Ben Hur (1907 film)

Last updated
Ben Hur
Ben Hur (1907) film..jpg
Scene of Judah Ben-Hur (right) discussing with his sister Rome's misrule of Jerusalem
Directed by Sidney Olcott
Frank Oakes Rose [1]
Written by Scenario by
Gene Gauntier [2]
Based on Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ
1880 novel
by Lew Wallace
Produced by Frank J. Marion
George Kleine
Samuel Long
CinematographyMax Schneider [3]
Music by Edgar Stillman Kelley (accompanying sheet music for film)
Production
companies
Kalem Company
New York, N.Y.
Distributed by Kalem Company
Release date
  • December 7, 1907 (1907-12-07)
Running time
15 minutes ("Approximate Length" 1000 feet) [4]
CountryUnited States
Languages Silent
(English intertitles)

Ben Hur is a 1907 American silent drama film set in ancient Rome, the first screen adaptation of Lew Wallace's popular 1880 novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ . Co-directed by Sidney Olcott and Frank Oakes Rose, this "photoplay" was produced by the Kalem Company of New York City, and its scenes, including the climactic chariot race, were filmed in the city's borough of Brooklyn. [5] [a]

Contents

While this film is significant for being the first motion-picture adaptation of Wallace's novel, its production also served as a landmark case of copyright infringement by an early American film studio. In 1908 Kalem was successfully sued for representing parts of Wallace's book on screen without obtaining permission from the author's estate. Copies of the film, which survive, are now in the public domain and are readily available for free viewing online in the collections of various digital archives and on streaming services.

Plot

Play a copy of film with an opening introduction.

With an original total running time of just 15 minutes, Kalem's "Roman Spectacle" only highlights some of the principal events described in the novel, although notably excluding Judah Ben-Hur's encounters with Jesus Christ or his presence at Christ's crucifixion. The film company in its advertising in 1907 describes the release being composed of "Sixteen Magnificent Scenes" with intertitles introducing screen presentations such as "Jerusalem Rebels Against Roman Mis-rule", "The Family of Hur", "Ben Hur in Chains to the Galleys", and "Ben Hur and Messala—The Challenge". [5]

A significant portion of the film's latter content is devoted to portraying the story's chariot race. Just four chariots, including those driven by Ben-Hur and Messala, are depicted, with each being drawn by teams of four black horses. Virtually all of the contest's action is implied visually, occurring off-camera, and not shown to viewers of the film. [b] Roman spectators on screen cheer as they pretend to watch the charioteers racing three laps around the track of the Circus Maximus. [5] Only brief footage shows the contestants speeding by the static camera as their vehicles are supposedly completing each of the laps. After Judah wins the race against Messala and the two other competitors, the intertitle "Ben Hur Victor" appears. The film then ends with spectators continuing to cheer; Judah being awarded a laurel wreath by the emperor; and Messala, who was injured during the race, lying on a stretcher and gesturing toward his former friend.

Cast

Production

The production was directed principally by Sidney Olcott with assistance from Frank Oakes Rose, a stage manager with Henry J. Pain's Fireworks Company, an entertainment business at Manhattan Beach in Brooklyn, New York. Filmed outdoors in the October 1907, the project was shot in just four days with the production crew mindful that the region's "fall rains might begin at any time". [6]

The lead actors

William S. Hart's casting in the film remains unverified. This image likely relates to promotion of his many performances as Messala in the 1899-1900 Broadway production of Ben Hur. Ben Hur (1907) - William S Hart.jpg
William S. Hart's casting in the film remains unverified. This image likely relates to promotion of his many performances as Messala in the 1899-1900 Broadway production of Ben Hur.

Actor William S. Hart, who would later become the silent era's foremost star of "cowboy pictures", allegedly reprised his role as Messala in Kalem's production, having already played the part on stage in the highly successful Broadway production of Ben Hur, which ran for 194 performances between late November 1899 and May 1900. [8] His participation in this film, however, remains unverified from period records and is therefore suspect as fact. It appears that Hart's well-documented work in the earlier Broadway adaptation of Wallace's novel became erroneously linked to the 1907 short. If Hart were indeed cast in the film, it is surprising that Kalem in its advertising did not widely promote the presence of an established Broadway actor in the motion picture, especially a veteran of a Ben Hur production in the "legitimate" theatre.

With regard to the identity of the actor who performed in the film's title role, misinformation and confusion also persist in modern sources. Many of those sources cite a professional film actor, "Herman Rottger", as Ben-Hur in Kalem’s production. [9] Actually, only one verified cast member in the 1907 production, one who possessed a nearly identical name—"Herman Rottjer"—was an employee with Pain's Fireworks Company. That entertainment company on summer nights since 1879 had staged for audiences at a "massive outdoor stadium and lake at Manhattan Beach" spectacular pyrotechnic displays to simulate famous battles, revolutions, historic fires, and natural disasters such as the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD and its destruction of the Roman town of Pompeii. In the early 1900s, Pain's live pyrodramas included elaborate sets of Roman architecture and staged chariot races. [10] [11]

In Kalem’s large advertisement for Ben Hur in the December 7, 1907 issue of the trade journal The Moving Picture World , the studio credits Rottjer as the "Chief Chariotier" in the film. [5] That credit certainly suggests Rottjer, who was 29 years old at the time, had considerable experience driving Pain's replicas of the two-wheeled ancient vehicles, along with experience performing in Pain's summer Vesuvius-Pompeii shows and in other grand productions staged by the company. [d] His chariot and show experience made him an ideal choice to act or "pantomime" in the role of the lead character in Kalem's short. Although Rottjer would continue to work for Pain's for several years after the film's release, he would later establish a career in the film industry. Federal census records show that in 1910 the German-born Rottjer continued to reside in Brooklyn with his wife and three daughters and was still employed at the local "Firework Plant", presumably Pain's; however, by 1917 he was working as an "explosion expert" in Brooklyn for Vitagraph Studios, which that year purchased Kalem Company. [12] [13] Contrary to information given in other sources, Rottjer did not die in 1917. [9] Later census records further document that by 1920 he had moved with his family to Hempstead in Nassau County, New York, but he was still employed in the motion-picture industry as a "Pyrotechnical" specialist. [14]

Filming at Sheepshead Bay Race Track

Although Kalem initially planned to use props and "standing scenery" from Pain's, the studio acquired most of its production needs elsewhere and opted, perhaps due to budget and scheduling constraints, to film the project's chariot race and other scenes at the Sheepshead Bay Race Track, which was located close to Manhattan Beach. The track by October 1907 was closed for the season and was immediately available for Kalem to use. [6] The film's credited screenwriter or "scenarist", Gene Gauntier, described the film's setup in her series of autobiographical articles for Woman's Home Companion in 1928:

Mr. Olcott and I went to the racetrack, found the [Pain's] props impossible and the supers [extras] inadequate, hurried back to Swain's Agency and interviewed people for the cast and extras, and late in the evening rushed down to Elliott's and remained there until after midnight selecting props and hundreds of costumes. In five days after the idea was conceived we were at Sheepshead Bay taking the first scenes. In three days more it was finished and in the developing tanks. [6]

Roman-era sets built by Pain's Fireworks Company at Manhattan Beach, c. 1903; the company where the film's co-director, Frank Oakes Rose, worked as a stage manager (Library of Congress Collection) Pain's Manhattan Beach Fireworks Show, Brooklyn New York, c. 1903.jpeg
Roman-era sets built by Pain's Fireworks Company at Manhattan Beach, c. 1903; the company where the film's co-director, Frank Oakes Rose, worked as a stage manager (Library of Congress Collection)

To enhance the status of "The Most Superb Motion Picture Spectacle Ever Produced in America", Kalem would later state in its advertisements that the film's costumes were from the wardrobe collection of the Metropolitan Opera House on 39th Street in New York. [5] In reality, the "Elliott's" screenwriter Gauntier identifies as the source for the cast's attire, was Gus Elliott, an "old German" prop and costume supplier, whose business was located at St. Mark's Place in Manhattan. [15]

Chariot race

While Rottjer was credited as the film's "Chief Chariotier" and likely drove Ben-Hur's chariot in the staged race at Sheepshead, the other charioteers were off-duty soldiers of Brooklyn's "3rd Battery" of the National Guard. [5] [16] Members of that local military unit were well known for their expertise in horsemanship. As a testament to their equine abilities, soldiers of Brooklyn's Third Battery in August 1908 would later set a world record for "military endurance" by riding 50 miles from Nanuet, New York to Brooklyn in just six hours, much of the time traveling at night and over mountain roads. [16] [17] Pain's Fireworks Company provided the chariots driven by Rottjer and the guardsmen, along with some other props and related gear. [16]

Release and reception

Released on December 7, 1907, the film received positive reviews and comments in publications around the United States. The New York-based trade journal The Moving Picture World announced in its issue that day, "The Kalem Company this week put on the market the Roman spectacular subject, 'Ben Hur'." [18] In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on February 16, 1908, the city's Gazette Times reported on the presentation of Ben Hur at a new local theater, a showing enhanced by actors on site who performed sound effects and spoke dialog generally synchronized with the footage projected on screen:

At the new Savoy theater in South Highland avenue, near Center avenue, which was opened yesterday afternoon and last night in an auspicious manner, the same bill that pleased yesterday's large crowds and will be continued until the middle of next week. This repertoire includes a splendid production of "Ben Hur" by means of the motion picture camera, and with all the sound and speech accompaniments necessary for perfect realism. [19]

The Moving Picture World in February 1908 also updated its readers on audience reactions to Kalem's release. "'Ben Hur'", reported the trade journal, "drew such crowds to a theater in Atlanta, Ga., that the police had to aid in clearing the aisles and lobby." [20] Later in the month the film-industry publication added, "A Western newspaper in commenting on a local show refers to 'Ben Hur' as 'a wonderfully realistic and pleasing presentation of Lew Wallace's famous story and a triumph of the kinetoscopic art.'" [21]

Advertisement in The Moving Picture World, December 1907

In addition to being the first screen adaptation of Lew Wallace's novel, the production is noteworthy in film history as well for establishing precedent in copyright law in the United States. The motion picture was released nearly three years after Wallace's death, but it was produced by Kalem without the permission of the author's estate. Former Kalem screenwriter Gauntier remarked in her previously cited 1928 autobiography that in the early silent era it was a common practice for studios to ignore copyrights and dismiss any proprietary rights of original authors or creators of intellectual properties. [2]

On March 20, 1908–14 weeks after the release of Ben Hur—the publishing house Harper & Brothers, stage producers Klaw and Erlanger, and the author's estate filed a joint copyright-infringement lawsuit against the Kalem Company as well as against the Kleine Optical Company, which had produced the copies of the film for Kalem's distributors. [22] [23] The case was initially decided against Kalem, the primary defendant, in May 1908. [24] Three and a half years later, on appeal to the United States Supreme Court, justices in the case Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros. issued their final ruling against the film company. [25] That ruling on November 13, 1911 established the precedent that all motion picture production companies must first secure the film rights of any previously published work still under copyright before commissioning a screenplay based on that work. [25] Ultimately, Kalem was required to pay the plaintiffs $25,000 ($820,000 today) as well as all related court costs for the case. [26] Earlier, in 1908, perhaps seeking to capitalize on the growing publicity of its case against Kalem and the release of the film, Harper & Brothers published the lavishly designed illustrated book The Chariot Race from Ben-Hur by Lew Wallace, which highlights only that event from the novel. Complementing the book's text are color illustrations by Ukrainian artist Sigismond Ivanowski. [27]

Surviving copies of the film

Retail prices for copies of Ben Hur in 1908 film-supply catalog 1908 film-supply catalog with prices for the Kalem release Ben Hur.jpeg
Retail prices for copies of Ben Hur in 1908 film-supply catalog

Kalem's losses in copyright litigation and the related court injunctions limiting and then preventing presentations of the company's short, the film "for the most part disappeared". [28] For many years, even the Library of Congress did not possess a full copy of the 1907 release, but that federal institution, the Museum of Modern Art, and other repositories later located and acquired prints. Now in the public domain, additional full and partial copies of Kalem's Ben Hur are available for public viewing on online streaming services such as YouTube. [29]

Before court-ordered injunctions and the final copyright-infringement rulings against Kalem were effectively enforced, copies of Ben Hur circulated in Europe as well as the United States. [30] Various distributors at the time offered to sell both standard "plain stock" copies as well as hand-colored prints of the 1000-foot reel, which consists of approximately 16,000 individual frames. One American film-supply catalog in 1908 offered black-and-white prints of Ben Hur for $120 ($4,100 USD today). Color versions produced in France, painted by hand in Paris, sold for an additional $150, costing $270 per copy ($9,200 today) or 15 cents more per foot in 1908. [31] No copies or fragments of the hand-tinted version of the film are currently known to exist.

Notes

  1. ↑ In Kalem's promotion of the film in 1907 and 1908, Frank Oakes Rose is consistently given "front" billing in credits for the production's direction with Sidney Olcott. In 1907 Rose, as noted, was a stage manager for Pain's Fireworks Company, and no available documentation from that period states or indicates that he had any experience in directing films.
  2. ↑ According to Emily Chow-Kambitsch's article cited in this page's references "Of the roughly one minute and ten second duration of the chariot race, the chariots are only visible for about fifteen seconds—about twenty per cent of the time."
  3. ↑ Advertisements for the film in trade publications on December 7, 1907 cite three of the drivers in the chariot race, although publications differ on the spelling of the surname of one; The Billboard cites "Peal" and The Moving Picture World cites "Beal".
  4. ↑ The United States Census of 1910 for Brooklyn documents Herman Rottjer's age that year as 32.

Related Research Articles

The year 1907 in film involved some significant events.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sidney Olcott</span> Canadian filmmaker (1873–1949)

Sidney Olcott was a Canadian-born film producer, director, actor and screenwriter.

<i>Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ</i> 1880 novel by Lew Wallace

Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ is a novel by Lew Wallace, published by Harper and Brothers on November 12, 1880, and considered "the most influential Christian book of the nineteenth century". It became a best-selling American novel, surpassing Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) in sales. The book also inspired other novels with biblical settings and was adapted for the stage and motion picture productions.

<i>Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ</i> (1925 film) 1925 film by Fred Niblo

Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ is a 1925 American silent epic adventure-drama film directed by Fred Niblo and written by June Mathis based on the 1880 novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ by General Lew Wallace. Starring Ramon Novarro as the title character, the film is the first feature-length adaptation of the novel and second overall, following the 1907 silent short film.

<i>Ben-Hur</i> (1959 film) 1959 American epic film directed by William Wyler

Ben-Hur is a 1959 American religious epic film directed by William Wyler, produced by Sam Zimbalist, and starring Charlton Heston as the title character. A remake of the 1925 silent film with a similar title, it was adapted from Lew Wallace's 1880 novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ. The screenplay is credited to Karl Tunberg, but includes contributions from Maxwell Anderson, S. N. Behrman, Gore Vidal, and Christopher Fry. The cast also features Stephen Boyd, Jack Hawkins, Haya Harareet, Hugh Griffith, Martha Scott, Cathy O'Donnell, and Sam Jaffe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gene Gauntier</span> American novelist

Gene Gauntier was an American screenwriter and actress who was one of the pioneers of the motion picture industry. A writer, director, and actress in films from mid 1906 to 1920, she wrote screenplays for 42 films. She performed in 87 films and is credited as the director of The Grandmother (1909).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kalem Company</span>

The Kalem Company was an early American film studio founded in New York City in 1907. It was one of the first companies to make films abroad and to set up winter production facilities, first in Florida and then in California. Kalem was sold to Vitagraph Studios in 1917.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frank J. Marion</span> American film executive (1869–1963)

Frank Joseph Marion was an American motion picture pioneer.

<i>The Lad from Old Ireland</i> 1910 film

The Lad from Old Ireland, also called A Lad from Old Ireland, is a one-reel 1910 American motion picture directed by and starring Sidney Olcott and written by and co-starring Gene Gauntier. It was the first film appearance of prolific actor/director J.P. McGowan.

Film rights are rights under copyright law to produce a film as a derivative work of a given item of intellectual property. In US law, these rights belong to the holder of the copyright, who may sell them to someone in the film industry—usually a producer or director, or sometimes a specialist broker of such properties—who will then try to gather industry professionals and secure the financial backing necessary to convert the property into a film. Such rights differ from the right to commercially exhibit a finished motion picture, which rights are usually referred to as "exhibition rights" or "public-performance rights".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jack J. Clark</span> American film director

Jack J. Clark was an American director and actor of the early motion picture industry.

<i>Ben-Hur</i> (play)

Ben-Hur was an 1899 theatrical adaptation of the novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1880) by Lew Wallace. The story was dramatized by William W. Young and produced by Marc Klaw and A. L. Erlanger. The stage production was notable for its elaborate use of spectacle, including live horses for the famous chariot race. The hippodrama had six acts with incidental music written by American composer Edgar Stillman Kelley. The stage production opened at the Broadway Theater in New York City on November 29, 1899, and became a hit Broadway show. Traveling versions of the production, including a national tour that ran for twenty-one years, played in the United States, Great Britain, and Australia. By the end of its run in April 1920, the play had been seen by more than twenty million people and earned over $10 million at the box office. There have been other stage adaptations of Wallace's novel, as well as several motion picture versions.

Production of <i>Ben-Hur</i> (1959 film)

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) originally announced a remake of the 1925 silent film Ben-Hur in December 1952, ostensibly as a way to spend its Italian assets. Stewart Granger and Robert Taylor were reported to be in the running for the lead. Nine months later, MGM announced it would make the film in CinemaScope, with shooting beginning in 1954. In November 1953, MGM announced it had assigned producer Sam Zimbalist to the picture and hired screenwriter Karl Tunberg to write it. Zimbalist was chosen because he had produced MGM's Best Picture-nominated Christians-and-lions epic Quo Vadis in 1951. The studio then announced in July 1954 that production would start in March 1955 with 42 speaking parts and 97 sets. MGM said Sidney Franklin would direct, that the script by Tunberg was finished, that shooting would occur in Rome and in Spain, and that Marlon Brando was up for the lead. In September 1955, Zimbalist, who continued to claim that Tunberg's script was complete, announced that a $7 million, six-to-seven month production would begin in April 1956 in either Israel or Egypt in MGM's new 65mm widescreen process. MGM, however, suspended production in early 1956.

<i>Ben-Hur</i> (2016 film) 2016 film by Timur Bekmambetov

Ben-Hur is a 2016 epic historical drama film directed by Timur Bekmambetov and written by Keith Clarke and John Ridley. It is the fifth film adaptation of the 1880 novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ by Lew Wallace following the 1907 silent short film, the 1925 silent film, the Academy Award-winning 1959 film and the 2003 animated film; it is the third version produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It has been termed a "re-adaptation", "reimagining", and "new interpretation" of the novel, and follows Judah Ben-Hur, a young prince who is falsely accused by his step-brother, an officer of the Roman army, and is sent to slavery, only to escape and seek vengeance. The film stars Jack Huston as the titular character, alongside Toby Kebbell, Rodrigo Santoro, Nazanin Boniadi, Ayelet Zurer, and Morgan Freeman. Principal photography began on February 2, 2015, in Matera, Italy and lasted about five months, finishing in June 2015.

<i>The Shaughraun</i> (film) 1912 American film

The Shaughraun is a 1912 American silent film produced by the Kalem Company and distributed by the General Film Company. It was directed by Sidney Olcott with himself, Gene Gauntier, Alice Hollister and Jack J. Clark in the leading roles.

The Scarlet Letter is a lost 1908 silent American short film, directed by Sidney Olcott. It was based on the 1850 novel of the same name by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The screenplay was written by Gene Gauntier, who also played the character Hester Prynne. The film was produced by Kalem Company.

<i>For the Love of an Enemy</i> 1911 American film

For Love of an Enemy is a one-reel 1911 American motion picture produced by Kalem Company and directed by Sidney Olcott. A war story detailing the adventures and the love affair of a Union spy in the Confederate lines.

<i>The Girl Spy Before Vicksburg</i> 1910 American film

The Girl Spy Before Vicksburg is a 1910 American silent film produced by Kalem Company of New York and shot at the company's "winter studio" in Jacksonville, Florida. Directed by Sidney Olcott, the Civil War drama stars Gene Gauntier, Robert Vignola and JP McGowan. Gauntier, in addition to performing as the production's title character, is credited with writing its storyline or "scenario".

<i>Tangled Lives</i> (1911 film) 1911 American film

Tangled Lives is a one-reel 1911 American motion picture produced by Kalem Company and directed by Sidney Olcott with Gene Gauntier, Jack J. Clark and JP McGowan in the leading roles. The action takes place during the Seminoles war, in Florida.

Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros., 222 U.S. 55 (1911), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held producing a motion picture based on a dramatic work can be copyright infringement. The producer of the motion picture is liable even they are not the exhibitor. This does not extend to a restriction of the dramatic work's ideas; it is a recognition of the author's monopoly powers granted by Congress.

References

  1. 1 2 Chow-Kambitsch, Emily (2017). "An Alternative 'Roman Spectacle': Fragmentation, Invocations of Theatre, and Audience Engagement Strategy in Kalem's 1907 Ben-Hur", May 30, 2017, Nineteenth Century Theatre and Film, SAGE Publishing; subscription access through The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library. According to period sources, Rose was not a film director; he was in 1907 the general stage manager for Pain's Fireworks Company in Brooklyn.
  2. 1 2 Tracy, Tony. "Outside the System: Gene Gauntier and the Consolidation of Early American Cinema", Film History, vol. 28, no. 1 (2016), p. 75. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2016.
  3. ↑ Gauntier, Gene (1928). "Blazing the Trail", edited by Gertrude B. Lane, Woman's Home Companion (Springfield, Ohio), October 1928, p. 186; pdf copy in the Women Film Pioneers Project, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  4. ↑ Kawin, Bruce F. How Movies Work. New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1987, pp. 46-47. According to this reference, a full 1000-foot reel of film in the silent era had a maximum running time of 15-16 minutes. Silent films were generally projected at a "standard" speed of 16 frames per second, far slower than the 24 frames of later sound films. Also, most reels, especially the final reels in multiple-reel releases, were not filled to their maximum capacities.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "KALEM FILMS...BEN HUR", advertisement, The Moving Picture World (New York, N.Y.), December 7, 1907, p. 649. Internet Archive, San Francisco. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  6. 1 2 3 Gauntier, p. 184.
  7. ↑ "The Drama: A Spectacle at the Broadway, 'Ben Hur.' Cast of 'Ben Hur.'", The New York Tribune, November 30, 1899, p. 7. ProQuest Historical Newspapers (Ann Arbor, Michigan); subscription access through The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library.
  8. ↑ "Ben Hur", cast, November 29, 1899—May 1900, Internet Broadway Database (IBDB), The Broadway League, Manhattan, New York. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  9. 1 2 The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is one source that cites "Herman Rottger" as Ben Hur in the film. Refer to "Ben Hur (1907)". IMDb, Seattle Washington. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  10. ↑ Solomon, p. 193.
  11. ↑ "Coney Island History: The Story of Pain's Manhattan Beach Fireworks Shows", Luna Park Heart of Coney Island, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  12. ↑ Schaefer, Fred (1917). "A Reel Battle is Perilously Similar to a Real One", The Photo-Play Journal, July 1917, p. 26. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 4, 2020. In this article, Rottjer is described as "heavy-set". While that physical description is no proof that Rottjer portrays Judah Ben-Hur in the film, it is noteworthy that the title character on screen appears to be a fairly stout or heavy-set performer.
  13. ↑ "Thirteenth Census of the United States: 1910", digital copy of original enumeration page, Borough of Brooklyn, New York, April 16 and 18, 1910. Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.; archives of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (CJCLDS), Salt Lake City, Utah.
  14. ↑ "Fourteenth Census of the United States: 1920", digital copy of original enumeration page, Town of Hempstead, Nassau County, New York, January 10, 1920. Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.; archives, CJCLDS.
  15. ↑ Solomon, pp. 192-193.
  16. 1 2 3 Solomon, Jon. "The Kalem Ben Hur (1907)", pp. 193-194. The Ancient World in Silent Film edited by Pantelis Michelakis and Maria Wyke. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  17. ↑ "Endurance Records", The World Almanac and Encyclopedia. New York, N.Y.: Press Publishing Company, 1909, p. 204. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  18. ↑ "Film Review", The Moving Picture World (TMPW), December 7, 1907, p. 651. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  19. ↑ "Savoy—Motion Picture Drama", The Gazette Times (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), February 16, 1908, p. 25. ProQuest.
  20. ↑ "Pictures That Draw", TMPW, February 1, 1908, p. 76. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  21. ↑ "Trade Notes", TMPW, February 29, 1908, p. 159. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  22. ↑ Staff writer (21 March 1908). "Important Suit". Views and Film Index. Vol. 3, no. 11. New York, NY: Film Publishing Co. p. 6 – via Internet Archive.
  23. ↑ Saunders, Alfred H., ed. (21 March 1908). "Injunction Asked Against the Production of a 'Roman Spectacle'". The Moving Picture World . Vol. 2, no. 12. New York, NY: World Photographic Publishing. p. 232 – via Internet Archive.
  24. ↑ Staff writer (16 May 1908). "Our Friends – The Enemy". Views and Films Index. Vol. 3, no. 18. Films Publishing Co. p. 3 – via Internet Archive.
  25. 1 2 Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr. (1911). "Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros". U.S. Reports. Vol. 222. pp. 55–63.
  26. ↑ "Connecticut Cradle of the Movies", The Hartford Daily Courant, December 26, 1926, p. D5; "Kalem's Spectacle First", Los Angeles Times, June 30, 1930, p. 1. ProQuest.
  27. ↑ The Chariot Race from Ben-Hur by Lew Wallace with color plates by Sigismond Ivanowski. New York City: Harpers & Brothers Publishers, 1908.
  28. ↑ Solomon, p. 204.
  29. ↑ "Ben Hur - 1907 - Kalem - Sidney Olcott", originally uploaded by "56Demy" May 26, 2013, YouTube (San Bruno, California). Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  30. ↑ "Ben Hur", advertisement, Der Kinematograph (Düsseldorf, Germany), February 12, 1908, [p. 2]. Internet Archive. Retrieved a July 7, 2020.
  31. ↑ Revised List of High-Class Original Motion Picture Films (1908), sales catalog of unspecified film distributor, printed in the United States, 1908, p. 191. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.