maryland. [6] By 1983, Hong Kong was Aoki's largest overseas office with more than 400 staff. [1]
During the 1980s economic bubble in Japan, Aoki Corporation invested heavily in non-construction businesses. [7] It bought and developed more overseas hotels. [3] Aoki acquired the American hospitality company Westin Hotels from Allegis Corporation in 1988, paying US$1.35 billion. [8] Immediately following the acquisition they sold the Plaza Hotel in New York City to Donald Trump for about US$390 million. [8] [9]
Aoki Corporation was part the Offshore Reclamation Construction Association, a consortium of eight companies that supplied sand for construction of the Kansai International Airport's artificial island. In 1989, Japan's Fair Trade Commission alleged that the group was an illegal price-fixing cartel and ordered it to disband. Six of the involved firms, including Aoki, were ordered to pay surcharges, and all eight firms were suspended from bidding on Osaka Prefecture public works projects. [10]
In 1989, the company established a subsidiary called Aoki Urban Development. The subsidiary opened the Westin Osaka hotel in 1993. [11]
By 1990, Aoki ranked around 20th in size among Japanese construction companies. [3] In 1993, the company had sales of ¥347 billion and a workforce of 3,455. Relative to other Japanese contractors, it realised a large proportion of sales in overseas markets such as Hong Kong – about one-third that year. [12]
Aoki Corporation was the main contractor for the Towngas corporate headquarters in Quarry Bay, Hong Kong, where Hong Kong's second-deadliest construction accident occurred on 2 June 1993. A lift carrying 12 workers plunged 17 storeys, landing on the podium roof and killing all inside. [13] A subsequent investigation by the Electrical and Mechanical Services Department revealed that a driving pinion in the motor gearbox assembly was in poor condition. [14] The emergency brake failed to stop the lift's fall. [15] Aoki Corporation was fined in 1994 over the tragedy, and paid compensation to the families of the victims. [14] [16] [17] Following this disaster, the company was heavily criticised in Hong Kong for substandard safety practices. [18]
In February 1996, Aoki Corporation won a number of safety awards in a competition arranged by the New Airport Projects Co-ordination Office of the Hong Kong Government in relation to Airport Core Programme construction work. The company won a gold award for safety management as well as awards for the best safety record for both general contracts and main contracts. [18]
The company's 1980s international expansion was financed by bank debt, and the company ran into financial challenges in the 1990s due to low income. It sold Westin Hotels in November 1994 for US$561 million but maintained ownership of many hotels. [3] By the late 1990s, major Japanese banks considered Aoki Corporation to be at risk of failure, as it faced a heavy debt burden as well as fewer public works projects to bid on. In December 2001 the company filed for protection from creditors, effectively declaring bankruptcy. At the time it had approximately 6,500 employees, 4,560 of whom worked in the company's hospitality business. [7]
In 2004, Aoki Corporation merged with Asunaro Construction to form a new company called Asunaro Aoki Construction. [2]
Tsing Ma Bridge is a bridge in Hong Kong. It is the world's 16th-longest span suspension bridge, and was the second longest at time of completion. The bridge was named after the two islands it connects, namely Tsing Yi and Ma Wan. It has two decks and carries both road and rail traffic, which also makes it the largest suspension bridge of this type. The bridge has a main span of 1,377 metres (4,518 ft) and a height of 206 metres (676 ft). The span is the longest of all bridges in the world carrying rail traffic.
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Tuen Mun Hospital is a public hospital, with a 24-hour accident and emergency department, in Tuen Mun, New Territories, Hong Kong. Its construction began in 1979, and it was inaugurated on 8 March 1990. It is governed by the Hospital Authority, and is designated under New Territories West Cluster.
Tuen Mun or Castle Peak is an area near the mouth of Tuen Mun River and Castle Peak Bay in the New Territories, Hong Kong. It was one of the earliest settlements in what is now Hong Kong and can be dated to the Neolithic period. In the more recent past, it was home to many Tanka fishermen who gathered at Castle Peak Bay. Tuen Mun is now a modern, mainly residential area in the north-west New Territories. As of 2011, 487,546 live in Tuen Mun and over 95% of them are Chinese.
Tuen Mun New Town, commonly referred to simply as Tuen Mun, is a satellite town of Hong Kong. It is one of the new towns that were developed by the Hong Kong Government in the New Territories from the 1960s. It was built around the existing rural local centre of Tuen Mun. The new town covers most of the urban area of Tuen Mun District.
North Lantau Highway is an expressway forming part of Hong Kong's Route 8, linking Hong Kong International Airport and Lantau Island with the rest of the territory. The road has three lanes in each direction for its entire length with full-width hard shoulders for emergencies and breakdowns. The speed limit is 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph) for most of its length, the highest of any road in Hong Kong.
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