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The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was a United States federal law passed by the 104th United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on September 21,1996. It banned federal recognition of same-sex marriage by limiting the definition of marriage to the union of one man and one woman,and it further allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states.
The availability of legally recognized same-sex marriage in the United States expanded from one state (Massachusetts) in 2004 to all fifty states in 2015 through various court rulings,state legislation,and direct popular votes. States each have separate marriage laws,which must adhere to rulings by the Supreme Court of the United States that recognize marriage as a fundamental right guaranteed by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution,as first established in the 1967 landmark civil rights case of Loving v. Virginia.
Shira Ann Scheindlin is an American attorney and jurist who served as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. She is currently of counsel at Boies Schiller Flexner LLP.
Jon Ormond Newman is a senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
Harold Baer Jr. was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
Richard Miles Berman is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
Dennis Jacobs is a senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
Chester John Straub is an inactive senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit headquartered in New York City.
George Benjamin Daniels is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
Naomi Lynn Reice Buchwald is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
Denise Louise Cote is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
Christopher Fitzgerald Droney is a former United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and former judge of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut.
Charles Proctor Sifton was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York from 1977 to 2009 and its Chief Judge from 1995 to 2000.
Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services 682 F.3d 1 is a United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit decision that affirmed the judgment of the District Court for the District of Massachusetts in a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA),the section that defines the terms "marriage" as "a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife" and "spouse" as "a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or a wife." Both courts found DOMA to be unconstitutional,though for different reasons. The trial court held that DOMA violates the Tenth Amendment and Spending Clause. In a companion case,Gill v. Office of Personnel Management,the same judge held that DOMA violates the Equal Protection Clause. On May 31,2012,the First Circuit held the act violates the Equal Protection Clause,while federalism concerns affect the equal protection analysis,DOMA does not violate the Spending Clause or Tenth Amendment.
Gill et al. v. Office of Personnel Management,682 F.3d 1 is a United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit decision that affirmed the judgment of the District Court for the District of Massachusetts in a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA),the section that defines the term "marriage" as "a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife" and "spouse" as "a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or a wife."
Pedersen v. Office of Personnel Management is a federal lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the Defense of Marriage Act,Section 3,which defined the federal definition of marriage to be a union of a man and a woman,entirely excluding legally married same-sex couples. The District Court that originally heard the case ruled Section 3 unconstitutional. On June 26,2013,the Supreme Court of the United States ruled Section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional,and denied appeal of Pedersen the next day.
United States v. Windsor,570 U.S. 744 (2013),is a landmark United States Supreme Court civil rights case concerning same-sex marriage. The Court held that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA),which denied federal recognition of same-sex marriages,was a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management,824 F. Supp. 2d 968,was a lawsuit filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. The plaintiff,Karen Golinski,challenged the constitutionality of section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA),which defined,for the purposes of federal law,marriage as being between one man and one woman,and spouse as a husband or wife of the opposite sex.
Judith Morgenstern Barzilay is a Senior United States Judge of the United States Court of International Trade.
Roberta Ann Kaplan,also known as Robbie Kaplan,is an American lawyer focusing on commercial litigation and public interest matters. Kaplan successfully argued before the Supreme Court of the United States on behalf of LGBT rights activist Edith Windsor,in United States v. Windsor,a landmark decision that invalidated a section of the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act and required the federal government to recognize same-sex marriages. She was a partner at Paul,Weiss,Rifkind,Wharton &Garrison before starting her own firm in 2017. In 2018,she co-founded the Time's Up Legal Defense Fund.
References
- ↑ Hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session, on Confirmation of Appointees to the Federal Judiciary, July 18; August 3; September 28; October 24; November 30; December 19, 1995. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1997. p. 1514.
- ↑ Alpert, Lucas I. (17 February 2024). "Meet the former organized-crime prosecutor now overseeing the Trump Organization". MarketWatch.
- ↑ "Jones, Barbara S. - Federal Judicial Center". www.fjc.gov.
- ↑ PLI website; accessed August 17, 2014.
- ↑ Barbara Jones joins Zuckerman-Spaeder, nytimes.com; accessed August 17, 2014.
- ↑ "Barbara S. Jones: Partner". bracewelllaw.com. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
- ↑ United for Peace and Justice v. City of New York, 243 F.Supp.2d 19 (S.D.N.Y.2003); "Court Bans Peace March in Manhattan," New York Times, February 11, 2003
- ↑ Purnick, Joyce (February 20, 2003). "Metro Matters: The Right To Assemble Hits Detours". New York Times.
- ↑ "NYPD Policies and the 2003 Anti-War Protest," NYCLU, February 25, 2003
- ↑ Windsor v. United States, 833 F. Supp. 2d 394 (S.D.N.Y. 2012).
- ↑ Windsor, 833 F. Supp. 2d at 397.
- ↑ Windsor, 833 F. Supp. 2d at 396-97.
- ↑ Windsor, 833 F. Supp. 2d at 396.
- ↑ "Windsor v. US, 699 F. 3d 169 - Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit 2012 - Google Scholar".
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States (June 26, 2013). "United States v. Windsor" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
- ↑ Pierson, Brendan. "U.S. judge rules 'special master' to review seized Trump lawyer..." U.S. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
- ↑ Schmidt, Michael S. (December 9, 2021). "Judge Appoints Special Master to Review Material Seized From Project Veritas". The New York Times– via NYTimes.com.
- ↑ "The Parties' Joint Filing Respecting The Court's Appointment Of A Special Master" (PDF). September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
- ↑ Collins, Kaitlan; de Vogue, Ariane; Sneed, Tierney (2022-12-08). "Trump does not plan to appeal dismissal of Mar-a-Lago special master to Supreme Court". CNN Politics. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
- ↑ Scannell, Kara (2022-11-10). "Trump, New York AG both propose retired judge to serve as monitor of Trump Org". CNN. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
- ↑ Bromwich, Jonah E.; Protess, Ben (2023-01-06). "Judge Scolds Trump Legal Team and Lets James's Lawsuit Proceed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2023-01-07.
