Bilhah

Last updated
Bilhah - detail from Flemish tapestry made around 1550, depicting Rachel giving Bilhah to Jacob. Bilhah.png
Bilhah - detail from Flemish tapestry made around 1550, depicting Rachel giving Bilhah to Jacob.

Bilhah (בִּלְהָה "unworried", Standard Hebrew: Bilha, Tiberian Hebrew: Bīlhā) is a woman mentioned in the Book of Genesis. [1] Genesis 29:29 describes her as Laban's handmaiden (שִׁפְחָה), who was given to Rachel to be her handmaid on Rachel's marriage to Jacob. When Rachel failed to have children, Rachel gave Bilhah to Jacob like a wife to bear him children. [2] Bilhah gave birth to two sons, whom Rachel claimed as her own and named Dan and Naphtali. [3] Genesis 35:22 expressly calls Bilhah Jacob's concubine, a pilegesh . When Leah saw that she had stopped having children, she took her servant Zilpah and gave her to Jacob like a wife to bear him children as well.

Contents

The apocryphal Testament of Naftali says that Bilhah and Zilpah's father was named Rotheus. [4] He was taken into captivity but redeemed by Laban, Rachel and Leah's father. Laban gave Rotheus a wife named Euna, who was the girls' mother. [5] On the other hand, the early rabbinical commentary Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer and other rabbinic sources (Midrash Rabba and elsewhere) state that Bilhah and Zilpah were also Laban's daughters, through his concubines, which would make them half-sisters to Rachel and Leah. [6] [7] [8] Scholars believe that these attempts to make Bilhah and Zilpah appear biologically related to Abraham's family were a result of anti-foreign views in the postexilic period. It appears more likely that they were foreign like Tamar and Asenath, who were considered to be 'secondary Matriarchs'. [9]

Bilhah is said to be buried in the Tomb of the Matriarchs in Tiberias.

In the Books of Chronicles, Shimei's brothers were said to have lived in a town called Bilhah and surrounding territories prior to the reign of David. [10]

Reuben's adultery with Bilhah

Reuben was Jacob's (Israel) eldest son with Leah. Genesis 35:22 says, "And it came to pass, while Israel dwelt in that land, that Reuben went and lay with Bilhah his father's concubine; and Israel heard of it." [11] As a result of this adultery, he lost the respect of his father, who said: "Unstable as water, you shall excel no longer; For when you mounted your father’s bed, You brought disgrace—my couch he mounted!" [12]

Some rabbinical commentators interpreted the story differently, saying that Reuben's disruption of Bilhah's and Jacob's beds was not through sex with Bilhah. As long as Rachel was alive, say these commentators, Jacob kept her bed in his tent. When Rachel died, Jacob moved Bilhah's bed into his tent, who had been mentored by Rachel, to retain a closeness to his favourite wife. However, Reuben, Leah's eldest, felt that this move slighted his mother, who was also a primary wife, and so he moved his mother's bed into Jacob's tent and removed or overturned Bilhah's. This invasion of Jacob's privacy was viewed so gravely that the Bible equates it with adultery, and lost Reuben his first-born right to a double inheritance. [13] [14]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacob</span> Regarded Patriarch of the Israelites

Jacob, later given the name Israel, is regarded as a patriarch of the Israelites and is an important figure in Abrahamic religions, such as Judaism, Samaritanism, Christianity, and Islam. Jacob first appears in the Book of Genesis, originating from the Hebrew tradition in the Torah. Described as the son of Isaac and Rebecca, and the grandson of Abraham, Sarah, and Bethuel, Jacob is presented as the second-born among Isaac's children. His fraternal twin brother is the elder, named Esau, according to the biblical account. Jacob is said to have bought Esau's birthright and, with his mother's help, deceived his aging father to bless him instead of Esau. Later in the narrative, following a severe drought in his homeland of Canaan, Jacob and his descendants, with the help of his son Joseph, moved to Egypt where Jacob died at the age of 147. He is supposed to have been buried in the Cave of Machpelah.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Judah (son of Jacob)</span> Biblical figure and son of Jacob and Leah

Judah was, according to the Book of Genesis, the fourth of the six sons of Jacob and Leah and the founder of the Tribe of Judah of the Israelites. By extension, he is indirectly the eponym of the Kingdom of Judah, the land of Judea, and the word Jew.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asher</span> Biblical figure and son of Jacob and Zilpah

Asher, in the Book of Genesis, was the last of the two sons of Jacob and Zilpah and the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Asher.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leah</span> Biblical matriarch

Leah appears in the Hebrew Bible as one of the two wives of the Biblical patriarch Jacob. Leah was Jacob's first wife, and the older sister of his second wife Rachel. She is the mother of Jacob's first son Reuben. She has three more sons, namely Simeon, Levi and Judah, but does not bear another son until Rachel offers her a night with Jacob in exchange for some mandrake root. Leah gives birth to two more sons after this, Issachar and Zebulun, and to Jacob's only daughter, Dinah.

In the Book of Genesis, Zilpah was Leah's handmaid whom Leah gave to Jacob like a wife to bear him children. Zilpah gave birth to two sons, whom Leah claimed as her own and named Gad and Asher.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naphtali</span> Biblical figure and the sixth son of Jacob through his concubine Bilhah

According to the Book of Genesis, Naphtali was the sixth son of Jacob, the second of his two sons with Bilhah. He was the founder of the Israelite tribe of Naphtali.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laban (Bible)</span> Biblical figure

Laban, also known as Laban the Aramean, is a figure in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible. He was the brother of Rebekah, the woman who married Isaac and bore Jacob. Laban welcomed his nephew, and set him the stipulation of seven years' labour before he permitted him to marry his daughter Rachel. Laban tricked Jacob into marrying his elder daughter Leah instead. Jacob then took Rachel as his second wife, on condition of serving an additional seven years' labour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reuben (son of Jacob)</span> Biblical figure and son of Jacob and Leah

Reuben or Reuven was the first of the six sons of Jacob and Leah, according to the Book of Genesis. He was the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Reuben.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patriarchs (Bible)</span> Biblical figures Abraham, Isaac and Jacob

The patriarchs of the Bible, when narrowly defined, are Abraham, his son Isaac, and Isaac's son Jacob, also named Israel, the ancestor of the Israelites. These three figures are referred to collectively as "the patriarchs", and the period in which they lived is known as the patriarchal age.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tomb of the Matriarchs</span> Tomb in Tiberias, Israel

The Tomb of the Matriarchs in Tiberias, Israel, is the traditional burial place of several biblical women:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dan (son of Jacob)</span> Biblical figure and the fifth son of Jacob through his concubine Bilhah

According to the Book of Genesis, Dan was the first of the two sons of Jacob and Bilhah. His mother, Bilhah, was Rachel's handmaid, who becomes one of Jacob's concubines. In the Biblical account, he is the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Dan. He was the father of Hushim, according to Gen 46:23. Samson was a descendant of Dan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twelve Tribes of Israel</span> National origin story in the Hebrew Bible

The Twelve Tribes of Israel are, according to Hebrew scriptures, the descendants of the biblical patriarch Jacob, who collectively form the Israelite nation. The tribes were through his twelve sons through his wives, Leah and Rachel, and his concubines, Bilhah and Zilpah. In modern scholarship, there is skepticism as to whether there ever were twelve Israelite tribes, with the use of the number 12 thought more likely to signify a symbolic tradition as part of a national founding myth, although some scholars disagree with this view.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chayei Sarah</span> 5th weekly Torah portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading

Chayei Sarah, Chaye Sarah, Ḥayye Sarah, or Ḥayyei Sara, is the fifth weekly Torah portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading. It constitutes Genesis 23:1–25:18. The parashah tells the stories of Abraham's negotiations to purchase a burial place for his wife Sarah and his servant's mission to find a wife for Abraham's son Isaac.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaychi</span>

Vaychi, Vayechi or Vayhi is the twelfth weekly Torah portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the last in the Book of Genesis. It constitutes Genesis 47:28–50:26. The parashah tells of Jacob's request for burial in Canaan, Jacob's blessing of Joseph's sons Ephraim and Manasseh, Jacob's blessing of his sons, Jacob's death and burial, and Joseph's death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vayetze</span> 7th weekly Torah portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading

Vayetze, Vayeitzei, or Vayetzei is the seventh weekly Torah portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading. It constitutes Genesis 28:10–32:3. The parashah tells of Jacob's travels to, life in, and return from Harran. The parashah recounts Jacob's dream of a ladder to heaven, Jacob's meeting of Rachel at the well, Jacob's time working for Laban and living with Rachel and Leah, the birth of Jacob's children, and the departure of Jacob's family from Laban.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vayishlach</span> Eighth portion in the annual Jewish cycle of weekly Torah reading

Vayishlach or Vayishlah is the eighth weekly Torah portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading. In the parashah, Jacob reconciles with Esau after wrestling with a "man." The prince Shechem rapes Dinah, whose brothers sack the city of Shechem in revenge. In the family's subsequent flight, Rachel gives birth to Benjamin and dies in childbirth.

<i>The Red Tent</i> (Diamant novel) 1997 historical novel by Anita Diamant

The Red Tent is a historical novel by Anita Diamant, published in 1997 by Wyatt Books for St. Martin's Press. It is a first-person narrative that tells the story of Dinah, daughter of Jacob and Leah, sister of Joseph. She is a minor character in the Bible, but the author has broadened her story. The book's title refers to the tent in which women of Jacob's tribe must, according to the ancient law, take refuge while menstruating or giving birth, and in which they find mutual support and encouragement from their mothers, sisters and aunts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rachel</span> Biblical figure

Rachel was a Biblical figure, the favorite of Jacob's two wives, and the mother of Joseph and Benjamin, two of the twelve progenitors of the tribes of Israel. Rachel's father was Laban. Her older sister was Leah, Jacob's first wife. Her aunt Rebecca was Jacob's mother.

<i>The Red Tent</i> (miniseries) US television miniseries by Roger Young

The Red Tent is an American television miniseries produced by Paula Weinstein and directed by Roger Young. The first two-hour episode premiered on Lifetime on December 7, 2014; the second and final episode aired the next day. The series is based on the best-selling novel of the same name by Anita Diamant.

References

  1. For the etymology, see Holman Reference (1 May 2007). Holman Illustrated Pocket Bible Dictionary. B&H Publishing Group. p. 49. ISBN   978-1-58640-314-0.
  2. Genesis 30:3–5
  3. Genesis 30:6–8, 35:25
  4. "The Testament of Naphtali" (1:9) as translated in The Forgotten Books of Eden by Rutherford H. Platt, Jr.
  5. "The Testament of Naphtali" (1:11) as translated in The Forgotten Books of Eden by Rutherford H. Platt, Jr.
  6. Rabbi Eliezer (1916). "Chapter 36". Pirke De Rabbi Eliezer. Translated by Friedlander, Gerald (1916 translation ed.). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Turner & Co. Ltd. p.  271-272.
  7. Ginzberg, Louis (1909) The Legends of the Jews, Volume I, Chapter VI: Jacob, at sacred-texts.com
  8. See also, Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, xxxvi.
  9. Reiss, Moshe; Zucker, David J. (2014). "Co-opting the Secondary Matriarchs". Brill.
  10. 1 Chronicles 4:27–29
  11. Genesis 35:22
  12. Genesis 49:4
  13. Israel Drazin; Stanley M. Wagner (2006). Israel Drazin (ed.). Onkelos on the Torah: Be-reshit. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. p. 239. ISBN   978-965-229-342-8.
  14. Steven Fraade (10 May 2011). Legal Fictions: Studies of Law and Narrative in the Discursive Worlds of Ancient Jewish Sectarians and Sages. BRILL. p. 423. ISBN   978-90-04-20184-2. OCLC   1162008537.
  15. "10 Things You Didn't Know About 'The Handmaid's Tale'". 4 May 2017.