Chemical structures
Ardisiaquinone A
Ardisiaquinone B
Ardisiaquinone C
Ardisiaquinone D
Ardisiaquinone E
Ardisiaquinone F
Ardisiaquinone G
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
Ardisiaquinones are a group of closely-related chemical compounds found in plants in the genus Ardisia . The first examples, ardisiaquinones A-C, were isolated in 1968 from Ardisia sieboldii . [1] In 1995, ardisiaquinones D, E, and F were discovered, also from Ardisia sieboldii. [2] In 2001, ardisiaquinones G, H and I were isolated from Ardisia teysmanniana . [3]
Chemically, the ardisiaquinones consist of two variably-substituted 1,4-benzoquinone units connected by a long alkyl or alkenyl chain. [1]
Ardisiaquinones are of research interest because they possess 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitor activity and 5-LOX has clinical relevance in inflammation. [4] For example, ardisiaquinone A protects against liver injury in an animal model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. [5] Likewise, ardisiaquinone G has also shown 5-LOX inhibition. [4] Ardisiaquinone A has also been shown to have an antiallergic effect in an animal model. [6] Other ardisiaquinones have shown antiproliferative and antimicrobial effects in vitro . [7]
Laboratory syntheses of ardisiaquinones A and B have been reported. [8] [9]
Lipoxygenases are a family of (non-heme) iron-containing enzymes most of which catalyze the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4- pentadiene into cell signaling agents that serve diverse roles as autocrine signals that regulate the function of their parent cells, paracrine signals that regulate the function of nearby cells, and endocrine signals that regulate the function of distant cells.
Mexazolam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. Mexazolam has been trialed for anxiety and was found to be effective in alleviating anxiety at one week follow-up. Mexazolam is metabolised via the CYP3A4 pathway. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors including simvastatin, simvastatin acid, lovastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin and cerivastatin inhibit the metabolism of mexazolam, but not the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor pravastatin. Its principal active metabolites are chlordesmethyldiazepam and chloroxazepam.
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Hydrangenol is a dihydroisocoumarin. It can be found in Hydrangea macrophylla, as well as its 8-O-glucoside. (−)-Hydrangenol 4′-O-glucoside and (+)-hydrangenol 4′-O-glucoside can be found in Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium, the processed leaves of H. macrophylla var. thunbergii.
Thunberginol C is a dihydroisocoumarin found in Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium, the processed leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii.
Thunberginol D is a dihydroisocoumarin found in Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium, the processed leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii.
Thunberginol E is a dihydroisocoumarin found in Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium, the processed leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii.
Thunberginol G is a dihydroisocoumarin found in Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium, the processed leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii.
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Phlorofucofuroeckol A is a phlorotannin isolated from brown algae species such as Eisenia bicyclis, Ecklonia cava, Ecklonia kurome or Ecklonia stolonifera.
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8,8'-Bieckol is an eckol-type phlorotannin found in the brown algae Ecklonia cava and Ecklonia kurome.
Luteusin A is an azaphilone monoamine oxidase inhibitor produced by Talaromyces luteus.
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