Year 1232 (MCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
The Jin dynasty or Jin State,officially known as the Great Jin,was an imperial dynasty of China that existed between 1115 and 1234. Its name is sometimes written as Kin,Jurchen Jin,Jinn,or Chin in English to differentiate it from an earlier Jìn dynasty whose name is rendered identically in Hanyu Pinyin without the tone marking. It is also sometimes called the "Jurchen dynasty" or the "Jurchen Jin",because members of the ruling Wanyan clan were of Jurchen descent.
The Battle of Xiangyang was a protracted series of battles between the Yuan dynasty and the Southern Song dynasty from 1267 to 1273. The battle was a significant victory for the Yuan dynasty and ended a 30-year defensive campaign waged by the Southern Song dynasty,allowing Yuan forces to advance into the Southern Song heartland. The capture of Xiangyang also allowed the Yuan dynasty to take control of the Han and Yangtze rivers,thereby depriving the Southern Song dynasty of two formidable natural barriers. The defeat devastated the Southern Song dynasty,which collapsed several years later at the Battle of Yamen.
Tolui was a Mongol khan,the fourth son of Genghis Khan by his chief khatun,Börte. At his father's death in 1227,his ulus,or territorial inheritance,was the Mongol homelands on the Mongolian Plateau,and he also served as civil administrator until 1229,the time it took to confirm Ögedei as the second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (1206–1368). Before that,he had served with distinction in the campaigns against the Jin dynasty,the Western Xia and the Khwarezmid Empire,where he was instrumental in the capture and massacre at Merv and Nishapur. He is a direct ancestor of most of the Ilkhanids.
Subutai was a Mongol general and the primary military strategist of Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan. He directed more than 20 campaigns and won 65 pitched battles,during which he conquered or overran more territory than any other commander in history as part of the expansion of the Mongol Empire,the largest contiguous empire in human history. He often gained victory by means of imaginative and sophisticated strategies and routinely coordinated movements of armies that operated hundreds of kilometers apart from each other. Subutai is well known for the geographical diversity and success of his expeditions,which took him from central Asia to the Russian steppe and into Europe. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest military commanders and strategists in history.
The Mongol conquest of China was a series of major military efforts by the Mongol Empire to conquer various empires ruling over China. It spanned six decades in the 13th century and involved the defeat of the Jin dynasty,Western Liao,Western Xia,Tibet,the Dali Kingdom,the Southern Song,and the Eastern Xia. The Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan started the conquest with small-scale raids into Western Xia in 1205 and 1207.
Genghis Khan,also known as Chinggis Khan,was the founder and first khagan of the Mongol Empire,which later became the largest contiguous land empire in history. Having spent the majority of his life uniting the Mongol tribes,he launched a series of military campaigns which conquered large parts of China and Central Asia.
The Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty,also known as the Mongol–Jin War,was fought between the Mongol Empire and the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in Manchuria and North China. The war,which started in 1211,lasted over 23 years and ended with the complete conquest of the Jin dynasty by the Mongols in 1234.
The Battle of Yehuling,literally the Battle of Wild Fox Ridge,was a major decisive battle fought between the Mongol Empire and Jurchen-led Jin dynasty during the first stage of the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty. The battle was fought between August and October 1211 at Yehuling,which is located northwest of present-day Wanquan District,Zhangjiakou,Hebei Province. The battle concluded with a total Mongol victory that allowed them to overrun and conquer the northern part of the Jin. It also hastened the weakening and decline of the Jin dynasty.
The Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty or the Mongol invasion of China beginning under Ögedei Khan and completed under Kublai Khan was the final step for the Mongols to rule the whole of continental East Asia under the Yuan dynasty. It is considered the Mongol Empire's last great military achievement.
Various nomadic empires,including the Xiongnu,the Xianbei state,the Rouran Khaganate (330–555),the First (552–603) and Second Turkic Khaganates (682–744) and others,ruled the area of present-day Mongolia. The Khitan people,who used a para-Mongolic language,founded an empire known as the Liao dynasty (916–1125),and ruled Mongolia and portions of North China,northern Korea,and the present-day Russian Far East.
The House of Zhao was the imperial clan of the Song dynasty (960–1279) of China.
The Mongol conquest of Western Xia was a series of conflicts between the Mongol Empire and the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty in northwestern China. Hoping to gain both plunder and a vassal state,the Mongol leader Genghis Khan commanded some initial raids against Western Xia before launching a full-scale invasion in 1209. This marked both the first major invasion conducted by Genghis and the first major Mongol invasion of China.
In the Mongol siege of Kaifeng from 1232 to 1233,the Mongol Empire captured Kaifeng,the capital of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. The Mongol Empire and the Jin dynasty had been at war for nearly two decades,beginning in 1211 after the Jin dynasty refused the Mongol offer to submit as a vassal. Ögedei Khan sent two armies to besiege Kaifeng,one led by himself,and the other by his brother Tolui. Command of the forces,once they converged into a single army,was given to Subutai who led the siege. The Mongols arrived at the walls of Kaifeng on April 8,1232.
The siege of Caizhou in 1233 and 1234 was fought between the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty and the allied forces of the Mongol Empire and Southern Song dynasty. It was the last major battle in the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty.
Manchuria under Yuan rule refers to the Yuan dynasty's rule over Manchuria,corresponding to modern Northeast China and Outer Manchuria,from 1271 to 1368. Mongol rule over Manchuria was established after the Mongol Empire's conquest of the Jin dynasty and the Eastern Xia dynasty in the early 13th century. It became a part of the Yuan dynasty of China led by Kublai Khan in 1271. During the Yuan,it was administered as Liaoyang province. Even after the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty in 1368,Manchuria was still controlled by the Northern Yuan dynasty for almost 20 years,until it was conquered by the Ming during its campaign against Naghachu and put under Ming rule.
The Later Jin,officially known as Jin or the Great Jin,was a Jurchen-led royal dynasty of China in Manchuria and the precursor to the Qing dynasty. Established in 1616 by the Jianzhou Jurchen chieftain Nurhaci upon his reunification of the Jurchen tribes,its name was derived from the earlier Jin dynasty founded by the Wanyan clan which had ruled northern China in the 12th and 13th centuries.
The siege of Diaoyucheng,alternatively the siege of Diaoyu Castle,was a battle between the Southern Song dynasty and the Mongol Empire in 1259. It occurred at the Diaoyu Fortress in modern-day Hechuan District,Chongqing,China. Möngke Khan,the fourth khagan of the Mongol Empire,lost his life in this battle,making it the only battle where the Mongols lost their khagan during their campaigns of conquest. This battle was preceded by the siege of Baghdad in 1258. The siege of Diaoyucheng was a setback for the Mongol conquest.
The Battle of Dachangyuan,was a battle that took place between the Mongol Empire and the Jin Dynasty in 1229 during the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty.
The Battle of Daohuigu,was a battle that took place between the Mongol Empire and the Jin Dynasty in 1231 during the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty. This was one of the few instances where Subutai was defeated in battle although some sources claim the fault lied mainly due to Ögedei Khan's judgement and Subutai was merely a scapegoat.
