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There was a new attempt to organize a central government in 1826. A new congress wrote a new constitution and elected Bernardino Rivadavia as president in the process.[2] Rivadavia was the first President of Argentina. However, he resigned shortly after and the 1826 Constitution was repealed. The Argentine provinces then organized themselves as a confederation without a central head of state. In this organization, the governors of Buenos Aires province took some duties such as the payment of external debt or the administration of the foreign relations in the name of all provinces.[3] Those governors were appointed by the Buenos Aires legislature, with the only exception of Juan Lavalle. Juan Manuel de Rosas kept the governor office for seventeen consecutive years until Justo José de Urquiza defeated him at the 1852 Battle of Caseros. Urquiza then called for a new Constitutional Assembly and promulgated the Argentine Constitution of 1853, which is the current Constitution of Argentina through amendments. In 1854, Urquiza became the first President of modern Argentina, acting both as head of government and head of state.[4] However, the Buenos Aires Province had rejected the Constitution and became an independent state until the aftermath of the 1859 Battle of Cepeda, although the internecine conflict continued. Only after the subsequent Battle of Pavón in 1861, the former bonaerense leader Bartolomé Mitre became the first president of a unified Argentine Republic.[5]
The succession line of constitutional presidents run uninterrupted until 1930, when José Félix Uriburu took government through a civic-military coup d'état. For many decades, there was an alternance between legitimate presidents and others that took government through illegitimate means. Those means included coups d'état, but also proscriptions of major political parties[6] and electoral fraud.[6][7] The last coup d'état occurred in 1976 and resulted in the National Reorganization Process, which ended in 1983. The retrospective recognition as presidents or heads of state of any de facto ruler that exercised its authority outside the Constitutional mandate is a controversial and relevant issue in Argentine politics.[8][9][10] However, their government actions were recognized as valid following the de facto government doctrine that used to legitimize them.[11] This doctrine was rejected by the 1994 amendment and would not be applicable for potential future coups. The current head of state is President Javier Milei, who took office on 10 December 2023.
Interim. Dissolved the National Congress and endorsed the Buenos Aires Cabildo to choose a Governor for Buenos Aires Province instead of the previous post of Governor Mayor.
Governors of Buenos Aires Province managing international relations (1820–1826)
Between 1820 and 1826, the United Provinces functioned as a loose alliance of autonomous provinces put together by pacts and treaties (see Treaty of Pilar, Treaty of Benegas, Quadrilateral Treaty), but lacking any actual central government until the 1825 Constitutional Congress.
The political crisis that existed in the country led to his government lacked support from both Buenos Aires and the other provinces. Thus he resigned shortly afterwards.
Elected by the Constituent Assembly of 1826, before the promulgation of the 1826 constitution.[2] Waged the Cisplatine War. Resigned as the Constitution was rejected by the provinces and the outcome of the war generated popular discontent.
Elected as interim president by the Constituent Assembly of 1826. His mandate was limited to close the Assembly and call for elections for a new governor of Buenos Aires.
Governor of Buenos Aires Province. Interim. From 6 April through 26 July 1852 remained as Governor of Bueros Aires Province, but without national powers.
Simultaneously, Governor of Entre Ríos Province and of Buenos Aires Province (from 26 July 1852 to 4 September 1852). On 11 September 1852, the Province of Buenos Aires seceded from the Confederation as the State of Buenos Aires. On 1 May 1853, the current Constitution of Argentina was ratified by all the provinces, except from Buenos Aires.
Indirect elections. On 18 October 1860, a Constitutional reform is adopted, proclaiming the Argentine Republic. Resigned after the failure of the Pact of San José de Flores and the national government defeat to Buenos Aires Province in the Battle of Pavón.
Governor of Buenos Aires Provincede facto in charge of the national government after the Battle of Pavón and the resignation of Juan Esteban Pedernera. During the following months, the provinces gave Mitre different powers.[note 1]
Free direct elections. Second term. First election to allow women's suffrage. Victory with 62.49% of votes, highest victory in Argentine elections. Ousted from office by a coup d'état.
Free direct elections. Because no candidate was able to get 50% of the votes needed to win, a runoff should have taken place between Cámpora and Ricardo Balbín, but Balbín decided to withdraw his candidacy, making Cámpora president. First Peronist president after the ban. Cámpora annulled the ban that remained specifically over Juan Perón, and resigned along with his Vice President.
Free indirect elections. The 1989 presidential elections were anticipated. Resigned during the transition and gave power to Carlos Menem six months in advance.
Free direct elections. Faced a severe economic crisis. Resigned after the December 2001 riots. Because his Vice President Carlos Álvarez had resigned in October 2000, the Congress Assembled selected a new President.
Free direct elections. Initially completed the remaining months of De la Rúa's term until 10 December 2003 then began his own mandate. Kirchner finished second to Carlos Menem in the first round and because no one was able to get 45% of the votes needed to win, a runoff should have taken place, but Menem decided to withdraw his candidacy, making Kirchner president.
Free direct elections. First president elected in a ballotage, defeating Daniel Scioli. Although his mandate begun on 10 December 2015 at 00:00 hs., it was only after he swore in the Congress at 11:45 hs. that he took office as President.
La Recoleta Cemetery is a cemetery located in the Recoleta neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It contains the graves of notable people, including Eva Perón, presidents of Argentina, Nobel Prize winners, the founder of the Argentine Navy, and military commanders such as Julio Argentino Roca. In 2011, the BBC hailed it as one of the world's best cemeteries, and in 2013, CNN listed it among the 10 most beautiful cemeteries in the world.
Justo José de Urquiza y García was an Argentine general and politician who served as president of the Argentine Confederation from 1854 to 1860.
Eduardo Alberto Duhalde is an Argentine former peronist politician who served as the interim President of Argentina from January 2002 to May 2003. He also served as Vice President and Governor of Buenos Aires in the 1990s.
The president of Argentina is both head of state and head of government of Argentina. Under the national constitution, the president is also the chief executive of the federal government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
The Argentine Confederation was the last predecessor state of modern Argentina; its name is still one of the official names of the country according to the Argentine Constitution, Article 35. It was the name of the country from 1831 to 1852, when the provinces were organized as a confederation without a head of state. The governor of Buenos Aires Province managed foreign relations during this time. Under his rule, the Argentine Confederation resisted attacks by Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, France and the United Kingdom, as well as other Argentine factions during the Argentine Civil Wars.
Bernardino de la Trinidad González Rivadavia was the first President of Argentina, then called the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, from February 8, 1826 to June 27, 1827.
Juan Bautista Alberdi was an Argentine political theorist and diplomat. Although he lived most of his life in exile in Montevideo, Uruguay and in Chile, he influenced the content of the Constitution of Argentina of 1853.
The Battle of Caseros was fought near the town of El Palomar, Argentina, on 3 February 1852, between forces of the Argentine Confederation, commanded by Juan Manuel de Rosas, and a coalition consisting of the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay.
Unitarianists or Unitarians were the proponents of the concept of a unitary state in Buenos Aires during the civil wars that shortly followed the Declaration of Independence of Argentina in 1816. They were opposed to the Argentine Federalists, who wanted a federation of autonomous provinces. Argentine unitarianism was an ideologic grouping, not a religious one. As such, it is unrelated to religious Unitarianism.
The Federalist Party was the nineteenth century Argentine political party that supported federalism. It opposed the Unitarian Party that claimed a centralised government of Buenos Aires Province, with no participation of the other provinces of the custom taxes benefits of the Buenos Aires port. The federales supported the autonomy of the provincial governments and the distribution of external commerce taxes among the provinces.
The current Constitution of Argentina dates from 1853. The Constitution of Argentina of 1853 was approved in 1853 by almost all of the provincial governments at that moment with the exception of Buenos Aires Province, which remained separate from the Argentine Confederation until 1859. After several modifications to the original constitution and the return of power to Buenos Aires' Unitarian Party, it was sanctioned on May 1, 1853, by the Constitutional Convention gathered in Santa Fe, and it was promulgated by the provisional director of the national executive government Justo José de Urquiza, a member of the Federalist Party. Following the short-lived constitutions of 1819 and 1826, it was the third constitution in the history of the country.
Miguel de Azcuénaga was an Argentine brigadier. Educated in Spain, at the University of Seville, Azcuénaga began his military career in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and became a member of the Primera Junta, the first autonomous government of modern Argentina. He was shortly exiled because of his support to the minister Mariano Moreno, and returned to Buenos Aires when the First Triumvirate replaced the Junta. He held several offices since then, most notably being the first Governor intendant of Buenos Aires after the May Revolution. He died at his country house in 1833.
Railway privatisation in Argentina was a process which began in 1989 under the presidency of Carlos Menem, following a series of neoliberal economic reforms. This primarily consisted of breaking up the state-owned railway company Ferrocarriles Argentinos (FA) and allowing the former lines to be operated by private companies instead of the state.
The Argentine Civil Wars were a series of civil conflicts of varying intensity that took place through the territories of Argentina from 1814 to 1853. Beginning concurrently with the Argentine War of Independence (1810–1818), the conflict prevented the formation of a stable governing body until the signing of the Argentine Constitution of 1853, followed by low-frequency skirmishes that ended with the Federalization of Buenos Aires. The period saw heavy intervention from the Brazilian Empire that fought against state and provinces in multiple wars. Breakaway nations, former territories of the viceroyalty, such as the Banda Oriental, Paraguay and the Upper Peru were involved to varying degrees. Foreign powers such as the British and French empires put heavy pressure on the fledgling nations at times of international war.
Historiographical studies of the May Revolution started in the second half of the 19th century in Argentina and have extended to modern day. All historiographical perspectives agree in considering the May Revolution as the turning point that gave birth to the modern nation of Argentina, and that the Revolution was unavoidable in 1810. The main topics of disagreement between Argentine historians are the specific weight of the diverse causes of the May Revolution, who were the leaders of it among the different involved parties, whenever there was popular support for it or not, and whenever the loyalty to the captive Spanish king Ferdinand VII was real or an elaborate masquerade to conceal pro-independence purposes.
The Inca plan was a proposal formulated in 1816 by Manuel Belgrano to the Congress of Tucumán, aiming to crown an Inca. After the Declaration of Independence of the United Provinces of South America, the Congress discussed the form of government that should be used. Belgrano proposed that the country be ruled by a Constitutional monarchy headed by an ethnic Inca. The proposal was supported by José de San Martín, Martín Miguel de Güemes and the northern provinces, but found strong resistance from Buenos Aires. The Congress would ultimately reject it, creating instead a Republican government.
The Pact of San José de Flores was a treaty signed between the Argentine Confederation and the State of Buenos Aires on November 11, 1859, on the aftermath of the Battle of Cepeda. It established guidelines for the entry of the latter into the Confederation, and Buenos Aires' acceptance of the Argentine Constitution of 1853.
The State of Buenos Aires was a secessionist republic resulting from the overthrow of the Argentine Confederation government in the Province of Buenos Aires on September 11, 1852. The State of Buenos Aires was never recognized by the Confederation; it remained, however, independent under its own government and constitution. Buenos Aires rejoined the Argentine Confederation after the former's victory at the Battle of Pavón in 1861.
The rise of the Argentine Republic was a process that took place in the first half of the 19th century in Argentina. The Republic has its origins on the territory of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a colony of the Spanish Empire. The King of Spain appointed a viceroy to oversee the governance of the colony. The 1810 May Revolution staged a coup d'état and deposed the viceroy and, along with the Argentine war of independence, started a process of rupture with the Spanish monarchy with the creation of an independent republican state. All proposals to organize a local monarchy failed, and no local monarch was ever crowned.
The Revolution of 11 September 1852 was a conflict between the Province of Buenos Aires and the government of Justo José de Urquiza after the latter triumphed over Juan Manuel de Rosas at the Battle of Caseros.
↑ "Buenos Aires, diciembre 16 de 1829.- El primer comandante de Patricios, el primer presidente de un gobierno patrio, pudo sólo quedar olvidado en su fallecimiento por las circunstancias calamitosas en que el país se hallaba. Después que ellas han terminado, sería una ingratitud negar a ciudadano tan eminente el tributo de honor rendido a su mérito, y a una vida ilustrada con tantas virtudes, que supo consagrar entera al servicio de su patria. El gobierno, para cumplir un deber tan sagrado, acuerda y decreta: Artículo 1º: En el cementerio del Norte se levantará, por cuenta del gobierno, un monumento en que se depositarán los restos del brigadier general D. Cornelio Saavedra. Artículo 2º: Se archivará en la Biblioteca Pública un manuscrito autógrafo del mismo brigadier general, con arreglo a lo que previene el decreto de 6 de octubre de 1821. Artículo 3º: Comuníquese y publíquese. Rosas – Tomás Guido".
↑ Catamarca, Córdoba, Mendoza, Santa Fe, Salta, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán accept Mitre as the person in charge of the National Executive Power. Buenos Aires, San Juan and Jujuy only gave Mitre the authority to manage international relations, to convene the National Congress, and to rule on urgent internal business. Corrientes, La Rioja and San Luis only gave Mitre the authority to manage international relations and to convene the National Congress. Entre Ríos only gave Mitre the authority to convene the National Congress.
Rosa, José María (1974). Historia Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Oriente S.A.
Abal Medina (h.), Juan; Suárez Cao, Julieta (August 2003). "Análisis crítico del sistema electoral argentino. Evolución histórica y desempeño efectivo". Revista de Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish). Bernal: National University of Quilmes. 14.
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