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A DNA virus is a virus that has DNA as its genetic material and replicates using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The nucleic acid is usually double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) but may also be single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). DNA viruses belong to either Group I or Group II of the Baltimore classification system for viruses. Single-stranded DNA is usually expanded to double-stranded in infected cells. Although Group VII viruses such as hepatitis B contain a DNA genome, they are not considered DNA viruses according to the Baltimore classification, but rather reverse transcribing viruses because they replicate through an RNA intermediate. Notable diseases like smallpox, herpes, and the chickenpox are caused by such DNA viruses.
The Parvoviridae are a family of small, rugged, genetically-compact DNA viruses, known collectively as parvoviruses. There are currently >75 species in the family, divided among 13 genera and two subfamilies. Members of this family infect a wide array of animal hosts and have been divided into two subfamilies, which infect either vertebrates or invertebrates (Densovirinae).
Parvovirus is the common name applied to all the viruses in the Parvoviridae taxonomic family. Parvovirus can also be used specifically for members of one of the two Parvoviridae subfamilies: Parvovirinae, which infect vertebrate hosts, and Densovirinae, which infect invertebrate hosts, are more commonly referred to as densoviruses. In subfamily Parvovirinae there are eight genera, containing a total of 58 recognized species, while in subfamily Densovirinae there are 5 genera and a total of 21 species.
Phycodnaviridae is a family of large (100–560 kb) double-stranded DNA viruses that infect marine or freshwater eukaryotic algae. Viruses within this family have a similar morphology, with an icosahedral capsid. As of 2014, there were 33 species in this family, divided among 6 genera. This family belongs to a super-group of large viruses known as nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. Evidence was published in 2014 suggesting that specific strains of Phycodnaviridae might infect humans rather than just algal species, as was previously believed. Most genera under this family enter the host cell by cell receptor endocytosis and replicate in the nucleus. Phycodnaviridae play important ecological roles by regulating the growth and productivity of their algal hosts. Algal species such Heterosigma akashiwo and the genus Chrysochromulina can form dense blooms which can be damaging to fisheries, resulting in losses in the aquaculture industry. Heterosigma akashiwo virus (HaV) has been suggested for use as a microbial agent to prevent the recurrence of toxic red tides produced by this algal species. Phycodnaviridae cause death and lysis of freshwater and marine algal species, liberating organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus into the water, providing nutrients for the microbial loop.
Dependoparvovirus is a genus in the subfamily Parvovirinae of the virus family Parvoviridae; they are Group II viruses according to the Baltimore classification. Some dependoparvoviruses are also known as adeno-associated viruses because they cannot replicate productively in their host cell without the cell being coinfected by a helper virus such as an adenovirus, a herpesvirus, or a vaccinia virus.
Tectiviridae is a family of viruses with three genera. Gram-negative bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are currently four species in this genus including the type species Enterobacteria phage PRD1. Tectiviruses have no head-tail structure, but are capable of producing tail-like tubes of ~ 60×10 nm upon adsorption or after chloroform treatment. The name is derived from Latin tectus.
The virus genus Ambidensovirus belongs to the Densovirinae subfamily of the family Parvoviridae. Members of this genus are single-stranded DNA viruses. This genus infects invertebrates, including insects, crustacea and echinoderms. An especimen was found infecting humans in Brazil. There are currently eleven species in this genus including the type species Lepidopteran ambidensovirus 1.
Iridoviridae is a family of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes. Amphibians, fish, and invertebrates such as arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 12 species in this family, divided among two subfamilies and five genera.
The nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses(NCLDV) are a proposed order of dsDNA viruses, notable for containing the Megavirales or giant viruses. There are nine families of NCLDVs that all share certain genomic and structural characteristics; however, it is uncertain whether the similarities of the different families of this group have a common viral ancestor. One feature of this group is a large genome and the presence of many genes involved in DNA repair, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Typically, viruses with smaller genomes do not contain genes for these processes. Most of the viruses in this family also replicate in both the host's nucleus and cytoplasm, thus the name nucleocytoplasmic.
Asfarviridae is a family of double-stranded viruses. Asfivirus is the only genus in the family. Asfiviruses infect insects and swine.
Ascoviridae is a family of double strand DNA viruses that infect primarily invertebrates, mainly noctuids and spodoptera species; it contains two genera, Ascovirus, which contains three species, and Toursvirus with a single species Diadromus pulchellus toursvirus. The type species of Ascovirus is Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a, which infects the army worm.
Picobirnavirus is a genus of dsRNA viruses, the only genus in the family Picobirnaviridae. Although amniotes, especially mammals, were thought to serve as hosts, it has been recently suggested that these viruses might infect bacteria and possibly some other invertebrates. There are currently only two species in this genus including the type species human picobirnavirus. Associated symptoms include gastroenteritis in animals and humans, though the disease association is unclear.
Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus 1 is a species of virus that infects the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus.
Clavaviridae is a family of double-stranded viruses that infect archaea. This family was first described by the team led by D. Prangishvili in 2010. There is one genus in this family (Clavavirus). Within this genus, a single species has been described to date: Aeropyrum pernix bacilliform virus 1.
Dinodnavirus is a genus of viruses that infect dinoflagellates. This genus belongs to the clade of nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. The name is derived from 'dino' (dinoflagellate) and DNA.
Inovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Inoviridae. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are currently 36 species in this genus including the type species Enterobacteria phage M13. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek word Ίνα meaning 'fibre'.
The Densovirinae are a subfamily of single-stranded DNA viruses in the family Parvoviridae. The subfamily currently has 5 recognized genera and 21 species. Densoviruses are known to infect members of insect orders Blattodea, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera, while some viruses infect and multiply in crustceans such as shrimp or crayfish, or sea stars from phylum Echinodermata.
Bidnaviridae is a family of single stranded DNA viruses. Members of this family infect invertebrates. These viruses were once considered members of the family Parvoviridae but their genomes differ greatly from those viruses in size and coding strategy. Because of this they have been classified into a family of their own.
Spiraviridae is a family of viruses that replicate in hyperthermophilic archaea of the genus Aeropyrum, specifically Aeropyrum pernix. The family contains one genus, Alphaspiravirus, which contains one species, the Aeropyrum coil-shaped virus (ACV). The virions of ACV are non-enveloped and in the shape of hollow cylinders that are formed by a coiling fiber that consists of two intertwining halves of the circular DNA strand inside a capsid. An appendage protrudes from each end of the cylindrical virion. The viral genome is positive-sense, single-stranded DNA ( ssDNA) and encodes for significantly more genes than other known ssDNA viruses. ACV is also unique in that it appears to lack its own enzymes to aid replication, instead likely using the host cell's replisomes. ACV has no known relation to any other archaea-infecting viruses, but it does share its coil-like morphology with some other archaeal viruses, suggesting that such viruses may be an ancient lineage that only infect archaea.
Genomoviridae is a family of single stranded DNA viruses. The genomes of this family are small. The genomes are circular single-stranded DNA and encode rolling-circle replication initiation proteins (Rep) and unique capsid proteins. In Rep-based phylogenies, genomoviruses form a sister clade to plant viruses of the family Geminiviridae. Nine genera are currently recognized in this family.
References
- 1 2 Tomaru, Y; Takao, Y; Suzuki, H; Nagumo, T; Koike, K; Nagasaki, K (2011). "Isolation and Characterization of a Single-Stranded DNA Virus Infecting Chaetoceros lorenzianus Grunow". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (15): 5285–5293. doi:10.1128/AEM.00202-11. PMC 3147440 . PMID 21666026.
- 1 2 ICTV proposals 2009.002a-fF et al., Yuji Tomaru, Keizo Nagasaki. Accessed on line Nov. 20, 2015.
- ↑ ICTV Virus Taxonomy 2014 Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine , accessed on line Nov. 20, 2015.
- ↑ Kimura, K; Tomaru, Y (2013). "Isolation and Characterization of a Single-Stranded DNA Virus Infecting the Marine Diatom Chaetoceros sp. Strain SS628-11 Isolated from Western JAPAN". PLoS ONE. 8 (12): e82013. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...882013K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082013. PMC 3866115 . PMID 24358139.
- 1 2 3 4 Kazlauskas, D; Dayaram, A; Kraberger, S; Goldstien, S; Varsani, A; Krupovic, M (2017). "Evolutionary history of ssDNA bacilladnaviruses features horizontal acquisition of the capsid gene from ssRNA nodaviruses". Virology. 504: 114–121. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.001 . PMID 28189969.
- ↑ McDaniel, LD; Rosario, K; Breitbart, M; Paul, JH (February 2014). "Comparative metagenomics: natural populations of induced prophages demonstrate highly unique, lower diversity viral sequences". Environmental Microbiology. 16 (2): 570–85. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12184. PMID 23879711.
- ↑ ICTV Virus Taxonomy 2018, accessed on line Apr. 2019.
- ↑ Nagasaki, K; Tomaru, Y; Takao, Y; Nishida, K; Shirai, Y; Suzuki, H; Nagumo, T (2005). "Previously Unknown Virus Infects Marine Diatom". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71 (7): 3528–3535. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.7.3528-3535.2005. PMC 1169059 . PMID 16000758.