Aron David Mosnaim | |
---|---|
Occupation(s) | Neuroscientist, researcher, and academic |
Academic background | |
Education | PharmD degree PhD in Organic Chemistry |
Alma mater | University of Chile University of Strathclyde |
Academic work | |
Institutions | Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science International Neuropsychiatry Consultants |
Aron David Mosnaim is a neuroscientist,researcher,and academic. He is a professor of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and an adjunct professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences in the Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science. [1]
Mosnaim is most known for his research covering the areas of basic and clinical neuro- and immunopharmacology of biogenic amines and opioid peptides in neuropsychiatric conditions,including depression,headache pain,as well as movement and posttraumatic stress disorders.[ citation needed ] He has co-edited four scientific books on Noncatecholic Phenylethylamines (2 volumes), [2] Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, [3] and Tardive Dyskinesia. [4]
Mosnaim has served as a Consultant to the Pan American Health Organization (1982–1985),Member of the United States Pharmacopeia Convention (1990 and 1995),and Director of International Neuropsychiatry Consultants (1987–2020). Additionally,he is a Fellow of The Chemical Society (1977) and a Senior Fellow of the American Institute of Therapeutics (2019). [1]
Mosnaim earned a Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences degree from the University of Chile (1964) and joined the Faculty of the university's School of Medicine. He was awarded a PhD degree in Organic Chemistry from Glasgow’s Strathclyde University (1969). After a brief tenure at the University of Chicago,he received a postdoctoral fellowship at Northwestern University (1970).[ citation needed ]
In 1971,Mosnaim joined the University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School as an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmacology. He was promoted to Associate Professor and Acting Chairman (1974),and to a Full Professorship in 1979. He has been serving as a professor of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and adjunct professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at The Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University. [1]
Mosnaim holds an Honorary Full Professorship at the University of Chile College of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Mosnaim has published over 150 papers in peer-reviewed Journals,more than 20 invited reviews and book chapters,and presented research in more than 200 scientific meetings.[ citation needed ]
Early in his research career (1967),Mosnaim contributed to elucidate the metabolic pathway of the then widely used toxic insecticide DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane),and in a series of publications (1969–1972) helped to understand the mechanism of halogenation by cupric salts of carcinogenic anthracene and pyrene compounds. [5] His laboratory demonstrated the presence of phenylethylamine,commonly viewed as the endogenous amphetamine,in mammalian tissues,and his work elucidated this amine’s in vivo and in vitro brain metabolic pathway. [6] [7] [8] His work,animal models,contributed to establish phenylethylamine brain levels as a biological marker for various neuropsychiatric disorders,and to evaluate its brain changes in response to different classes of psychotropic drugs. [9] [10] Further research identified some of the physiological functions,and described relevant behavior and toxicological effects of phenylethylamine and various structurally related trace amines. [11] [12]
Mosnaim reported plasma levels of the endogenous opioid pentapeptide methionine-enkephalin in various patient populations,and the effect of selected classes of drugs on its degradation kinetics, [13] suggesting that its significant increase in chronic cluster and migraine patients during an acute headache episode could serve as a biological marker for these illnesses. [14] [15] He also clarified reports of the activity of platelet monoamine oxidase and the role of dietary phenylethylamine and tyramine in the etiology of migraine headaches. [16]
Mosnaim contributed to document the association of tardive dyskinesia and drug-induced parkinsonism,and in identifying sub-types,cognitive deficits,and some of the risk factors associated with increased vulnerability to this condition. [17] [18] [19] [20] He participated in studies finding comorbidity of pain,dermatological and allergic conditions,as well as decreased natural killer cell activity,in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. [21] He reported the decrease of this immune function in septic shock and human immunodeficiency virus-1 positive individuals,as well as its significant increase by various substances with widely different chemical structures and biological activities,e.g.,enkephalins,α-interferon,interleukin-2,taxol,and lipopolysaccharide. [22] [23] [24]
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental and behavioral disorder that develops from experiencing a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions, child abuse, domestic violence, or other threats on a person's life or well-being. Symptoms may include disturbing thoughts, feelings, or dreams related to the events, mental or physical distress to trauma-related cues, attempts to avoid trauma-related cues, alterations in the way a person thinks and feels, and an increase in the fight-or-flight response. These symptoms last for more than a month after the event. Young children are less likely to show distress, but instead may express their memories through play. A person with PTSD is at a higher risk of suicide and intentional self-harm.
Typical antipsychotics are a class of antipsychotic drugs first developed in the 1950s and used to treat psychosis. Typical antipsychotics may also be used for the treatment of acute mania, agitation, and other conditions. The first typical antipsychotics to come into medical use were the phenothiazines, namely chlorpromazine which was discovered serendipitously. Another prominent grouping of antipsychotics are the butyrophenones, an example of which is haloperidol. The newer, second-generation antipsychotics, also known as atypical antipsychotics, have largely supplanted the use of typical antipsychotics as first-line agents due to the higher risk of movement disorders in the latter.
The atypical antipsychotics (AAP), also known as second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and serotonin–dopamine antagonists (SDAs), are a group of antipsychotic drugs largely introduced after the 1970s and used to treat psychiatric conditions. Some atypical antipsychotics have received regulatory approval for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, irritability in autism, and as an adjunct in major depressive disorder.
Benzatropine (INN), known as benztropine in the United States and Japan, is a medication used to treat movement disorders like parkinsonism and dystonia, as well as extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotics, including akathisia. It is not useful for tardive dyskinesia. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein or muscle. Benefits are seen within two hours and last for up to ten hours.
Phenelzine, sold under the brand name Nardil, among others, is a non-selective and irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine class which is primarily used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic. Along with tranylcypromine and isocarboxazid, phenelzine is one of the few non-selective and irreversible MAOIs still in widespread clinical use.
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a disorder that results in involuntary repetitive body movements, which may include grimacing, sticking out the tongue or smacking the lips. Additionally, there may be chorea or slow writhing movements. In about 20% of people with TD, the disorder interferes with daily functioning. If TD is present in the setting of a long-term drug therapy, reversibility can be determined primarily by severity of symptoms and how long symptoms have been present before the long-term drug has been stopped.
Phenethylamine (PEA) is an organic compound, natural monoamine alkaloid, and trace amine, which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans. In the brain, phenethylamine regulates monoamine neurotransmission by binding to trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in monoamine neurons. To a lesser extent, it also acts as a neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system. In mammals, phenethylamine is produced from the amino acid L-phenylalanine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase via enzymatic decarboxylation. In addition to its presence in mammals, phenethylamine is found in many other organisms and foods, such as chocolate, especially after microbial fermentation.
Metoclopramide is a medication used for stomach and esophageal problems. It is commonly used to treat and prevent nausea and vomiting, to help with emptying of the stomach in people with delayed stomach emptying, and to help with gastroesophageal reflux disease. It is also used to treat migraine headaches.
Hydroxyzine, sold under the brand names Atarax and Vistaril among others, is an antihistamine medication. It is used in the treatment of itchiness, insomnia, anxiety, and nausea, including that due to motion sickness. It is used either by mouth or injection into a muscle.
Acute stress reaction and acute stress disorder (ASD) is a psychological response to a terrifying, traumatic or surprising experience. Combat stress reaction (CSR) is a similar response to the trauma of war. The reactions may include but are not limited to intrusive or dissociative symptoms, and reactivity symptoms such as avoidance or arousal. It may be exhibited for days or weeks after the traumatic event. If the condition is not correctly addressed, it may develop into post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Biological psychiatry or biopsychiatry is an approach to psychiatry that aims to understand mental disorder in terms of the biological function of the nervous system. It is interdisciplinary in its approach and draws on sciences such as neuroscience, psychopharmacology, biochemistry, genetics, epigenetics and physiology to investigate the biological bases of behavior and psychopathology. Biopsychiatry is the branch of medicine which deals with the study of the biological function of the nervous system in mental disorders.
Sulpiride, sold under the brand name Dogmatil among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication of the benzamide class which is used mainly in the treatment of psychosis associated with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, and sometimes used in low dosage to treat anxiety and mild depression. Sulpiride is commonly used in Asia, Central America, Europe, South Africa and South America. Levosulpiride is its purified levo-isomer and is sold in India for similar purpose. It is not approved in the United States, Canada, or Australia. The drug is chemically and clinically similar to amisulpride.
A sympatholytic (sympathoplegic) drug is a medication that opposes the downstream effects of postganglionic nerve firing in effector organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). They are indicated for various functions; for example, they may be used as antihypertensives. They are also used to treat anxiety, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and PTSD. In some cases, such as with guanfacine, they have also shown to be beneficial in the treatment of ADHD.
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), also known as dopamine beta-monooxygenase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DBH gene. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine.
Tiapride is a drug that selectively blocks D2 and D3 dopamine receptors in the brain. It is used to treat a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders including dyskinesia, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, negative symptoms of psychosis, and agitation and aggression in the elderly. A derivative of benzamide, tiapride is chemically and functionally similar to other benzamide antipsychotics such as sulpiride and amisulpride known for their dopamine antagonist effects.
Tardive dysmentia is a rarely used term introduced in a 1983 paper to describe "changes in affect, activation level, and interpersonal interaction", and hypothesized to be caused by long-term exposure to neuroleptic drugs in the same way as the much better-known syndrome of tardive dyskinesia. Several papers in the following years discussed the validity of the concept, and this small literature was reviewed in a 1993 publication by M. S. Myslobodsky, who drew attention to the "possibility that the syndrome of dysmentia is composed of occasional excessive emotional reactivity, enhanced responsiveness to environmental stimuli, and indifference to or reduced awareness of the patient's abnormal involuntary movements", but concluded that the pathophysiology was uncertain. Since then, the term has fallen into disuse, receiving at most only passing mentions in the literature.
The C957T gene polymorphism is a synonymous mutation located within the 957th base pair of the DRD2 gene. This base pair is located in exon 7. Most synonymous mutations are silent. However, the C957T mutation is an exception to this rule. While the 957C allele codes for the same polypeptide as the 957T allele, the conformation of 957T messenger RNA differs from the conformation of 957C messenger RNA. 957T messenger RNA is less stable and more prone to degradation. Dopamine D2 receptor expression is increased among individuals who carry the 957T allele compared to individuals who carry the 957C allele.
Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis is a hypothesis that attempts to explain the phenomenon in which psychosis occurs despite treatment with escalating doses of antipsychotics. Dopamine supersensitivity may be caused by the dopamine receptor D2 antagonizing effect of antipsychotics, causing a compensatory increase in D2 receptors within the brain that sensitizes neurons to endogenous release of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Because psychosis is thought to be mediated—at least in part—by the activity of dopamine at D2 receptors, the activity of dopamine in the presence of supersensitivity may paradoxically give rise to worsening psychotic symptoms despite antipsychotic treatment at a given dose. This phenomenon may co-occur with tardive dyskinesia, a rare movement disorder that may also be due to dopamine supersensitivity.
Deutetrabenazine is a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitor which is used for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington's disease and tardive dyskinesia.
Meaghan Creed is a Canadian neuroscientist and associate professor of anesthesiology at Washington University in St. Louis. Creed has conducted research on understanding and optimizing deep brain stimulation in the basal ganglia for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Her work has been recognized at the national and international level by Pfizer, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the Whitehall Foundation, Brain and Behavior Research Foundation and the Rita Allen Foundation.