Bystin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BYSL gene. [5] [6] [7]
Bystin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BYSL gene. [5] [6] [7]
Bystin is expressed as a 2-kb major transcript and a 3.6-kb minor transcript in SNG-M cells and in human trophoblastic teratocarcinoma HT-H cells. Protein binding assays determined that bystin binds directly to trophinin and tastin, and that binding is enhanced when cytokeratins 8 and 18 are present. Immunocytochemistry of HT-H cells showed that bystin colocalizes with trophinin, tastin, and the cytokeratins, suggesting that these molecules form a complex in trophectoderm cells at the time of implantation. Using immunohistochemistry it was determined that trophinin and bystin are found in the placenta from the sixth week of pregnancy. Both proteins were localized in the cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast in the chorionic villi and in endometrial decidual cells at the uteroplacental interface. After week 10, the levels of trophinin, tastin, and bystin decreased and then disappeared from placental villi. [7]
The chorion is the outermost fetal membrane around the embryo in mammals, birds and reptiles (amniotes). It develops from an outer fold on the surface of the yolk sac, which lies outside the zona pellucida, known as the vitelline membrane in other animals. In insects it is developed by the follicle cells while the egg is in the ovary.
Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 4 also known as cytokeratin-4 (CK-4) or keratin-4 (K4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT4 gene.
Keratin 13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT13 gene.
Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 19 also known as cytokeratin-19 (CK-19) or keratin-19 (K19) is a 40 kDa protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT19 gene. Keratin 19 is a type I keratin.
Keratin 15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT15 gene.
Thrombomodulin (TM), CD141 or BDCA-3 is an integral membrane protein expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and serves as a cofactor for thrombin. It reduces blood coagulation by converting thrombin to an anticoagulant enzyme from a procoagulant enzyme. Thrombomodulin is also expressed on human mesothelial cell, monocyte and a dendritic cell subset.
Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL11 gene.
In humans, implantation is the stage of human reproduction at which the embryo adheres to the wall of the uterus. At this stage of prenatal development, the conceptus is called a blastocyst. Once this adhesion is successful, the female is considered to be pregnant and the embryo will receive oxygen and nutrients from the mother in order to grow.
Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) also known as lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 and CD107a, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LAMP1 gene. The human LAMP1 gene is located on the long arm (q) of chromosome 13 at region 3, band 4 (13q34).
Heme oxygenase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HMOX2 gene.
Trophinin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRO gene.
N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GCNT2 gene.
60S ribosomal protein L28 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL28 gene.
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-poly-alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ST8SIA4 gene.
Solute carrier family 26 member 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC26A6 gene. It is an anion-exchanger expressed in the apical membrane of the kidney proximal tubule, the apical membranes of the duct cells in the pancreas, and the villi of the duodenum.
28S ribosomal protein S17, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS17 gene.
Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 12 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHST12 gene.
Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT23 gene.
Trophinin-associated protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TROAP gene.
Villitis of unknown etiology (VUE), also known as chronic villitis, is a placental injury. VUE is an inflammatory condition involving the chorionic villi. VUE is a recurrent condition and can be associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). IUGR involves the poor growth of the foetus, stillbirth, miscarriage, and premature delivery. VUE recurs in about 1/3 of subsequent pregnancies.
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