Legislative elections were held in Argentina on 27 October 2013. Open primary elections (PASO) were previously held on 11 August 2013 to determine eligible party lists for the general election. As in 2011 – when such primaries were held for the first time – each party list had to reach a 1.5% threshold at the provincial level in order to proceed to the 27 October polls.[1]
Argentina, officially named the Argentine Republic, is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America. Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi), Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the fourth largest in the Americas, and the largest Spanish-speaking nation. The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires, which is the federal capital of the nation as decided by Congress. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
A primary election is the process by which voters, either the general public or members of a political party, can indicate their preference for a candidate in an upcoming general election or by-election, thus narrowing the field of candidates.
The Province of Chaco is a province in north-eastern Argentina.
Entre Ríos is a central province of Argentina, located in the Mesopotamia region. It borders the provinces of Buenos Aires (south), Corrientes (north) and Santa Fe (west), and Uruguay in the east.
Neuquén is a province of Argentina, located in the west of the country, at the northern end of Patagonia. It borders Mendoza Province to the north, Rio Negro Province to the southeast, and Chile to the west. It also meets La Pampa Province at its northeast corner.
These elections included two significant novelties. Following the enactment of a law to that effect in 2012, voluntary suffrage was extended to voters age 16 and 17, which increased eligible voters by 4.5% or about 1.2 million;[5] of this total, approximately 600,000 registered to vote.[6] Argentine voters in 2013 also parted with the traditional election-day seal stamped on National Identity Documents (DNI) by election officials, receiving instead a ballot stub with a bar code and serial number.[7]
Documento Nacional de Identidad or DNI is the main identity document for Argentine citizens, as well as temporary or permanent resident aliens. It is issued at a person's birth, and must be updated at 8 and 14 years of age, and thereafter every 15 years in one format: a card ; it's valid if identification is required, and is required for voting. They are produced at a special plant by the Argentine national registry of people (ReNaPer).
Background
President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was reelected in 2011, and the KirchneristFront for Victory (FpV) rode her coattails in gubernatorial and congressional races alike. Following the elections, however, foreign exchange controls, austerity measures, persistent inflation, and downturns in Brazil, Europe, and other important trade partners, resulted in a sudden downturn and a consequent erosion of the president's popularity.[8] A series of cacerolazos organized by opponents of the government took place during 2012 and 2013 (13S, 8N, 18A, and 8A).
Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner, sometimes referred to by her initials CFK, is an Argentine lawyer and politician, who served as President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015. She was the second woman to serve as President of Argentina, the first directly elected female president, and the first woman re-elected to the office. Ideologically a Peronist and social democrat, she was a member of the Justicialist Party, with her political approach being characterised as Kirchnerism.
Kirchnerism is an Argentinian political group formed by the supporters of the late Néstor Kirchner, President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007; and of his wife Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Senator since 2017 and President from 2007 until 2015. Although the Kirchners are members of the Justicialist Party, Peronism itself is a broad movement and many Peronists oppose them. Kirchnerism is generally considered to fall into the category of left-wing populism.
The recession was shorter and shallower than much of the local media had predicted, however;[9] and while the FpV entered the 2013 campaign season with sounder footing on pocketbook issues,[10] they were dogged by ongoing speculation that its caucus sought a two-thirds majority in the Lower House with the goal of amending the Constitution to allow the president to seek a third term.[11] A survey conducted in June 2013 by the consulting firm CEIS gave the Front for Victory (the majority party in Congress, as well as the party in power since 2003) 30.3% in the City of Buenos Aires and 39.7% in the Province of Buenos Aires (the largest electoral district). The right-wing PRO polled at 23.4% and 16.7%, respectively; the Federal Peronists and other PJparty lists opposed to Kirchnerism, 10.3% and 16.7%; the centrist Civic Coalition, 9.2% and 5.0%; and the center-left UCR, 7.4% and 8.0%.[12]
The Front for Victory is a centre-left Peronist electoral alliance in Argentina, and it is formally a faction of the Justicialist Party. Both the former president Néstor Kirchner (2003-2007) and the former president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007–2015) belong to this party, located on the centre-left of the mainstream Argentine political spectrum. The party was led by Néstor Kirchner until his death in 2010. The Front for Victory is ideologically identified with what has been called Kirchnerism. Legally, the Front should not be confused with the Party for Victory, which is just one of the political parties in it.
Republican Proposal is a centre-right political party in Argentina. It is usually referred to by its abbreviation PRO. PRO was formed as an electoral alliance in 2005, but was transformed into a unitary party on 3 June 2010.
The Justicialist Party, or PJ, is a Peronist political party in Argentina, and the largest component of the Peronist movement.
The FpV, moreover, had the advantage of having relatively few Lower House seats at stake in 2013. Congressmen in Argentina serve four-year terms, and gains for the various opposition parties in 2009 meant that 2013 put a disproportionate number of their Lower House seats at stake: while the FpV contested 38 of its 116 Lower House seats, a full 76 of 118 opposition seats were at stake this year (a further 13 seats of the 23 belonging to minor parties allied with the FpV were at stake).[13]
The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of the Argentine National Congress. It is made up of 257 national deputies who are elected in multi-member constituencies corresponding with the territories of the 23 provinces of Argentina by party list proportional representation. Elections to the Chamber are held every two years; half of its members are renewed each election.
Primaries
Sergio Massa (5th from right) caps a campaign rally with his fellow Renewal Front candidates. Their party list won in Buenos Aires Province, the nation's largest. The balance of power in Congress was largely unchanged, however, and the Front for Victory maintained their working majority in both houses.
The PASO primaries were held on Sunday, 11 August, amid high turnout consistent with recent past elections and estimated by Interior Minister Florencio Randazzo at over 70%.[14]
The Province of Buenos Aires, the largest electoral district and home to 3 out of 8 Argentines, dominated campaign news much as it has in every mid-term election in recent years. As the party list filing deadline on 22 June drew near, the spotlight focused on the popular mayor of Tigre, Sergio Massa. Massa had been elected mayor on the FpV slate, and had served in a number of high-ranking posts in the administrations of both Cristina Kirchner and her predecessor and husband, the late Néstor Kirchner. His relationship with the Kirchners had been a difficult one, however, and though polling gave him better prospects running for Congress under the FpV party list than on a separate slate,[15] Massa ultimately opted to form his own Frente Renovador (Renewal Front) ticket with the support of the 'Group of 8' Buenos Aires Province Mayors and others, notably former Argentine Industrial Union president José Ignacio de Mendiguren (an ally of Kirchnerism).[16][17]
Massa's decision to run as an opponent deprived the FpV of a key ally and he moved quickly to consolidate the center-right vote in Buenos Aires Province by obtaining the endorsement of the PRO (which ran on the Renewal Front list headed by Massa rather than on its own).[18]Federal Peronist Congressman Francisco de Narváez, who would be in direct competition with the Renewal Front for the province's large center-right Peronist vote, believed that the charismatic Massa was in reality a "trojan horse" for the FpV; Renewal Front congressmen, per his reasoning, would run against Kirchnerism only to vote with them once elected to Congress.[19] The Renewal Front, in any case, ultimately defeated the FpV list headed by Lomas de Zamora Mayor Martín Insaurralde by about 35% to 30%, with the Progressive, Civic and Social Front (FPCyS) list headed by Congressmen Margarita Stolbizer and Ricardo Alfonsín and Congressman de Narváez's Front for Union and Work list receiving about 11% each;[3][20] were this result to be mirrored in October, de Narváez would lose four of eight congressmen he led in 2009 on the successful Unión/PRO list.[21]
The centrist Civic Coalition ARI, for its part, arguably achieved its most significant political victory in four years when Congressman Alfonso Prat-Gay forged the Civic Coalition-led Juntos UNEN (Together They Unite) alliance with UCR Congressional caucus leader Ricardo Gil Lavedra, leftist Proyecto Sur leader Pino Solanas, former Civic Coalition head Elisa Carrió (who left the CC in 2012 following a poor showing in the 2011 presidential race), and Victoria Donda of the leftist Freemen of the South Movement in January 2013. Prat-Gay was nominated as the lead UNEN candidate for a seat in the Argentine Senate for the City of Buenos Aires (where the alliance was strongest), and Gil Lavedra the lead UNEN candidate for the Lower House; former Economy Minister Martín Lousteau (who fell out with President Fernández de Kirchner after his 2008 dismissal) joined Gil Lavedra and Carrió on the UNEN Lower House list for the city.[22]
The City of Buenos Aires, ruled since 2007 by a PRO mayor, handed the rightist PRO an upset by giving UNEN standard-bearers Prat-Gay and Solanas the two Senate seats (out of three) accorded to the winning list in each district, edging out former Vice-Mayor Gabriela Michetti (who would obtain the third seat) and current City Environment Minister Diego Santilli, and costing FpV Senator Daniel Filmus his own seat.[23] The PRO party list for the city's delegation to the Lower House, headed by Rabbi Sergio Bergman (a member of the Buenos Aires City Legislature) and Bank of the City of Buenos Aires director Federico Sturzenegger, was likewise defeated by the UNEN list headed by Congressmen Gil Lavedra and Carrió.[23][24] The FpV list led by Legislator Juan Cabandié, came in third.[3]
Córdoba Province, where Governor José Manuel de la Sota broke with the president after being elected with her endorsement, is where the acrimony between these Peronist factions was probably most acute.[25][26] De la Sota fielded former Governor Juan Schiaretti as the head of his Lower House party list. Their Union for Córdoba list bested the UCR list headed by Congressman Oscar Aguad, the PRO list headed by former football referee Héctor Baldassi, the FpV list headed by former National University of Córdoba rector Carina Scotto, and the "It's Possible" list headed by former Economy Minister Domingo Cavallo with the support of neighboring San Luis Province Senator Alberto Rodríguez Saá (a Federal Peronist).[27][28] Cavallo, who ran as a conservative and lost much of his political base as economy minister during the 2001 crisis, failed to reach the requisite 1.5% threshold to advance to the 27 October general election.[29]
Mendoza Province gave the UCR list headed by former Governor and Vice President Julio Cobos a victory over the FpV list headed by Guaymallén Department Mayor Alejandro Abraham. Cobos is probably best remembered for his surprise, tie-breaking vote in 2008 against a bill raising oilseed export taxes; though not an oilseed-producing province, conservative politics have historically been strong in Mendoza, and Cobos' unexpected axing of the measure was widely supported in his province.[32]
The PASO primaries thus gave congressional candidates on the Front for Victory (FpV) list a much reduced share of the popular vote (around 30%, compared to 57% in 2011), and the FpV led in only 10 of 23 provinces.[3][33] They retained a plurality of the vote, however, and by virtue of having only 37 Lower House seats at stake, will likely increase their parliamentary majority by two.[21] The UCR and FPCyS together totaled around 24%,[3] with the latter likely losing around 5 seats due to the large number of seats at stake.[33] The FpV fared better in most Senate races, losing only in the City of Buenos Aires while winning in Chaco, Entre Ríos, Río Negro, Salta, Santiago del Estero, and Tierra del Fuego Provinces; like in the Lower House races, their popular vote for Senate races fell sharply (from 54% to 34%), but their 8% advantage over the UCR and FPCyS combined and their improved showing in Tierra del Fuego compensated their loss of support elsewhere.[3] The Neuquén People's Movement that has dominated politics in Neuquén Province since the 1960s and caucuses with the FpV in Congress, won in a landslide.[3]
The second and final round, held on 27 October, closely mirrored the 11 August results. The Renewal Front (center/center-right Peronists) received a plurality of votes in Buenos Aires Province (the nation's largest),[34] while the Front for Victory (left-wing Peronists) and allies maintained their majority in both houses of Congress with minimal changes in the party composition of either chamber.[35] Turnout was high, and was estimated to have reached 76%.[35]
Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, serving a second presidency, is constitutionally barred from standing in the 2015 election, and the Front for Victory lacks the special two-thirds majority needed for a constitutional amendment. The support for Front for Victory dropped from 54% in 2011 to 33% in 2013. The government faces increasing popular discontent, and the vice-president Amado Boudou (currently acting as president while Fernández de Kirchner recuperates after surgery) is under investigation for the so-called Boudougate. Analysts for the BBC consider the poll results suggest Sergio Massa, Mauricio Macri and Daniel Scioli are likely candidates for the presidency in 2015.[36]
The government of Argentina, within the framework of a federal system, is a presidential representative democratic republic. The President of Argentina is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the President. Legislative power is vested in both the Executive and the National Congress. The Judiciary is independent from the Executive and from the Legislature.
Adolfo Rodríguez Saá is an Argentine Peronist politician. Born in a family that was highly influential in the history of the San Luis Province, he became governor in 1983, after the end of the National Reorganization Process military dictatorship. He remained governor up to 2001, being re-elected in successive elections.
The Federalist Union Party, initially named Party of Buenos Aires Unity, is a right-wing political party active in various provinces of Argentina. Its most visible leader is the former police chief, Luis Patti, former Mayor of Escobar, who is accused of torturing people during the last dictatorship.
Argentina held national parliamentary elections on Sunday, 23 October 2005. For the purpose of these elections, each of the 23 provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires are considered electoral districts.
José Manuel de la Sota was an Argentine politician who was a member of Justicialist Party. He was the governor of Córdoba Province from 1999 until 2007, and was reelected to the post for the 2011–15 term.
Nilda Celia Garré is an Argentine lawyer, politician, and diplomat. She was Minister of Defense during the presidency of the late Nestor Kirchner and remained in this position, and as Minister of Security, under President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. She was the first woman in her country's history to serve in either office. She also served as the Argentine Representative to the OAS. She is currently a deputy at the Argentine Chamber of Deputies.
Gerardo Zamora is an Argentine politician from Santiago del Estero Province. Governor of Santiago del Estero since 2005, he is a member of the centrist Radical Civic Union (UCR).
Aníbal Domingo Fernández is an Argentine Justicialist Party politician, lawyer, and certified public accountant who has been a close ally, loyal to both, the late President Néstor Kirchner and the former President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. He has held several cabinet positions under three presidents, serving in these offices for a total of over nine years. He served as Minister of Production under Eduardo Duhalde, as Interior Minister under Néstor Kirchner, as Minister of Justice under Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, and as the President's Cabinet Chief from 2009 to 2011.
Argentina held national presidential and legislative elections on Sunday, October 28, 2007, and elections for provincial governors took place on staggered dates throughout the year. For the national elections, each of the 23 provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires are considered electoral districts. Voter turnout was 76.2%.
Alicia Margarita Kirchner is an Argentine Justicialist Party politician. She is the elder sister of the late former President Néstor Kirchner and served in his government as Minister of Social Development, a role which she held under President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, her sister-in-law, until the end of her presidential term on December 9, 2015. On December 10, 2015, she was sworn in as the governor of the Province of Santa Cruz.
Carlos Alfonso Tomada is an Argentine Peronist politician who served as the Minister of Labor, Employment, and Social Security. Tomada was appointed by former President Néstor Kirchner, and reappointed by President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.
Legislative elections were held in Argentina for half the seats in the Chamber of Deputies and a third (24) of the seats in the Senate on 28 June 2009, as well as for the legislature of the City of Buenos Aires and other municipalities.
Sergio Tomás Massa is an Argentine politician who served as Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers from July 2008 to July 2009.
Julián Andrés Domínguez is an Argentine Justicialist Party politician. He served as Minister of Agriculture between 2009 and 2011, and was named President of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies.
Argentina held national presidential and legislative elections on Sunday, 23 October 2011. Incumbent president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner secured a second term in office after the Front for Victory won just over half of the seats in the National Congress.
Federal Peronism, or Dissident Peronism, are the informal names given to a political alliance between Justicialist Party figures, currently identified mostly by its opposition to ruling Kirchnerism, the center-left faction that headed the national Government of Argentina from 2003 to 2015, and leads the Peronist movement.
General elections were held in Argentina on 25 October 2015 to elect the President and National Congress, and followed primary elections which were held on 9 August 2015. A second round of voting between the two leading candidates took place on 22 November, after surprisingly close results forced a runoff. On the first runoff voting ever held for an Argentine Presidential Election, opposition leader and Buenos Aires Mayor Mauricio Macri narrowly defeated FPV candidate and Buenos Aires Province Governor Daniel Scioli.
The Renewal Front is a Peronist political alliance in the Argentine Province of Buenos Aires. It is in opposition against the ruling Front for Victory faction within the Justicialist Party and therefore considered part of the dissident Peronist wing.
Broad Front UNEN was an Argentine political coalition that unites the Radical Civic Union, Civic Coalition ARI, Proyecto Sur, Freemen of the South Movement, Socialist Party, Authentic Socialist Party, and GEN. The name UNEN is an acronym of "Unión y Encuentro". Founded in April 2014, the purpose of the coalition was to unite the parties that oppose Peronism and Kirchnerism in a single entity, but the inclusion of the center-right party Republican Proposal was a controversial topic among the parties.
Legislative elections were held in Argentina on 22 October 2017 to elect half of the Chamber of Deputies and one third of the Senate. The result was a victory for the ruling Cambiemos alliance, being the most voted force in 13 of the 24 districts.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Senadores nacionales"[National senators]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Senadores nacionales"[National senators]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Senadores nacionales"[National senators]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Senadores nacionales"[National senators]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Senadores nacionales"[National senators]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Senadores nacionales"[National senators]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Senadores nacionales"[National senators]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Senadores nacionales"[National senators]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
↑ "Diputados nacionales"[National deputies]. Elecciones Nacionales 2013 (in Spanish). Interior Ministry of Argentina. October 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
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