Australian Medical Association

Last updated

Australian Medical Association
Company type Professional association
Founded1962;62 years ago (1962)
Area served
 Australia
Key people
Dr Danielle McMullen (president)
Dr Julian Rait (vice president)
RevenueAU$21.9 million (2020)
Members~30,000 (2021)
Parent Australian Medical Association Limited
Website www.ama.com.au

The Australian Medical Association (AMA) is an Australian public company by guarantee formed as a professional association for Australian doctors and medical students. The association is not run by the Australian Government and does not regulate or certify doctors, a responsibility which lies with the Medical Board of Australia [1] and the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. [2] The association's national headquarters are located in Barton, Australian Capital Territory, in addition to the offices of its branches in each of the states and territories in Australia.

Contents

The organisation aims to lead health policy debate. It is based on a structure of state branches and committees. The AMA supports patient care and uses a variety of mechanisms that promote and protect the interests of doctors in Australia. It has around 30,000 members forming the largest voluntary association of doctors in Australia. The AMA has traditionally been a conservative (rather than progressive) body. The AMA officially endorses trials to use pill testing.

The AMA offers an Indigenous Medical Scholarship. It has formed an Equity, Inclusion and Diversity Committee. The current president is Dr Danielle McMullen. The BMA Branches of the Australian states and territories formally merged into the Australian Medical Association in 1962.

Aims and objectives

The AMA has a range of representative and scientific committees. One of its stated aims is "leading the health policy debate by developing and promoting alternative policies to those government policies that the AMA considers poorly targeted or ill-informed; responding to issues in the health debate through the provision of a wide range of expert resources; and commissioning and conducting research on health issues.". [3]

Membership and demographics

The AMA represents slightly fewer than 30% of all Australian doctors, which is the largest voluntary association of doctors in Australia. This is down from previous levels of 95% in 1962 and 50% in 1987. [4] [5] [6] The rate of membership amongst Australian GPs is lower than for other doctors, with approximately 6,000 out of 45,000 GPs being AMA members. Engagement of GPs by the AMA is lower than for the RACGP and ACRRM. [7] In 2020, the incoming AMA President Omar Khorshid claimed in an interview that the AMA could still advocate on behalf of all doctors, even though only 30% of doctors supported the AMA through membership. [8]

There are 15 officially recognised specialty medical Colleges in Australia. The AMA offers only the 11 largest out of the 15 representation on AMA Federal Council [9] with the smaller Colleges currently ineligible for representation. The official Australian medical colleges that do not have representation within the AMA are Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians, Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine, College of Intensive Care Medicine and the Royal Australasian College of Medical Administrators.

The AMA offers an Indigenous Medical Scholarship. [10] It has called upon the Federal government to spend more on Indigenous Health in a number of areas. [11] [12] However, the AMA lobbied against equitable time-tiered Medicare consultation rebates for different specialists, [13] which was proposed by the MBS Review Taskforce. [14] Inability to access equitable time-tiered MBS rebates for Sport & Exercise Medicine specialists under Medicare is an important issue for Indigenous Australians. [15] [16] In 2020, the AMA President Tony Bartone criticised attendees at the Black Lives Matter rallies in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic for attending a large gathering, [17] although AMA (WA) President Andrew Miller was supportive. [18]

The AMA formed an Equity, Inclusion and Diversity Committee (EIDC) [19] in 2016, [20] which produced an anti-racism statement in 2018 . The AMA held a Gender Equity Summit in 2019 [21] and set targets to improve female representation on AMA Boards and Committees, aiming for >=40%. The AMA has only had two female Presidents in its history. In early 2020, less than 20% of members on AMA Federal Council were female. After elections in mid-2020, this had increased to 27% of members on Federal council being female. In 2017, 42% of doctors were female in Australia. [22]

History

Colonial medical associations

New South Wales

Surgeon William Bland, inaugural president of the short-lived Australian Medical Association established in 1858 William Bland (cropped).jpg
Surgeon William Bland, inaugural president of the short-lived Australian Medical Association established in 1858

The Medico-Chirurgical Association of Australia was formed in 1844 aiming to "maintain and secure the dignity and the privileges of the medical and surgical profession in this colony". Prominent surgeon and former convict William Bland was a founding member, but the organisation was short-lived. [23] In 1850, Irish-trained physician Henry Douglass revived the Australian Philosophical Society (later the Royal Society of New South Wales), which included Charles Nicholson and a number of other doctors as members. [24]

In 1858, English-trained physician James Robertson established a body called the Australian Medical Association (AMA), whose members were primarily from Sydney but also included some Queenslanders. Bland was elected as the organisation's president and it recorded over 110 members in its early years. However, it did not survive Robertson and Bland's subsequent deaths and was wound up in 1869. [24]

Following the demise of the original AMA, unsuccessful attempts at revival were made by Frederick Milford and Charles Nathan. In 1876, Nicholson established a medical section of the Royal Society with the aid of Normand MacLaurin and Philip Sydney Jones. [24] A New South Wales branch of the BMA was established in 1880, receiving official recognition on the same date as the South Australian branch. [25]

Queensland

The Queensland Medical Society was established in 1871 with Kearsay Cannan as president and Joseph Bancroft as secretary. [26] Following conflict between members, it was replaced by the Medical Society of Queensland (MSQ) in 1882 with Kevin Izod O'Doherty as inaugural president, later replaced by Bancroft. [27] The society was complemented by the Queensland Medico-Ethical Association led by surgeon John Thomson. After Bancroft's death in 1894, Queensland followed the other colonies in establishing a branch of the BMA, with ophthalmologist William Frederick Taylor as inaugural branch president. [28]

South Australia

The South Australian Medical Association was established in 1872 with surgeon William Gosse as president, but it was wound up in 1881. Many physicians were also prominent in the Royal Society of South Australia, including Joseph Verco, George Mayo and Edward Charles Stirling. [29] South Australia was the first colony to establish a branch of the British Medical Association, doing so in 1879 with Gosse as president and Thomas Wilson Corbin as secretary. The South Australian branch of the BMA proved to be the most active in Australia, lobbying for the creation of a medical school at the University of Adelaide, organising the first Intercolonial Medical Congress in 1887, and encouraging other colonies to also affiliate with the BMA. [30]

Tasmania

Several physicians were prominent in the Royal Society of Tasmania, established in 1843, including state premiers James Agnew and William Crowther. However, it was not until 1896 that Agnew established a medical section of the Royal Society, which functioned as the main medical organisation in Tasmania for 15 years. Attempts to establish a branch of the BMA were made as early as the 1880s, driven by Victorian-trained doctors. In 1897 a sub-branch of the Victorian BMA was formed in Launceston, which lasted until 1904. [31] A Tasmanian branch of the BMA was eventually established in 1911, but was marked by conflict between groups from Launceston and Hobart. The branch was split into northern and southern sections in 1925. [32]

Victoria

The Port Phillip Medical Association was established in 1846 with a membership drawn from the Port Phillip District of New South Wales. It was disbanded in 1851, the same year that the district became the separate colony of Victoria, but the following year was replaced by a new Victorian Medical Association (VMA) with David Elliot Wilkie as president. A rival Medical-Chirurgical Association of Victoria (MCA) was established in 1853 by William McCrea, joined by a number of independent bodies in gold rush districts such as Castlemaine, Mount Alexander, Bendigo and Ballarat. [33]

The VMA and MCA merged in 1855 to form the Medical Society of Victoria (MSV). [33] With James Edward Neild as honorary secretary, the MSV established a medical library and began publishing the Australian Medical Journal . However, it suffered from a series of internal conflicts between members and in 1868 was joined by a rival Medical Association of Victoria (MAV), publishing an alternative Australian Medical Gazette. [34] In 1879, Neild resigned from the MSV over its failure to support him in a lawsuit and led moves to establish Victorian branch of the BMA, with surgeon William Gilbee as president. The MSV and BMA alternated between periods of enmity and cooperation until 1906, when they formally merged. Surgeon George Adlington Syme and Harry Brookes Allen were prominent supporters of the merger. [35]

Western Australia

Due to its small population and distance from the other colonies, no serious attempts to establish a medical association in Western Australia were made until the 1880s. The Western Australian Medical Association was established in 1897, but lasted less than a year before a local branch of the BMA was set up with Alfred Waylen as inaugural president. [36]

Later history

The entrance of the former BMA House located at 135-137 Macquarie Street Sydney, home to the New South Wales Branch of the BMA and then the AMA from 1930 to 1980. British Medical Association (NSW Branch) Building in Macquarie Street, Sydney, Australia - 20071027.jpg
The entrance of the former BMA House located at 135-137 Macquarie Street Sydney, home to the New South Wales Branch of the BMA and then the AMA from 1930 to 1980.

In 1911, the South Australian branch of the BMA resolved that a federal committee be established to co-ordinate activities with the other Australian branches. The motion was made by William Thornborough Hayward. [30]

The BMA Branches of the Australian states and territories formally merged into the Australian Medical Association in 1962. [37]

Presidents

  1. Cecil Colville (1962–1964)
  2. Sir Angus Murray (1964–1967)
  3. Clarence Rieger (1967–1970)
  4. Roderick Macdonald (1970–1972)
  5. Gavin Johnson (1972–1973)
  6. Sir Keith Jones (1973–1976)
  7. Rupert Magarey (1976–1979)
  8. Lionel Wilson (1979–1982)
  9. Lindsay Thompson (1982–1985)
  10. Trevor Pickering (1985–1988)
  11. Bryce Phillips (1998–1990)
  12. Bruce Shepherd (1990–1993)
  13. Brendan Nelson (1993–1995)
  14. David Weedon (1995–1996)
  15. Keith Woollard (1996–1998)
  16. David Brand (1998–2000)
  17. Kerryn Phelps (2000–2003)
  18. Bill Glasson (2003–2005)
  19. Mukesh Haikerwal (2005–2007)
  20. Rosanna Capolingua (2007–2009)
  21. Andrew Pesce (2009–2011)
  22. Steve Hambleton (2011–2014)
  23. Brian Owler (2014–2016)
  24. Michael Gannon (2016–2018) [38]
  25. Tony Bartone (2018–2020)
  26. Omar Khorshid (2020–2022) [39]
  27. Steve Robson (2022–2024)
  28. Danielle McMullen (2024–current)

Other personnel

Coat of arms

Coat of arms of the Australian Medical Association
Coat of Arms of the Australian Medical Association (1963).jpg
Adopted
Granted by the Kings of Arms (and supporters by Garter) on 10 June 1963 (Earl Marshal's warrant, 30 July 1962). [40]
Crest
On a Wreath Argent and Vert, a Kangaroo proper, holding between the fore paws a Sun in splendour Or.
Helm
A closed Helmet, mantling Gules, doubled Argent.
Escutcheon
Argent, on a Cross formy throughout Gules, within a Bordure Ermine, a Rod of Aesculapius Or.
Supporters
On either side a Unicorn Argent, unguled armed and crined Or, supporting between the forelegs a Staff proper, flying thereon a Pennant per fess Argent and Vert charged with the Badge of the Australian Medical Association.
Compartment
A field of Grass Vert.
Motto
Latin: Pro Genere Humano Concordes ("All as one for mankind")
Badge
A Sun in splendour Or, the face charged with a Cross formy throughout Gules, thereon a Rod of Aesculapius Or.
Symbolism
The red cross is the international symbol of medical services. The Rod of Asclepius in the centre of the cross is a classical symbol of healing and medicine. [41] The Unicorn was also fabled for its healing properties. [40]

Positions

The AMA has traditionally been a conservative (rather than progressive) body, often opposing change rather than lobbying for change within medicine. For example, the AMA released a press release in early 2019 claiming an "Advocacy breakthrough" which in fact was to "oppose changes" being considered under a wide-ranging review of the Medicare Benefits Schedule. [42] Historically the AMA has tended to oppose "government interference in the practice of medicine" advocating on behalf of the service-providers (doctors) rather than the consumers (patients). The AMA has been recently criticised for accepting the Australian Federal Government's JobSeeker subsidy during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia despite being profitable during 2020. [43]

Climate change

The AMA acknowledges the scientific consensus that climate change is real and anthropogenic. [44] In September 2019, the AMA officially declared climate change a public health emergency, stating that "The scientific reality is that climate change affects health and well-being by increasing the situations in which infectious diseases can be transmitted, and through more extreme weather events, particularly heatwaves." [45]

Tony Bartone, AMA President, noted that climate change will cause "higher mortality and morbidity from heat stress; injury and mortality from increasingly severe weather events; increases in the transmission of vector-borne diseases; food insecurity resulting from declines in agricultural outputs; a higher incidence of mental-ill health". [45]

The AMA has agreed with Doctors for the Environment Australia (DEA) that the healthcare sector in Australia should aim for a 80% reduction in emissions by 2030, but the AMA is still supportive of medical procedures with a poor evidence-base that could be considered wasteful and a source of excess emissions. [46] For example, the AMA lobbied the Australian government to continue to fund spinal fusion as a surgical treatment under Medicare, even when there was substantial evidence that spinal fusion is an ineffective procedure and plans were in place to de-fund this surgery. [47]

The AMA has called on the Australian Government to:

Community pill-testing

The AMA officially endorses trials to use pill-testing at community events such as festivals. [48] [49] AMA President Dr Tony Bartone publicly declared his support for pill-testing at festivals, stating that it would provide "an opportunity to try and inform [drug users] about the dangerous consequences and try to get an opportunity to give them education and access to rehabilitation in terms of trying to reduce their drug dependency." [49] NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian rejected the AMA's call for pill testing. [49]

COVID-19

In June 2021, AMA President Omar Khorshid advocated for the construction of “purpose-built quarantine facilities” across each state and territory in Australia, particularly areas with significant international travel. [50]

See also

Related Research Articles

Medicare is the publicly funded universal health care insurance scheme in Australia operated by the nation's social security agency, Services Australia. The scheme either partially or fully covers the cost of most health care, with services being delivered by state and territory governments or private enterprises. All Australian citizens and permanent residents are eligible to enrol in Medicare, as well as international visitors from 11 countries that have reciprocal agreements for medically necessary treatment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">General practitioner</span> Generalist medical doctor working in primary care

A general practitioner (GP) or family physician is a doctor who is a consultant in general practice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Medical Association</span> Organization

The American Medical Association (AMA) is an American professional association and lobbying group of physicians and medical students. Founded in 1847, it is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. Membership was 271,660 in 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brendan Nelson</span> Australian politician (born 1958)

Brendan John Nelson is an Australian business leader, physician and former politician. He served as the federal Leader of the Opposition from 2007 to 2008, going on to serve as Australia's senior diplomat to the European Union and NATO. He currently serves in a global leadership role with Boeing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">General practice</span> Patient-based medical care provided across age, gender and specialty boundaries

General practice is personal, family, and community-orientated comprehensive primary care that includes diagnosis, continues over time and is anticipatory as well as responsive.

The British Medical Association (BMA) is a registered trade union and professional body for doctors in the United Kingdom. It does not regulate or certify doctors, a responsibility which lies with the General Medical Council. The BMA has a range of representative and scientific committees and is recognised by National Health Service (NHS) employers alongside the Hospital Consultants and Specialists Association as one of two national contract negotiators for doctors.

Within the National Health Service, resident doctors are qualified medical practitioners working whilst engaged in postgraduate training. The period of being a resident doctor starts when they qualify as a medical practitioner following graduation with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery degree and start the UK Foundation Programme. It culminates in a post as a consultant, a general practitioner (GP), or becoming a SAS Doctor, such as a specialty doctor or Specialist post.

Bulk billing is a payment option under the Medicare system of universal health insurance in Australia. It can cover a prescribed range of health services as listed in the Medicare Benefits Schedule, at the discretion of the health service provider. The health service provider - usually a doctor - is paid 85% of the scheduled fee for outpatient services; and 75% of the scheduled fee for inpatient services, by billing the government via the patient's Medicare card. The service provider receives a fixed proportion of the scheduled fee but avoids the costs and risks of billing and debt collection. It could be described as a form of factoring.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medical education in Australia</span>

Medical education in Australia includes the educational activities involved in the initial and ongoing training of Medical Practitioners. In Australia, medical education begins in Medical School; upon graduation it is followed by a period of pre-vocational training including Internship and Residency; thereafter, enrolment into a specialist-vocational training program as a Registrar eventually leads to fellowship qualification and recognition as a fully qualified Specialist Medical Practitioner. Medical education in Australia is facilitated by Medical Schools and the Medical Specialty Colleges, and is regulated by the Australian Medical Council (AMC) and Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) of which includes the Medical Board of Australia where medical practitioners are registered nationally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Australian College of General Practitioners</span>

The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP) is the professional body for general practitioners (GPs) in Australia. The RACGP is responsible for maintaining standards for quality clinical practice, education and training, and research in Australian general practice. The RACGP represents over 40,000 members across metropolitan, urban, rural and remote Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kerryn Phelps</span> Australian doctor and politician (born 1957)

Kerryn Lyndel Phelps is an Australian medical practitioner, public health and civil rights advocate, medical educator and former politician.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Herron (Australian politician)</span> Australian politician (1932–2019)

John Joseph Herron was an Australian politician, ambassador and surgeon who was a Liberal member of the Australian Senate from 1990 to 2002, representing Queensland. From 1996 to 2001 he was the Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs. From 2002 to 2006 he was the Australian Ambassador to Ireland and the Holy See.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health care in Australia</span>

Health care in Australia operates under a shared public-private model underpinned by the Medicare system, the national single-payer funding model. State and territory governments operate public health facilities where eligible patients receive care free of charge. Primary health services, such as GP clinics, are privately owned in most situations, but attract Medicare rebates. Australian citizens, permanent residents, and some visitors and visa holders are eligible for health services under the Medicare system. Individuals are encouraged through tax surcharges to purchase health insurance to cover services offered in the private sector, and further fund health care.

Dr. Sue Page AM is the past President of the Rural Doctors Association of Australia and current

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AMA House, Brisbane</span> Historic site in Queensland, Australia

AMA House is a heritage-listed villa at 188 L'Estrange Terrace, Kelvin Grove, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from c. 1914 to c. 1916. It is also known as BMA House and Hunstanton. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 1995.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fraser Macintosh Rose</span> General practitioner (1897–1972)

Fraser Macintosh Rose,, known as Fraser Rose, was a physician who worked as a general practitioner (GP), and is best known for co-founding the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AMA House, Sydney</span> Heritage-listed building in Sydney, Australia

AMA House, Sydney or the Australian Medical Association House, Sydney is a heritage-listed former medical office and library and now commercial offices located at 135–137 Macquarie Street in the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by Fowell & McConnel and built from 1929 to 1930 by Messrs Hutcherson Bros. It was formerly known as BMA House or the British Medical Association House. The property is privately owned. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

The Better Access Scheme also known as the "Better Access to Psychiatrists, Psychologists and General Practitioners initiative" is a program of the Australian Government that provides subsidised mental health care to Australian residents. Under the scheme, General Practitioners (GPs), Paediatricians and Psychiatrists with a Medicare provider number are able to refer patients to eligible allied health practitioners for treatment of mental health conditions under Medicare. The scheme is a key component of health care in Australia and aims to improve the treatment and management of mental illness within the Australian community. The introduction of the Better Access scheme has provided over 30 million individual treatment services for Australians with mental health disorders since its inception.

Bangladesh Medical Association is the national professional association of medical doctors in Bangladesh. Mostofa Jalal Mohiuddin is the president of the Bangladesh Medical Association while Md. Ehteshamul Huq Choudhury is the general secretary. Md. Tarique Mehedi Parvez is the organiging secretary

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians</span>

The Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians (ACSEP) is a not-for-profit professional organisation responsible for training, educating, and representing over 350 doctors in Australia and New Zealand. These doctors practise medicine in the specialty of sport and exercise medicine (SEM). The ACSEP is the smallest of the 15 recognised specialist medical Colleges in Australia with approximately 260 Fellows and Registrars in 2020. Australia and New Zealand, along with the UK, have been cited as pioneer countries in the establishment of SEM as a stand-alone specialty.

References

  1. ↑ https://www.medicalboard.gov.au/ Medical Board of Australia
  2. ↑ https://www.ahpra.gov.au/ Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency
  3. ↑ "About the AMA - Advocacy". Australian Medical Association. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  4. ↑ Coote, Bill (30 April 2018). "How low can the AMA go? • The Medical Republic". The Medical Republic 30 Apr 2018. Medical Republic. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  5. ↑ Glauser, Wendy (8 January 2018). "Some medical associations see modest growth despite challenges". CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal. 190 (1): E32–E33. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-5530. ISSN   0820-3946. PMC   5760264 . PMID   29311108.
  6. ↑ Duckett, Stephen. "Patient advocate or doctors' union? How the AMA flexes its political muscle - Grattan Institute". grattan.edu.au.
  7. ↑ Knibbs, Jeremy (6 June 2020). "RACGP, ACRRM and AMA all facing survival inflection points • The Medical Republic". The Medical Republic. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  8. ↑ O'Rourke, Geir (18 August 2020). "Is the AMA wobbling? Its new president responds". AusDoc.PLUS. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  9. ↑ https://ama.com.au/federal-councillors AMA Federal Council
  10. ↑ "AMA Indigenous Medical Scholarship". indigenousscholarship.ama.com.au. AMA.
  11. ↑ "AMA Submission to the Australian National Audit Office (ANAO) Performance Audit on Closing the Gap in Indigenous Disadvantage". Australian Medical Association. AMA. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  12. ↑ "AMA calls for greater investment in Indigenous health". Australian Medical Association. AMA. 18 June 2020.
  13. ↑ "AMA submission to the MBS Review Taskforce" (PDF). ama.com.au. AMA. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  14. ↑ "Report from the Specialist and Consultant Physician Consultation Clinical Committee" (PDF). MBS Review Taskforce. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  15. ↑ Luies, Nathan (28 April 2020). "Sports and exercise medicine helps manage chronic disease. It needs better funding | Nathan Luies for IndigenousX". The Guardian.
  16. ↑ Masters, Roy (24 January 2020). "Australian of the Year nominee highlights forgotten cut to Medicare". The Sydney Morning Herald .
  17. ↑ "AMA President speaks on BLM protests". The Age.
  18. ↑ "'Leading by example': AMA commends Perth BLM protesters". The West Australian. 9 June 2020.
  19. ↑ "Equity, Inclusion and Diversity Committee". Australian Medical Association. 21 October 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  20. ↑ "AMA acts to promote diversity and inclusion". Australian Medical Association. 12 December 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  21. ↑ "AMA Gender Equity Summit I 23 March 2019 I Sydney". Australian Medical Association. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  22. ↑ Aubusson, Kate (22 July 2017). "Female GPs outnumber male GPs for the first time in Australia". The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  23. ↑ Nagle 2012, p. 23.
  24. 1 2 3 Nagle 2012, p. 24.
  25. ↑ Nagle 2012, p. 25.
  26. ↑ Nagle 2012, p. 26.
  27. ↑ Nagle 2012, p. 27.
  28. ↑ Nagle 2012, p. 28.
  29. ↑ Nagle 2012, p. 29.
  30. 1 2 Nagle 2012, p. 30.
  31. ↑ Nagle 2012, p. 32.
  32. ↑ Nagle 2012, p. 33.
  33. 1 2 Nagle 2012, p. 18.
  34. ↑ Nagle 2012, p. 19.
  35. ↑ Nagle 2012, p. 20.
  36. ↑ Nagle 2012, pp. 38–39.
  37. ↑ "About the AMA - History". Australian Medical Association. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  38. ↑ AMA (29 May 2016). "Dr Michael Gannon elected as new AMA President".
  39. ↑ Health, Australian Government Department of (3 August 2020). "New AMA leadership team elected at 2020 AMA National Conference". Australian Government Department of Health.
  40. 1 2 Low, Charles (1971). A Roll of Australian Arms. Adelaide: Rigby Limited. p. 7. ISBN   0-85179-149-2.
  41. ↑ "AMA History - AMA crest and logo". Australian Medical Association. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  42. ↑ "AMA advocacy breakthroughs in MBS Review". Australian Medical Association. 1 February 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  43. ↑ Roddan, Michael (2 July 2021). "JobKeeper spares Australian Medical Association pile of cash". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  44. ↑ "Climate Change and Human Health - 2004. Revised 2008. Revised 2015". Australian Medical Association. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  45. 1 2 3 "Climate change is a health emergency". Australian Medical Association. 3 September 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  46. ↑ "Drop wasteful procedures to do our bit for climate • The Medical Republic". The Medical Republic. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  47. ↑ Mannix, Liam (2023). Back Up: Why back pain treatments aren't working and the new science offering hope. Australia: NewSouth Publishing. pp. 176–177. ISBN   9781742238081.
  48. ↑ "AMA FORMALLY BACKS SUPERVISED PILL TESTING TRIALS". Australian Medical Association. 22 March 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  49. 1 2 3 "AMA backs pill testing at festivals". Australian Medical Association. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  50. ↑ Clun, Rachel (25 June 2021). "Purpose-built quarantine facilities proposed in Queensland and Western Australia". The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2023.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.