Battle of the Salnitsa river | |||||||
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Part of Rus'-Cumans struggle | |||||||
![]() Battle of Salnitsa. Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle. | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Boniak Ayyub Khan (D) Koktus † Aklan Burchevich † Azgulai † | ![]() ![]() ![]() | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
Unknown; Much more than in Rus' | Unknown | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Heavy [1] | Unknown |
The Battle of the Salnitsa [a] was the main battle in the final phase of the great campaign of a coalition of Kievan Rus' princes against the Polovtsians in March 1111 on the Salnica River. In this battle, the Polovtsian army was completely defeated by Rus' princes led by Grand Duke Svyatopolk Izyaslavich of Kiev, Prince Davyd Sviatoslavich of Chernigov and Prince Vladimir Monomakh southern Pereyaslavl. [2]
On 26 February 1111 (the 2nd Sunday of Great Lent), the Rus' army, led by a coalition of princes (Svyatopolk with his son Yaroslav, Davyd with his son, Vladimir with his sons), moved in battle order to the city of Sharukan. [3]
The place where the Rus' troops gathered was allegedly Lake Dolobsk, after the 1111 Council of Dolobsk. The route passed through the rivers Sula (day 5), Khorol (day 6), Psel (day 7), Golty, Vorskla (day 10), after which they reached the banks of the Seversky Donets (day 23).
On 24 March, the first fierce battle took place near the Donets, in which Rus' soldiers took the upper hand. On the morning of 27 March, at the full moon, the second, main battle began on the Salnitsa River. [4]
The Rus' troops were surrounded, but the Polovtsi could not withstand their coordinated direct attack. The Rus' captured a large number of prisoners of war and loot. [5]
It was the decisive battle of the 1111 Rus'-Cuman campaign. The victory of Kievan Rus' ensured victory in the war, the Polovtsi began to be pushed back and the only thing they could do was small raids, some of which the Rus' repelled.
In 1116, the Rus' again gathered on a campaign and robbed the Polovtsi villages on the Don. Vladimir Monomakh's son Yaropolk in 1120 also gathered troops to strike, but the Polovtsi went far into the steppe.
As a result, Kievan Rus' annexed a huge part of the Polovtsi territories between the Don and the Carpathians. [6]
Vladimir II Monomakh was Grand Prince of Kiev from 1113 to 1125. He is considered a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church and is celebrated on May 6.
Andrey Yuryevich Bogolyubsky, was Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal from 1157 until his death. During repeated internecine wars between the princely clans, Andrey accompanied his father Yuri Dolgorukiy during a brief capture of Kiev in 1149. 20 years later, his son led the Sack of Kiev (1169). He was canonized as a saint in the Russian Orthodox Church in 1702.
Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich was Grand Prince of Kiev from 1093 to 1113. He was not a popular prince, and his reign was marked by incessant rivalry with his cousin Vladimir Monomakh.
Oleg Svyatoslavich was a prince from Kievan Rus' whose equivocal adventures ignited political unrest in the country at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries. He reigned as Prince of Chernigov from 1094 to 1097, and as Prince of Novgorod-Seversk from 1097 to 1115. He was the progenitor of the Olgovichi family.
The Battle of the Stuhna River was fought between the princes of Kievan Rus', Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Vladimir II Monomakh of Chernigov, and Rostislav Vsevolodovich of Pereyaslavl against the nomadic Cumans. The Kievan forces were defeated.
Aepa is the name of at least two early 12th-century Cuman (Polovtsi) princes mentioned in Rus' chronicles.
The Battle of the Sit River took place on 4 March 1238 between the Mongol hordes of Batu Khan and the Suzdalians under Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal during the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'. It was fought in the northern part of the present-day Sonkovsky District of Tver Oblast of Russia, close to the selo of Bozhonka.
The final Rus'–Byzantine War was, in essence, an unsuccessful naval raid against Constantinople instigated by Yaroslav the Wise and led by his eldest son, Vladimir of Novgorod, in 1043.
Boniak, Bonyak or Maniac, also known as Boniak the Mangy, was "one of the most prominent Cuman chieftains" in the late 11th century and the early 12th century. He headed a powerful Cuman tribe or clan that inhabited the steppes to west of the Dnieper River. He supported the Byzantines against the Pechenegs in the Battle of Levounion in 1091. He defeated Coloman, King of Hungary in 1097 or 1099.
Yaropolk Iziaslavich was Prince of Turov and Prince of Volhynia from 1078 until his death.
The Council of Liubech was one of the best documented princely meetings in Kievan Rus' that took place in Liubech on October 19, 1097. The council ended the Chernihiv war of succession (1093–1097) between Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Vladimir II Monomakh and Oleg I of Chernigov who fought for the heritage of his father Sviatoslav II of Kiev.
Bilhorod Kyivskyi or Belgorod Kiyevsky was a legendary city-castle in Kievan Rus', on the right bank of the Irpin River. The remains of the city are in Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine.
The Principality of Turov, later called the Principality of Turov and Pinsk, also known as Turovian Rus', was a medieval principality of Kievan Rus' from the 10th century on the territory of modern-day Belarus and northern Ukraine. The princes of Turov often served as grand princes early in 10th and 11th centuries. Its capital was Turov (Turaŭ), and other important cities included Pinsk, Mazyr, Slutsk, Lutsk, Brest, and Volodymyr.
The Council of Uvetichi consisted of two meetings of the senior generation of princes of Kievan Rus'. It took place in August 1100, and it had a twofold purpose: to bring about a reconciliation among the princes and to pass judgment on Prince Davyd Igorevich. The venue of the conference was the town of Uvetichi, which is on the right bank of the Dnieper not far from Kiev. It is now the village of Vytachiv in the Kyiv Oblast.
Iaroslav Sviatopolkovich, also known as Iaroslav or Yaroslav Sviatopolchich, was Prince of Volhynia from 1100 to 1118.
The sack of Kiev took place on 8–12 March 1169 when a coalition of 11 princes, assembled by prince Andrey Bogolyubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal, attacked the Kievan Rus' capital city of Kiev during the 1167–1169 Kievan succession crisis. The conflict, caused by the death of grand prince Rostislav I of Kiev, was between rival branches of the Monomakhovichi clan: the Iziaslavichi of Volhynia on the one hand, and the Rostislavichi of Smolensk, the Yurievichi, and the Olgovichi of Chernigov on the other. Prince Mstislav II of Kiev sought to defend Kiev against the Rostislavichi–Yurievichi–Olgovichi coalition.
The Olgovichi or Olhovychi were one of the four dominant princely clans of Kievan Rus' in the 12th and 13th century. First mentioned in the Hypatian continuation of the Primary Chronicle (PVL) under the year 1116 and literally meaning "the sons of Oleg", they were named after Oleg I Sviatoslavich, Prince of Chernigov and Principality of Novgorod-Seversk.
Khazar campaign of Svyatoslav was a campaign during which the Rus troops led by Svyatoslav Igorevich defeated the neighboring Vyatichi tribe, and also put an end to the Khazar Khaganate.
The Battle of Snovsk was a battle in 1068 near Chernigov. According to the results of the battle, the Cumans who invaded the territory of Kievan Rus' were forced to retreat.
The Council of Dolobsk is one of the significant stages in the attempts of the princes of Kievan Rus' to stop their internal quarrels, and unite their efforts in the face of the Cuman (Polovtsi) threat. According to the Primary Chronicle (PVL), it took place in early 1103 (6611) at the Lake of Dolobsk, somewhere near Kiev. The Hypatian Codex continuation of the PVL reports a very similar Council of Dolobsk between the same people, with only slight differences in wording, but taking place in the year 1111 (6619) instead; this might be an accidental duplication of the earlier narrative sub anno 1103 (6611).