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All 110 seats in the House of Representatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Turnout | 74.61% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Belarus |
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Parliamentary elections were held in Belarus on 23 September 2012. [1] At stake were the 110 seats in the House of Representatives, the lower house of the National Assembly of Belarus.
Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital and most populous city is Minsk. Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) is forested. Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing. Until the 20th century, different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus, including the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire.
Under the 1996 Constitution, the House of Representatives is the lower house of the parliament of Belarus.
A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house.
According to the 1994 electoral law, [2] the 110 members of the House of Representatives were elected in single-member districts. [1] Winning candidates had to achieve an absolute majority of the vote in their constituency and turnout was required to be 50% or more. [1] If neither were achieved, a second round would have been held, contested by the two candidates from the first round with the most votes. [2] For the second round the turnout threshold was reduced to 25%, except in cases in which there is only one candidate contesting the second round, in which case it was abolished. [1] If only one candidate ran in the second round, they still had to achieve a majority of the vote. [1]
A single-member district or single-member constituency is an electoral district that returns one officeholder to a body with multiple members such as a legislature. This is also sometimes called single-winner voting or winner takes all. The alternative are multi-member districts, or the election of a body by the whole electorate voting as one constituency.
The voting age was set at 18, whilst candidates had to be at least 21. [2] Members of the Council of the Republic and members of a local councils were ineligible for election to the House of Representatives. [2] Candidates had to collect at least 1,000 signatures from voters in the constituency they intended to run in. [2]
Voting centres were open from 08:00 to around 20:00. Four previous days of early voting for students, armed service staff and police resulted in at a voter turnout of at least 19%, according to the election commission. [3]
The elections were contested by the Communist Party, the Liberal Democratic Party, the United Left Party "A Just World", the Belarusian Social Democratic Party, the Republican Party of Labour and Justice, the Belarusian Socialist Sporting Party and the Agrarian Party. [4] The BPF Party and the United Civic Party both pulled out of the election a week before polling day. [5] Sixteen seats were uncontested. [5]
The Communist Party of Belarus is a communist and Marxist–Leninist political party in Belarus.
The Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly) is a social democratic political party in Belarus, that opposes the government of president Alexander Lukashenko.
The Republican Party of Labour and Justice, also known by its acronym RPTS is a social democratic political party in Belarus founded by Ivan Antonovich in 1993. The chairman is Vasil Zadnyaprany. The party is considered to be supportive of the government of president Alexander Lukashenko.
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Andréi Olégovich Sánnikov is a Belarusian politician and activist. In the early 1990s, he headed the Belarusian delegation on Nuclear and Conventional Weapons Armament Negotiations, also serving as the Belarusian diplomat to Switzerland. From 1995 to 1996, he served as Deputy Foreign Minister of Belarus, resigning as a form of political protest. He co-founded the civil action Charter 97, and was awarded the Bruno Kreisky Prize in 2005.
The two main opposition parties, including the United Civic Party (UCP), called for voters to go fishing or pick mushrooms in avoiding to vote so as not to give the election and new parliament legitimacy. The UCP posted a video on YouTube that showed its activists picking mushrooms, playing chess and reading books as an alternative to voting. Party leader Anatoly Lebedko also said that protests were banned and groups could not hand out leaflets, with those who tried being stopped by police and the leaflets being seized. President Alexander Lukashenko reacted by saying that the opposition parties were "afraid of going to the people." In turn, opposition activists accused the government of inducing higher education students to vote sometimes under the threat of losing subsidies for accommodation. In the week prior to the election, state security police broke up gatherings of activists that had sought to urge potential voters to cook borshch instead, while several of them were arrested along with media photographers. Some of photographers were later released after about two hours. Independent political analyst Alexander Klaskovsky was quoted as saying: "The opposition is virtually broken. It has few resources and there is no real programme." [3]
109 of 110 MPs were elected receiving an absolute majority with the necessary turnout, with only the constituency of Novobelitsky failing to elect a candidate in the first round. [6] Of the independent candidates, 63 were members of Belaya Rus. [7]
The Central Election Commission declared voter turnout had been at least 65.9%, thus validating the result. However, other independent monitors suggested a turnout of 30%. Vitaly Rymashevsky, the co-chairman of the Belarus Christian Democracy party, said: "The election commission is unscrupulously lying as these figures are so radically different from those of observers." On 23 September, Lidya Yermoshina, the head of the CEC, said that with a final tally for 109 seats it was "doubtful" that the opposition won any seats. [8]
The vacant seat was later taken by an independent. [9]
Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/- |
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Communist Party of Belarus | 3 | –3 | ||
Agrarian Party | 1 | 0 | ||
Republican Party of Labour and Justice | 1 | +1 | ||
Belarusian Left Party "A Just World" | 0 | 0 | ||
Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly) | 0 | 0 | ||
Belarusian Socialist Sporting Party | 0 | 0 | ||
BPF Party | 0 | 0 | ||
Liberal Democratic Party | 0 | 0 | ||
United Civic Party | 0 | 0 | ||
Independents | 104 | +1 | ||
Vacant | – | – | 1 | – |
Against all | 606,887 | 11.77 | – | – |
Invalid/blank votes | 89,663 | – | – | |
Total | 5,245,459 | 100 | 110 | 0 |
Registered voters/turnout | 7,030,430 | 74.61 | – | – |
Source: CEC Parties and Elections in Europe |
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