Chaetoceros

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Chaetoceros
Temporal range: 0.012–0.0  Ma
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Chaetoceros furcellatus
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Phylum: Gyrista
Subphylum: Ochrophytina
Class: Bacillariophyceae
Order: incertae sedis
Family: Chaetocerotaceae
Genus: Chaetoceros
Ehrenberg (1844)
Species

See text

Phytoplankton - such as this colony of Chaetoceros socialis - naturally give off fluorescent light as they dissipate excess solar energy that they cannot consume through photosynthesis. Colony of Chaetoceros socialis.jpg
Phytoplankton – such as this colony of Chaetoceros socialis – naturally give off fluorescent light as they dissipate excess solar energy that they cannot consume through photosynthesis.
Bright-field microscopy image of epiphytic cyanobacterial symbiont Calothrix rhizosoleniae SC01 9 (indicated by arrows) attached to a host diatom Chaetoceros sp. (c). Scale bar, 50 mm. Cyanobacteria in symbiosis with a diatom.png
Bright-field microscopy image of epiphytic cyanobacterial symbiont Calothrix rhizosoleniae SC01 9 (indicated by arrows) attached to a host diatom Chaetoceros sp. (c). Scale bar, 50 μm.

Chaetoceros is probably the largest genus of marine planktonic diatoms with approximately 400 species described, although many of these descriptions are no longer valid. It is often very difficult to distinguish between different Chaetoceros species. [1] [2] Several attempts have been made to restructure this large genus into subgenera and this work is still in progress. [3] [4] However, most of the effort to describe species has been focused in boreal areas, and the genus is cosmopolitan, so there are probably many tropical species still undescribed. [5] Some species are known from the fossil record, from the Quaternary of Sweden. It is the type genus of its family.

Contents

Description

The genus Chaetoceros were first described by Ehrenberg in 1844.
Cells are more or less rectangular in girdle view.
Cells are usually elliptical in valve view.
Opposite setae of adjacent cells touch near their origin.

Each frustule has four siliceous processes called setae or spines that allow them to stay together forming colonies.

Chaetoceros is primarily a marine genus, but there are also accounts of species within inland waters of the United States. It is a type of centric diatom that contains a frustrule or cell wall composed of silica that contain long, thin spines (setae). The spines connect the frustules together creating a colony of cells. [6] Cells colonies can form chains that are coiled, straight, or curved. Cell size can range from <10 um to 50 um. [7]

Environmental ranges

Depth range (m): 0–470
Temperature range (°C): -1.952–29.468
Nitrate (μmol L-1): 0.053 - 34.037
Salinity: 18.564 - 37.775
Oxygen (mL L-1): 4.139 - 9.192
Phosphate (μmol L-1): 0.046 - 2.358
Silicate (μmol L-1): 0.648 - 92.735
[8]

Beneficial effects

Due to its high growth rates, research has been conducted to potentially use of Chaetoceros in biotechnology. [6] [9] Some Chaetoceros species are well-established commercial aquacultures. [10] [11] [12] Many of them are recognized as generally good producers of useful lipids and other biologically active products with high value-added. They have enormous potential for producing nutraceuticals and biofuel. [13] [14]

Studies suggest that colonies of Chaetoceros serve as an important food source within the water column and major carbon contributor to the benthic environment. Within the North Water, located in northern Baffin Bay, Chaetoceros has been reported to contribute about 91% of total phytoplankton cells serving as an important primary producer within this area. Therefore, contributing to oxygen production in the North Water. [15] Overall, phytoplankton contributes to over half of Earth's oxygen production. [16]

Blooms

Chaetoceros blooms have been reported to reach concentrations of 30,100 cells/ml and can persist for multiple months. [15] Blooms are able to persist because individuals can survive at low nutrient levels. When present in large quantities, species with larger, thicker spines can damage organisms' gills. [17] Although, this defensive trait can help the species avoid predation and further promote bloom success. Overall, intensive development of the species of the genus Chaetoceros in the Arctic Ocean has a significant impact on the biogeochemical cycle of organic carbon and silicon, as well as on a wide range of macronutrients, trace and rare earth elements. [18]

Some currently accepted Chaetoceros species

See also

Viruses associated with Chaetoceros species

Related Research Articles

<i>Attheya</i> Genus of single-celled organisms

Attheya is a genus of small single celled diatoms. Some of these species were earlier regarded to belong to Chaetoceros, or to Gonioceros, the taxonomic status of some of these species are still debated.

<i>Bacteriastrum</i> Genus of single-celled organisms

Bacteriastrum is a genus of diatoms in family Chaetocerotaceae. There are more than 30 described species in genus Bacteriastrum, but many of these are not currently accepted, and new species are still added to the genus. The type species for the genus is Bacteriastrum furcatum Shadbolt.

Craticula is a genus of diatom that lies on or in the top layers of sediments in the freshwater to brackish water environments it inhabits. In addition to frustule morphology the genus differs from closely related species by its sexual reproduction and movement in response to light.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacillariaceae</span> Family of single-celled organisms

Bacillariaceae is a family of diatoms in the phylum Heterokontophyta, the only family in the order Bacillariales. Some species of genera such as Nitzchia are found in halophilic environments; for example, in the seasonally flooded Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana.

<i>Peridinium</i> Genus of single-celled organisms

Peridinium is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. Peridinium can range from 30 to 70 μm in diameter, and has very thick thecal plates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eupodiscaceae</span> Family of single-celled organisms

Eupodiscaceae is a diatom family (Bacillariophyceae) present both in marine and freshwater habitats Odontella is the only genera in this family with typical marine species. However, Round et al. (1990) placed Odontella in Triceratiaceae (Schutt) Lemmermann, order Triceratiales Round and Crawford, subclass Biddulphiophycidae Round and Crawford. The taxonomic status of this family is unclear and disputed.

<i>Dinophysis</i> Genus of single-celled organisms

Dinophysis is a genus of dinoflagellates common in tropical, temperate, coastal and oceanic waters. It was first described in 1839 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg.

<i>Amphora</i> (diatom) Genus of single-celled organisms

Amphora is a major genus of marine and freshwater diatoms. With over 1000 species, it is one of the largest genera of diatoms. These diatoms are recognized by their strongly dorsiventral frustules, which means that their ridges lie close to the ventral margin of the valve, and their girdle is much wider on the dorsal side.

Thalassiosira weissflogii is a species of centric diatoms, a unicellular microalga. It is found in marine environments and also in inland waters in many parts of the world. It is actively studied because it may use C4-plant style strategies to increase its photosynthetic efficiency.

<i>Tripos</i> (dinoflagellate) Genus of single-celled organisms

Tripos is a genus of marine dinoflagellates in the family Ceratiaceae. It was formerly part of Ceratium, then separated out as Neoceratium, a name subsequently determined to be invalid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eunotiaceae</span> Family of single-celled organisms

Eunotiaceae is a family of diatoms in the order Eunotiales that includes the following genera:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biddulphiaceae</span> Family of single-celled organisms

Biddulphiaceae is a family of diatom in the order Biddulphiales. The Biddulphiaceae are distinguished from the Eupodiscaceae by their pseudocelli, where the Eupodiscaceae have fully developed ocelli. Both families commonly inhabit the littoral zone of the ocean, close to the shore. Sixteen species of Biddulphiaceae are found on the west coast of India.

Stauroneis is a genus of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) with species that occur in fresh and marine water.

Thalassiothrix is a genus of Chromista belonging to the family Thalassionemataceae.

Detonula is a genus of diatoms belonging to the family Thalassiosiraceae.

<i>Diploneis</i> Genus of algae

Diploneis is a genus of diatoms belonging to the family Diploneidaceae.

<i>Gomphonema</i> Genus of algae

Gomphonema is a genus of diatoms belonging to the family Gomphonemataceae.

Lithodesmium is a genus of diatoms belonging to the family Lithodesmiaceae.

<i>Melosira</i> Genus of Golden brown algae

Melosira is a genus of diatoms belonging to the family Melosiraceae.

Leptocylindrus is a genus of diatoms belonging to the family Leptocylindraceae. They are long, cylindrical diatoms that are made up of multiple cells in a line. These cells have chloroplast to allow it to produce energy through photosynthesis by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to create sugars. the cells are attached at the cell walls called valves, the cell wall is slightly concave on one side and convex on the other so that the other cell wall attached will fit together.

References

  1. ↑ C.H. von Quillfeldt., (2001). Identification of Some Easily Confused Common Diatom Species in Arctic Spring Blooms. Botanica Marina Vol. 44: 375–389
  2. ↑ Gogorev, R.M.; Samsonov, N.I. (2016). "The genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyta) in Arctic and Antarctic". Novosti Sist. Nizsh. Rast. 50: 56–111. doi:10.31111/nsnr/2016.50.56.
  3. ↑ Tomas, C. R., Hasle G. R., Syvertsen, E. E., Steidinger, K. A., Tangen, K., Throndsen, J., Heimdal, B. R., (1997). Identifying Marine Phytoplankton, Academic Press.
  4. ↑ Rines J. E. B., Theriot E. C., (2003). Systematics of Chaetocerotaceae (Bacillariophyceae). I. A phylogenetic analysis of the family, Phycological research 51: 83–98.
  5. ↑ J.E.B. Rines, P. Boonruang and E.C. Theriot., (2000). Chaetoceros phuketensis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae): a new species from the Andaman Sea. Phycological Research 48 (3): 161–168.
  6. 1 2 Spaulding, S., and Edlund, M. (2008). Chaetoceros. In Diatoms of the United States. Retrieved October 19, 2017, from http://westerndiatoms.colorado.edu/taxa/genus/Chaetoceros
  7. ↑ "Chaetoceros".
  8. ↑ Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS). 2012. Chaetoceros. http://www.iobis.org/mapper/?taxon_id=611649. Accessed 18 Mar 2012.
  9. ↑ McGinnis, K. M; Dempster, T. A; Sommerfeld, M. R (1997). "Characterization of the growth and lipid content of the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri". Journal of Applied Phycology. 9 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1023/A:1007972214462. S2CID   36589733.
  10. ↑ Lebeau, T.; Robert, J.M. (2003). ". Diatom cultivation and biotechnologically relevant products. Part I: Cultivation at various scales". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60 (6): 612–623. doi:10.1007/s00253-002-1176-4. PMID   12664139. S2CID   19308785.
  11. ↑ Napolitano, G.E.; Ackman, R.G.; Ratnayake, W.M.N. (1990). "Fatty Acid Composition of Three Cultured Algal Species (Isochvysis galbana, Chaetoceros gracilis and Chaetoceros calcitrans) Used as Food for Bivalve Larvae". J. World Aquac. Soc. 21 (2): 122–130. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.1990.tb00532.x.
  12. ↑ Whyte, J.N.C. (1987). "Biochemical composition and energy content of six species of phytoplankton used in mariculture of bivalves". Aquaculture. 60 (3–4): 231–241. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(87)90290-0.
  13. ↑ Palanisamy, K.M.; Paramasivam, P.; Maniam, G.P.; Rahim, M.H.A; Govindan, N.; Chisti, Y. (2021). "Production of lipids by Chaetoceros affinis in media based on palm oil mill effluent". J. Biotechnol. 327: 86–96. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.12.021. ISSN   0168-1656. PMID   33421508. S2CID   231437325.
  14. ↑ Bhattacharjya, R.; Kiran Marella, T.; Tiwari, A.; Saxena, A.; Kumar Singh, P.; Mishra, B. (2020). "Bioprospecting of marine diatoms Thalassiosira, Skeletonema and Chaetoceros for lipids and other value-added products". Bioresour. Technol. 318: 124073. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124073. PMID   32916461. S2CID   221637790.
  15. 1 2 Booth, B.C; Larouche, P; Bélanger, S; Klein, B; Amiel, D; Mei, Z.-P (2002). "Dynamics of Chaetoceros socialis blooms in the North Water". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 49 (22–23): 5003–25. Bibcode:2002DSRII..49.5003B. doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00175-3.
  16. ↑ "Save the Plankton, Breathe Freely". 28 February 2012.
  17. ↑ Kraberg, A., Baumann, M. and Durselen, C. D. 2010. Coastal Phytoplankton: Photo Guide for Northern European Seas. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen, Germany. 204.
  18. ↑ Lobus, N.V.; Kulikovskiy, M.S.; Maltsev, Y.I. (2021). "Multi-Element Composition of Diatom Chaetoceros spp. from Natural Phytoplankton Assemblages of the Russian Arctic Seas". Biology. 10 (10): 1009. doi: 10.3390/biology10101009 . PMC   8533213 . PMID   34681108.
  19. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen) Takano, 1968". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
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