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Aurel Croissant | |
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| Born | 1969 (age 54–55) |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Mainz |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Heidelberg |
| Main interests | Political science |
Aurel Croissant (born 1969 in Germany) is professor of political science at the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. [1]
Croissant received his Dr. Phil. In political science from the University of Mainz (magna cum laude) and his M.A. in political science,sociology and public law from that university,which he graduated with summa cum laude.
From 2004 to 2006 he was an assistant professor at the Naval Postgraduate School's National Security Affairs Department. In 2006,he joined Heidelberg University as full professor. Croissant teaches undergraduate,graduate and doctoral courses and supervises bachelor's,master's and doctoral theses in political science. His teaching and research focuses on Southeast and East Asian politics,democratization,civil-military relations,security studies and other topics in comparative politics. He has published more than 150 articles and book chapters in English and German which have also been translated into Spanish,Indonesian,Korean,and Russian. Besides,he co-authored 4 books. During 2001–2003,he taught as assistant professor at the Ruprecht-Karls-University in Heidelberg,Germany. He taught and conducted research from 1996 to 2001 at the Johannes Gutenberg-University in Mainz and the University of Heidelberg,both in Germany. He taught and conducted research in Thailand,the Philippines and Korea and served as the co-chair of the Research Council on Democratization of the German Association of Political Science. Since 2012 he is coeditor of the quarterly Democratization. He is a member of the academic advisory board of the Bertelsmann Transformatio Index,and the Sustainable Governance Index.
A military dictatorship,or a military regime,is a type of dictatorship in which power is held by one or more military officers. Military dictatorships are led by either a single military dictator,known as a strongman,or by a council of military officers known as a military junta. They are most often formed by military coups or by the empowerment of the military through a popular uprising in times of domestic unrest or instability. The military nominally seeks power to restore order or fight corruption,but the personal motivations of military officers will vary.
Democratization,or democratisation,is the structural government transition from an authoritarian government to a more democratic political regime,including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction.
The term "illiberal democracy" describes a governing system that hides its "nondemocratic practices behind formally democratic institutions and procedures". There is a lack of consensus among experts about the exact definition of illiberal democracy or whether it even exists.
Modernization theory holds that as societies become more economically modernized,wealthier and more educated,their political institutions become increasingly liberal democratic. The "classical" theories of modernization of the 1950s and 1960s,most influentially articulated by Seymour Lipset,drew on sociological analyses of Karl Marx,Emile Durkheim,Max Weber,and Talcott Parsons. Modernization theory was a dominant paradigm in the social sciences in the 1950s and 1960s,and saw a resurgence after 1991,when Francis Fukuyama wrote about the end of the Cold War as confirmation on modernization theory.
Chatichai Choonhavan was a Thai army officer,diplomat and politician. From 1986 to 1991,he was the chairman of the Thai Nation Party and served as the Prime Minister of Thailand from August 1988 until the 1991 coup d'état.
Juan JoséLinz Storch de Gracia was a German-born Spanish sociologist and political scientist specializing in comparative politics. From 1961 he was Sterling Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Political Science at Yale University and later also an honorary member of the Scientific Council at the Juan March Institute. He is best known for his work on authoritarian political regimes and democratization.
A democratic transition describes a phase in a country's political system as a result of an ongoing change from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one. The process is known as democratisation,political changes moving in a democratic direction. Democratization waves have been linked to sudden shifts in the distribution of power among the great powers,which created openings and incentives to introduce sweeping domestic reforms. Although transitional regimes experience more civil unrest,they may be considered stable in a transitional phase for decades at a time. Since the end of the Cold War transitional regimes have become the most common form of government. Scholarly analysis of the decorative nature of democratic institutions concludes that the opposite democratic backsliding (autocratization),a transition to authoritarianism is the most prevalent basis of modern hybrid regimes.
Defective democracy is a concept that was proposed by the political scientists Wolfgang Merkel,Hans-Jürgen Puhle and Aurel S. Croissant at the beginning of the 21st century to subtilize the distinctions between totalitarian,authoritarian,and democratic political systems. It is based on the concept of embedded democracy. While there are four forms of defective democracy,how each nation reaches the point of defectiveness varies. One recurring theme is the geographical location of the nation,which includes the effects of the influence of surrounding nations in the region. Other causes for defective democracies include their path of modernization,level of modernization,economic trends,social capital,civil society,political institutions,and education.
Gerardo L. Munck is a political scientist specializing in comparative politics. He is professor of political science and international relations at the University of Southern California.
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality,the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo,and reductions in democracy,separation of powers,and the rule of law. Political scientists have created many typologies describing variations of authoritarian forms of government. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies","hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states.
Philippe C. Schmitter is an American political scientist specializing in comparative politics. He is Emeritus Professor of the Department of Political and Social Sciences at the European University Institute.
Anocracy,or semi-democracy,is a form of government that is loosely defined as part democracy and part dictatorship,or as a "regime that mixes democratic with autocratic features". Another definition classifies anocracy as "a regime that permits some means of participation through opposition group behavior but that has incomplete development of mechanisms to redress grievances." The term "semi-democratic" is reserved for stable regimes that combine democratic and authoritarian elements. Scholars distinguish anocracies from autocracies and democracies in their capability to maintain authority,political dynamics,and policy agendas. Anocratic regimes have democratic institutions that allow for nominal amounts of competition. Such regimes are particularly susceptible to outbreaks of armed conflict and unexpected or adverse changes in leadership.
A hybrid regime is a type of political system often created as a result of an incomplete democratic transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one. Hybrid regimes are categorized as having a combination of autocratic features with democratic ones and can simultaneously hold political repressions and regular elections. Hybrid regimes are commonly found in developing countries with abundant natural resources such as petro-states. Although these regimes experience civil unrest,they may be relatively stable and tenacious for decades at a time. There has been a rise in hybrid regimes since the end of the Cold War.
Embedded democracy is a form of government in which democratic governance is secured by democratic partial regimes. The term "embedded democracy" was coined by political scientists Wolfgang Merkel,Hans-Jürgen Puhle,and Aurel Croissant,who identified "five interdependent partial regimes" necessary for an embedded democracy:electoral regime,political participation,civil rights,horizontal accountability,and the power of the elected representatives to govern. The five internal regimes work together to check the power of the government,while external regimes also help to secure and stabilize embedded democracies. Together,all the regimes ensure that an embedded democracy is guided by the three fundamental principles of freedom,equality,and control.
Leonardo Morlino is Emeritus Professor of Political Science at LUISS "Guido Carli" University specializing in comparative politics.
Mark R. Thompson is an expert on Southeast Asian politics,with particular interest in the Philippines,Thailand,and Indonesia. He also works on broader themes of comparative politics,particularly authoritarianism and democratization. He is professor of politics at the City University of Hong Kong,where he is head of the Department of Asian and International Studies (AIS) and also director of the Southeast Asia Research Centre (SEARC). Earlier he taught in the United Kingdom (Glasgow),Germany,and Japan. In 2013-2014 he was president of the Asian Political and International Studies Association (APISA). He has been a regularly commentator on Southeast Asian politics in the international media.
Julio Cabral Teehankee is a Filipino political scientist. He is Full Professor of Political Science and International Studies at De La Salle University (DLSU) where he served as Chair of the Political Science Department (1994–2007);Chair of the International Studies Department (2008–2013);and Dean of the College of Liberal Arts (2013–2017).
Legislative elections in South Korea determine the composition of the National Assembly for the next four years.
The Katipunan ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino is a political party in the Philippines. The party was founded in June 19,2020 by Kerby Salazar,a provincial board member from Cavite,to be a platform for youth empowerment in the national government.
Democracy in Asia can be comparatively assessed according to various definitions of democracy. According to the V-Dem Democracy indices,the Asian countries with the highest democracy scores in 2023 are Japan,Taiwan,South Korea,Cyprus and Israel,meanwhile the Asian countries with lowest democracy scores in 2023 are Saudi Arabia,China and Afghanistan. Democratic backsliding can be observed in parts of Asia. The V-Dem Democracy Report identified for the year 2023 East Timor as a case of stand-alone democratization and Thailand and Maldives as cases of U-Turn Democratization.
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