Year 1232 (MCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
The Jin dynasty,officially known as the Great Jin,was an imperial dynasty of China that existed between 1115 and 1234 founded by Emperor Taizu (first). Because the Wanyan clan that founded the dynasty were of Jurchen descent,it is also sometimes called the Jurchen dynasty or the Jurchen Jin. The empire covered much of Inner Asia and all of present-day North China.
The Battle of Xiangyang was a protracted series of battles between the Yuan dynasty and the Southern Song dynasty from 1267 to 1273. The battle was a significant victory for the Yuan dynasty and ended a 30-year defensive campaign waged by the Southern Song dynasty,allowing Yuan forces to advance into the Southern Song heartland. The capture of Xiangyang also allowed the Yuan dynasty to take control of the Han and Yangtze rivers,thereby depriving the Southern Song dynasty of two formidable natural barriers. The defeat devastated the Southern Song dynasty,which collapsed several years later at the Battle of Yamen.
The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia,the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe,extending northward into parts of the Arctic;eastward and southward into parts of the Indian subcontinent,mounted invasions of Southeast Asia,and conquered the Iranian Plateau;and reached westward as far as the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains.
Subutai was a Mongol general and the primary military strategist of Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan. Subutai ultimately directed more than 20 campaigns and won 65 pitched battles,during which he conquered more territory than any other commander in history as part of the expansion of the Mongol Empire,the largest contiguous empire in human history. He often gained victory by means of sophisticated strategies and routinely coordinated movements of armies that operated hundreds of kilometers apart from each other. Subutai is regarded by many as the single greatest military commander in history,instrumental in the conquests of Genghis and Ögedei Khan.
The Condor Trilogy (射鵰三部曲) is a series of three wuxia novels written by Hong Kong–based Chinese writer Jin Yong. The series is amongst the most popular of Jin Yong's works.
The Mongol conquest of China was a series of major military efforts by the Mongol Empire to conquer various empires ruling over China for 74 years (1205–1279). It spanned seven decades in the 13th century and involved the defeat of the Jin dynasty,Western Liao,Western Xia,Tibet,the Dali Kingdom,the Southern Song,and the Eastern Xia. The Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan started the conquest with small-scale raids into Western Xia in 1205 and 1207.
The Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty,also known as the Mongol–Jin War,was fought between the Mongol Empire and the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in Manchuria and North China. The war,which started in 1211,lasted over 23 years and ended with the complete conquest of the Jin dynasty by the Mongols in 1234.
The Battle of Yehuling,also known as the Battle of Wild Fox Ridge,or the Battle of Badger Mouth took place in Jin China between August and October 1211 at Yehuling. The battle was between the Mongol Empire and the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty during the first stage of the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty. The battle was fought in the northwest of present-day Wanquan District,Zhangjiakou,Hebei Province. The battle concluded with a Mongol victory over the northern part of the Jin,hastening the decline of the Jin dynasty.
The Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty was the final phase of the Mongol conquest of China,beginning under Ögedei Khan and being completed under Kublai Khan. It is considered the last great military achievement of the Mongol Empire;upon its completion,the Mongols ruled all of continental East Asia under the Chinese Yuan dynasty that had been founded as a division of the Mongol Empire.
Various nomadic empires,including the Xiongnu,the Xianbei state,the Rouran Khaganate (330–555),the First (552–603) and Second Turkic Khaganates (682–744) and others,ruled the area of present-day Mongolia. The Khitan people,who used a para-Mongolic language,founded an empire known as the Liao dynasty (916–1125),and ruled Mongolia and portions of North China,northern Korea,and the present-day Russian Far East.
The House of Zhao was the imperial clan of the Song dynasty (960–1279) of China.
Between 1205 and 1227,the Mongol Empire embarked on a series of military campaigns that ultimately led to the destruction of the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty in northwestern China. Hoping to both to plunder and acquire vassalage,Genghis Khan commanded some initial raids against the Western Xia before launching a full-scale invasion in 1209. This was the first major invasion conducted by Genghis,and his first major incursion into China.
In the Mongol siege of Kaifeng from 1232 to 1233,the Mongol Empire captured Kaifeng,the capital of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. The Mongol Empire and the Jin dynasty had been at war for nearly two decades,beginning in 1211 after the Jin dynasty refused the Mongol offer to submit as a vassal. Ögedei Khan sent two armies to besiege Kaifeng,one led by himself,and the other by his brother Tolui. Command of the forces,once they converged into a single army,was given to Subutai who led the siege. The Mongols arrived at the walls of Kaifeng on April 8,1232.
The siege of Caizhou in 1233 and 1234 was a battle fought between the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty and the allied forces of the Mongol Empire and Southern Song dynasty. It was the last major battle in the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty.
Manchuria under Yuan rule refers to the Yuan dynasty's rule over Manchuria,corresponding to modern Manchuria and Outer Manchuria,from 1271 to 1368. Mongol rule over Manchuria was established after the Mongol Empire's conquest of the Jin dynasty and the Eastern Xia dynasty in the early 13th century. It became a part of the Yuan dynasty of China led by Kublai Khan in 1271. During the Yuan,it was administered as Liaoyang province. Even after the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty in 1368,Manchuria was still controlled by the Northern Yuan dynasty for almost 20 years,until it was conquered by the Ming during its campaign against Naghachu and put under Ming rule.
The Later Jin,officially known as Jin or the Great Jin,was a Jurchen-led royal dynasty of China in Manchuria and the precursor to the Qing dynasty. Established in 1616 by the Jianzhou Jurchen chieftain Nurhaci upon his reunification of the Jurchen tribes,its name was derived from the earlier Jin dynasty founded by the Wanyan clan which had ruled northern China in the 12th and 13th centuries.
The siege of Diaoyucheng,alternatively the siege of Diaoyu Castle,was a battle between the Southern Song dynasty and the Mongol Empire in 1259. It occurred at the Diaoyu Fortress in modern-day Hechuan District,Chongqing,China. Möngke Khan,the fourth khagan of the Mongol Empire,lost his life in this battle,making it the only battle where the Mongols lost their khagan during their campaigns of conquest. This battle was preceded by the siege of Baghdad in 1258. The siege of Diaoyucheng was a setback for the Mongol conquest.
The Battle of Dachangyuan took place between the Mongol Empire and the Jin Dynasty in 1229 during the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty.
The Battle of Daohuigu took place between the Mongol Empire and the Jin Dynasty during the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty. The battle was fought twice,in November 1230 and January 1231.
