Audley End House

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Audley End House
20200802 Audley End House-40.jpg
Audley End House in 2020
Type Country house
Location Saffron Walden
Coordinates 52°01′15″N00°13′14″E / 52.02083°N 0.22056°E / 52.02083; 0.22056
OS grid reference TL524381
Area Essex
Built17th century
Architectural style(s) Jacobean
Owner English Heritage
Listed Building – Grade I
Official nameAudley End House
Designated1 November 1972
Reference no. 1196114
Official nameAudley End
Designated1 July 1987
Reference no. 1000312
Essex UK location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location of Audley End House in Essex

Audley End House is a largely early 17th-century country house outside Saffron Walden, Essex, England. It is a prodigy house, known as one of the finest Jacobean houses in England.

Contents

Audley End is now one-third of its original size, but is still large, with much to enjoy in its architectural features and varied collections. The house shares some similarities with Hatfield House, except that it is stone-clad as opposed to brick. [1] It is currently in the stewardship of English Heritage but long remained the family seat of the Barons Braybrooke, heirs to the estate of whom retain a portion of the contents of the house, the estate, and the right to repurchase as an incorporeal hereditament. [2] Audley End railway station is named after the house.

History

Audley End was the site of Walden Abbey, a Benedictine monastery that was dissolved and granted to the Lord Chancellor Sir Thomas Audley in 1538 by Henry VIII. The abbey was converted to a domestic house for him and was known as Audley Inn.

The house was a key stop during Elizabeth I's Summer Progress of 1578. The progress was to be, like her progresses to Cambridge and Oxford in 1564 and 1566, filled with scholarship, learned debates, and theatrical diversions. Writers and scholars from nearby Cambridge University used the occasion to write papers and speeches. One of these was Gabriel Harvey who by 1578 had been appointed professor of rhetoric at Cambridge. For the Audley End presentations, Harvey had prepared a series of lectures to be delivered to prominent members of the court in attendance with the Queen. Among them was the Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, to whom Harvey wrote:

"For a long time past Phoebus Apollo has cultivated thy mind in the arts. English poetical measures have been sung by thee long enough. Let that courtly epistle—more polished than even the writings of Castiglione himself—witness how greatly thou dost excel in letters. I have seen many Latin verses of thine; yea, even more English verses are extant. Thou hast drunk deep drafts not only of the muses of France and Italy but hast learned the manners of many men, and the arts of foreign countries. It was not for nothing that Sturmius himself was visited by thee. Neither in France, Italy, nor Germany are any such cultivated and polished men. O thou hero worthy of renown, throw away the insignificant pen, throw away bloodless books and writings that serve no useful purpose. Now must the sword be brought into play. Now is the time for thee to sharpen the spear and to handle the great engines of war. What if suddenly a most powerful enemy [Spain] should invade our borders? If the Turk should be arming his savage hosts against us? What though the terrible war trumpet is even now sounding its blast? Thou wilt see it all. Even at this very moment thou art fiercely longing for the fray. I feel it. Our whole country knows it. In thy breast is noble blood. Courage animates thy brow, Mars lives in thy tongue, Minerva strengthens thy right hand, Bellona reigns in thy body, within thee burns the fire of Mars. Thine eyes flash fire, thy will shakes spears. Who would not swear that Achilles had come to life again?"

The reference to the Earl's many Latin verses and even more English verses, and that "thy will shakes spears", has been put forward as a piece of evidence in the theory that the Earl was the author of the Shakespeare poetry and plays.[ citation needed ]

The House was demolished by Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (Lord Howard de Walden [1] and Lord Treasurer), and a much grander mansion was built, primarily for entertaining James I. The layout reflects the processional route of the king and queen, each having their own suite of rooms. It is reputed that Thomas Howard told King James he had spent some £200,000 creating this grand house, and it may be that the king had unwittingly contributed. In 1619, Suffolk and his wife were found guilty of embezzlement and sent to the Tower of London but a huge fine secured their release. Suffolk died in disgrace at Audley End in 1626.

James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk inherited a debt of £132,000 from his father and he married to reduce the debt. Susanna Howard was devout and they lived here during the 1640s. [3]

Noted English naval office bureaucrat and diarist Samuel Pepys visited Audley End and described it his diary entry for 8 October 1667. [4] At this time, the house was on the scale of a great royal palace, and became one when Charles II bought it in 1668 for £50,000 [2] for use as a home when attending the races at Newmarket. It was returned to the Suffolks in 1701.

Over the next century Sir John Vanbrugh was commissioned to work on the site and parts of the house were gradually demolished [1] until it was reduced to its current size. The main structure has remained little altered since the main front court was demolished in 1708 and the east wing came down in 1753.

The Great Hall AudleyEndHallJosephNash.jpg
The Great Hall

Sir John Griffin, fourth Baron Howard de Walden and first Baron Braybrooke, introduced sweeping changes before he died in 1797. In 1762, he commissioned Capability Brown to landscape the parkland, and Robert Adam to design new reception rooms on the house's ground floor in the neoclassical style of the 18th century with a formal grandeur.

Richard Griffin, 3rd Baron Braybrooke, who inherited the house and title in 1825, installed most of the house's huge picture collection, filled the rooms with furnishings, and reinstated something of the original Jacobean feel to the state rooms.

Audley End was offered to the government during the Dunkirk evacuation but the offer was declined due to its lack of facilities. [5] It was requisitioned in March 1941 [5] and used as a camp by a small number of units before being turned over to the Special Operations Executive. The SOE used the house as a general holding camp [6] before using it for its Polish branch. Designated Special Training School 43 (STS 43), it was a base for the Cichociemni. A war memorial to the 108 Poles who died in the service stands in the main drive; the Polish SOE War Memorial, unveiled on 20 June 1983, was Grade II listed in 2018. [7]

After the war, the ninth Lord Braybrooke resumed possession. In 1948 the house was sold to the Ministry of Works, the predecessor of English Heritage.

In 2014, an English Heritage report identified that there is a high risk of flooding at Audley End. It detailed an "extensive threat to the estate affecting a wide zone alongside the River Cam", affecting access, masonry and land surface. [8]

Gardens and grounds

The Capability Brown parkland includes many of the neo-classical monuments, although some are not in the care of English Heritage. The grounds are divided by the River Granta, which is crossed by several ornate bridges one of which features on the back cover of the BBC Gardeners' World Through the Years book, [9] and a main road which follows the route of a Roman road. The Temple of Concord, by John Deval, was added as a romantic folly in 1790. [10]

With help from an 1877 garden plan and William Cresswell's journal from 1874, [9] the walled kitchen garden was restored by Garden Organic in 1999 from an overgrown, semi-derelict state. Completed in 2000, it was opened by Prince Charles and features in a book presented to him on his wedding to Camilla Parker Bowles. [11] [12] It now looks as it would have done in late Victorian times; full of vegetables, fruits, herbs and flowers which have been supplied to the Dorchester Hotel. [9] It now boasts 120 apple, 60 pear and 40 tomato varieties. [13]

Paintings

The house contains a number of paintings, many still the property of the family of the Barons Braybrooke. [14]

Media appearances

The house and grounds have been used in popular television and radio shows, including Flog It! , Antiques Roadshow and Gardeners' Question Time . [15] [16] [17]

The exteriors and gardens were also used for the 1964 feature film Woman of Straw starring Gina Lollobrigida, Sean Connery and Ralph Richardson. [18] [19]

During 2017, scenes were filmed at Audley End for Trust produced by Danny Boyle and based on the life of John Paul Getty III. [20] On 7 September 2018, scenes were shot for The Crown . [21] Previously, interior shots of the Library and Great Hall had been used to portray rooms in Balmoral Castle, Windsor Castle and Eton College. [22] [23]

Audley End appears in a popular series of videos on English Heritage's YouTube channel featuring the character of Mrs Crocombe, head cook at the house during the 1880s. [24]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saffron Walden</span> Town in Essex, England

Saffron Walden is a market town in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England, 12 miles (19 km) north of Bishop's Stortford, 15 miles (24 km) south of Cambridge and 43 miles (69 km) north of London. It retains a rural appearance and some buildings of the medieval period. The population was 15,504 at the 2011 census and 16,613 in the 2021 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden</span> English politician (1488–1544)

Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden KG, PC, KS, JP, was an English barrister and judge who served as Lord Chancellor of England from 1533 to 1544.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Earl of Suffolk</span> Title in the Peerage of England

Earl of Suffolk is a title which has been created four times in the Peerage of England. The first creation, in tandem with the creation of the title of Earl of Norfolk, came before 1069 in favour of Ralph the Staller; but the title was forfeited by his heir, Ralph de Guader, in 1074. The second creation came in 1337 in favour of Robert de Ufford; the title became extinct on the death of his son, the second Earl, in 1382. The third creation came in 1385 in favour of Michael de la Pole. The fourth creation was in 1603 for Lord Thomas Howard, the second son of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, by his second wife Margaret Audley, the daughter and eventual sole heiress of Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, of Audley End in the parish of Saffron Walden in Essex. Howard was a prominent naval commander and politician and served as Earl Marshal, as Lord Chamberlain of the Household and as Lord High Treasurer. In 1597 he was summoned to Parliament as Baron Howard de Walden, and in 1603 he was further honoured, at the start of the reign of King James I, when he was created Earl of Suffolk. His second son the Hon. Thomas Howard was created Earl of Berkshire in 1626.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baron Braybrooke</span> Title in the Peerage of Great Britain

Baron Braybrooke, of Braybrooke in the County of Northampton, is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1788 for John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden, with remainder to his kinsman Richard Neville-Aldworth. Lord Howard de Walden was the son of William Whitwell and Anne Griffin, daughter of James Griffin, 2nd Baron Griffin of Braybrooke, who was the son of Edward Griffin, 1st Baron Griffin of Braybrooke, and his wife Lady Essex Howard, eldest daughter of James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk and 3rd Baron Howard de Walden.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden</span> British Army officer, politician and peer

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baron Howard de Walden</span> Title in the Peerage of England

Baron Howard de Walden is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created by writ of summons in 1597 by Queen Elizabeth I for Admiral Lord Thomas Howard, a younger son of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, by his second wife, the Honourable Margaret Audley, daughter of Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk</span> English sailor, politician, and courtier (1561–1626)

Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk,, of Audley End House in the parish of Saffron Walden in Essex, and of Suffolk House near Westminster, a member of the House of Howard, was the second son of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, by his second wife Margaret Audley, the daughter and eventual sole heiress of Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, of Audley End.

James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk, KB, and 3rd Baron Howard de Walden (1619–1688), eldest son of Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk. Howard was honoured with knighthood in the Order of the Bath in 1626, and was a joint-commissioner of the parliament to Charles I the same year. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War, and was a courtier after the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660. He was lord-lieutenant of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire and gentleman of the bedchamber, 1660–1682.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walden Abbey</span>

Walden Abbey was a Benedictine monastery in Saffron Walden, Essex, England, founded by Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex, between 1136 and 1143. Originally a priory, it was elevated to the status of an abbey in 1190.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Griffin, 2nd Baron Braybrooke</span> English politician and peer (1750-1825)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avis Crocombe</span> English cook

Avis Crocombe was an English domestic servant who was the head cook during the 1880s at Audley End House, a 17th-century country house near Saffron Walden in England. She found fame nearly a century after her death due to being portrayed in a series of YouTube videos made by English Heritage, who now manage the site. These include a small selection from her own manuscript cookery book. Crocombe and other individuals from the 1880s are the focus of a long-running live interpretation project at Audley End, which started in 2008 and is still ongoing as of 2023.

Robin Henry Charles Neville, 10th Baron Braybrooke was a British peer and military officer. He served as Lord Lieutenant of Essex from 1992 until 2000.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Hadfield, J. (1970). The Shell Guide to England. London: Michael Joseph.
  2. 1 2 "History of Audley End House and Gardens". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  3. ↑ Allen, Elizabeth (23 September 2004). Howard [née Rich], Susanna, countess of Suffolk (1627–1649), exemplar of godly life. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/66710.
  4. ↑ "Tuesday 8 October 1667". Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  5. 1 2 Valentine 2004, pp. 55–56.
  6. ↑ Valentine 2004, p. 66.
  7. ↑ Historic England. "Polish SOE War Memorial (1451516)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  8. ↑ "Flooding and the English Heritage Inland Estate | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. 24 January 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  9. 1 2 3 Search, Gay (2003). BBC Gardeners' World Through the years. London: Carlton Books Limited. ISBN   1-84442-416-2.
  10. ↑ Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660–1851 by Rupert Gunnisp.129
  11. ↑ "Featured organic vegetable garden". www.gardenadvice.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  12. ↑ "Garden book present for Charles". 9 April 2005. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  13. ↑ "Blue Peter – Audley End House and Gardens". Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  14. ↑ "Collection Highlights" Archived 20 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine , English Heritage.
  15. ↑ "BBC One – Flog It!, Series 11, Duxford". BBC. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  16. ↑ "BBC One – Antiques Roadshow, Series 39, Audley End 1". BBC. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  17. ↑ "BBC Radio 4 - Gardeners' Question Time, Audley End". BBC. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  18. ↑ "Woman of Straw". Reelstreets.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  19. ↑ "Woman of Straw (1964)". Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2021. Wealthy grouch Charles Richmond (Ralph Richardson), slick nephew Anthony (Sean Connery) and their attitudes are introduced in the opening sequence from director Basil Dearden's Woman Of Straw, 1964, from the Catherine Arley novel, shooting at Audley End House, Saffron Walden, Essex, UK.
  20. ↑ "BBC – Trust – Media Centre". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  21. ↑ "TVs Crown at Audley End". Walden Local. 12 September 2018.
  22. ↑ Shahid, S (17 October 2017). "The Crown: We spent the day at filming location Audley End House". Hello Magazine. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  23. ↑ Robinson, Anne (1 December 2017). "The Crown: History's Role in Bringing the Modern Monarcy to Life". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  24. ↑ "Search: Audley End House and Gardens". YouTube . Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
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