Blackness Castle

Last updated

Blackness Castle
Blackness, Falkirk, Scotland
NT055802
NEWScotland-2016-Aerial-Blackness Castle 01.jpg
Aerial photo of Blackness Castle
Coordinates 56°00′22″N03°30′58″W / 56.00611°N 3.51611°W / 56.00611; -3.51611
TypeCurtain wall, artillery fortification
Site information
Owner Historic Environment Scotland
Open to
the public		Yes
ConditionRestored
Site history
Built1440s
Built by Sir George Crichton
In useUntil 1912
MaterialsStone

Blackness Castle is a 15th-century fortress, near the village of Blackness, Scotland, on the south shore of the Firth of Forth.

Contents

It was built, probably on the site of an earlier fort, [1] by Sir George Crichton in the 1440s. At this time, Blackness was the main port serving the Royal Burgh of Linlithgow, one of the main residences of the Scottish monarch. The castle, together with the Crichton lands, passed to James II of Scotland in 1453, and the castle has been crown property ever since. [2] It served as a state prison, holding such prisoners as Cardinal Beaton and the 6th Earl of Angus. [3]

Strengthened by Sir James Hamilton of Finnart in the mid-16th century, the castle became one of the most advanced artillery fortifications of its time in Scotland. A century later, these defences were not enough to prevent Blackness falling to Oliver Cromwell's army in 1650. Some years after the siege, the castle was repaired, and again served as a prison and a minor garrison. In 1693, the spur protecting the gate was heightened, and the Stern Tower shortened as a base for three heavy guns. Barracks and officers' quarters were added in the 1870s, when the castle was used as an ammunition depot, until 1912. The castle was briefly reused by the army during World War I. It is now a Scheduled Ancient Monument, in the care of Historic Environment Scotland.

Because of its site, jutting into the Forth, and its long, narrow shape, the castle has been characterised as "the ship that never sailed". The north and south towers are often named "stem" and "stern", with the central tower called the "main mast". [4]

History

Blackness Castle as seen from the House of the Binns View from The Binns - geograph.org.uk - 700186.jpg
Blackness Castle as seen from the House of the Binns

Origins

The barony of Blackness was held in the mid-15th century by Sir George Crichton, Lord High Admiral of Scotland, Sheriff of Linlithgow, and later Earl of Caithness. [4] The Crichtons were one of the most politically powerful Scottish families at the time, and were close to James II; George Crichton was governor of Stirling Castle when the King murdered the 8th Earl of Douglas there in 1452, [5] and Crichton's cousin, William, was Chancellor of Scotland from 1439 to 1453. The castle was probably built in the mid-1440s, during a time of feuding between the Crichtons and the "Black" Douglases, which had resulted in the destruction of Crichton's tower at Barnton in Edinburgh in 1444. [4]

Blackness Castle is first mentioned in 1449, and was already serving as a state prison as well as Crichton's residence. [4] The original building comprised a curtain wall and the north tower, with the central tower isolated in the central courtyard. A hall range may have stood to the south, while the whole was defended by a rock-cut ditch and accessed by a gate in the east wall. [6]

George Crichton handed over the Crichton lands, including Blackness Castle, to James II in 1453. His dispossessed heir, James Crichton, captured the castle and held it briefly against the King, who besieged and recaptured it the same year. [5] Blackness became a royal fortress, as well as continuing to serve as a prison, and was put into the care of a keeper, who was often the Sheriff of Linlithgow. [2]

James IV came to Blackness on 11 July 1506 after visiting the Isle of May sailing with the Lion and another ship. He was welcomed by four shawm players. [7] In November 1512 the Great Michael and the Margaret were at Blackness. James IV came aboard the Michael on St Andrew's day to hold an audience with the French ambassador, Charles de Tocque, sieur de la Mothe. The Auld Alliance of Scotland and France was confirmed. [8]

In the 17th century, the office of Keeper of Blackness became hereditary in the Livingstone family. [5]

Fortification and destruction

Plan of Blackness Castle Blackness plan.png
Plan of Blackness Castle

Between 1534 and 1540, a programme of fortification was carried out under the direction of the King's Master of Works, Sir James Hamilton of Finnart. [9] Finnart, the illegitimate son of the Earl of Arran, was an expert in artillery fortification. Having spent time in Europe studying the subject, he designed his own castle at Craignethan in Lanarkshire as a showcase for his ideas. [10] At Blackness, he introduced technological innovations including a complex entrance with a caponier, one of only three surviving in Scotland (the others being at Craignethan and Stirling Castle). The caponier, a passage within the external wall of the entrance, allowed defenders to fire into the entrance area, at the backs of any attackers who had breached the gate. The curtain wall was thickened on the inside to the south and east, from 1.5 m (5 ft) to over 5 m (16 ft) in places, and gun ports were opened up. The south wall was also heightened to enclose the new south tower. [11]

Work continued after Finnart's execution for treason in 1540, under the superintendence of the parson of Dysart, [9] and the "dungeon" and kitchen towers were roofed with turf called "brume and dovet". [12] Major building works came to a halt in 1542 on the death of James V. Following the battle of Pinkie, on 15 September 1547 Richard Broke and the Galley Subtle rowed up the river to Blackness. After an exchange of fire he captured the Mary Willoughby , the Anthony of Newcastle and the Bosse, and burnt other ships. [13]

During the crisis of the Scottish Reformation the castle was surrendered by negotiation to James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault as leader of the Lords of the Congregation. Two English captains, Dethick and Wood, then took possession on Easter Day, 15 April 1560. [14] Minor repairs were carried out to the castle during these years.

During the Marian civil war which followed the forced abdication of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1567, the garrison of Blackness remained loyal to her. However, the Keeper, Alexander Stewart, later changed sides to join the Regent Moray's party. In 1572, Lord Claud Hamilton recaptured the castle for Mary, harrying shipping in the Forth until the following year, despite being blockaded. [5] On 27 January 1573, James Kirkcaldy, the brother of William Kirkcaldy of Grange who held Edinburgh Castle for Queen Mary, arrived at Blackness from France with arms and money for the Queen's side. His ship was captured the next day and Regent Morton laid siege. James Kirkcaldy and the castle surrendered within a week. [15]

In 1580 Malcolm Douglas of the Mains delivered the castle to Lord Robert Stewart. Stewart complained that Douglas had removed the great iron "yett of the dungeon" the gate of the tower, and its lock and the prison-house lock, and timber platforms from the parapets, making it impossible to defend the castle. [16] James Cochrane was the keeper for Sir James Sandilands, their prisoners included the Earl of Huntly in 1592, and John Wemyss of Logie in 1594. [17]

The castle's defences were not tested again until 1650, when Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army besieged Blackness during his invasion of Scotland. However, by this time artillery technology had improved beyond anything that Finnart's defences could withstand, and the garrison soon surrendered under bombardment from land and sea. [11] The damaged castle was abandoned. [18]

Later years

The courtyard and Central Tower seen from the north tower Blackness central tower.JPG
The courtyard and Central Tower seen from the north tower

The castle was not repaired until 1667, when it was again used as a prison, holding a number of Covenanters; religious rebels who opposed the King's interference in church affairs. [19] The south tower was rearranged, with a bakehouse installed in the basement, and a new stair tower. Further changes were made in 1693, when the spur was heightened with a wall-walk, and the north tower was reduced to provide three gun platforms overlooking the Forth. [20]

After the Union of Scotland and England in 1707, the castle ceased to be a prison, [18] instead being one of four Scottish fortresses to be maintained and garrisoned by the British Army, the others being Stirling, Dumbarton and Edinburgh. [21] The garrison at Blackness numbered around fifteen men in the late 18th century. [22] Between 1759 and 1815 Blackness was again pressed into service as a prison, this time to hold French prisoners of war during the series of conflicts of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, including the Seven Years' War and the Napoleonic Wars. [22]

In 1870, the role of Blackness changed again, and it became the central ammunition depot for Scotland. Numerous works were carried out, including the roofing-over of the entire courtyard, and the levelling of the ground to the east. The defensive ditch was filled in and barracks built to the south. [23] The cast-iron pier was constructed in 1868, with a gate and a drawbridge, one of the last to be built in Britain. [24] The depot closed in 1912, although it was briefly reoccupied during World War I, and the castle passed into the care of the Office of Works. [22] A restoration programme was undertaken between 1926 and 1935, which entailed the removal of almost all the 19th-century works, and the rebuilding of medieval-style features, which may not fully reflect the original features of the castle. [25]

Description

Blackness Castle from the east Blackness Castle at low tide.jpg
Blackness Castle from the east
The South Tower, seen from the top of the Central Tower Blackness S block.JPG
The South Tower, seen from the top of the Central Tower

The castle stands on a rocky spit in the Firth of Forth, and is oriented north–south. The castle comprises a curtain wall, with integrated north and south towers, and a separate central tower in the courtyard. To the south-west, a defensive spur forms the main entrance, while a water gate to the north-west gives access to the 19th-century pier. Outside the walls are 19th-century soldiers' barracks and officers' quarters. The castle is said in popular legend to have a ley tunnel linking it with the House of the Binns, which lies about two miles (three kilometres) south. [26]

North and South Towers

Originally of three storeys, the small North, or Stem, Tower was reduced to two storeys in 1693. The upper chamber had a fireplace, while the lower chamber was a pit prison. Accessed only from a trap-door above, this chamber has a drain opening to the sea, which washes in at high tide. [3]

The South, or Stern, Tower dates largely from the mid-16th century, possibly replacing an earlier hall block. On the south wall, the 16th-century stonework was added onto the battlements of the 15th-century curtain wall, leaving the pattern of alternating low and high sections "fossilised" in the wall. The tower is built over the thick-walled artillery positions in the basement, which defend the south and east approaches, and have similarities with the contemporary "blockhouse" at Dunbar Castle, further along the coast. [9] The gunloops in the basement are up to 1.5 m (5 ft) across at the mouth. [18] The South Tower provided the main accommodation in the castle, with chambers in the north-west wing, and a large hall on the upper storey. This hall was subdivided during the castle's time as an ammunition depot, although it has since been reinstated. In the 17th century, the large south-facing window was in use as a gun emplacement. [27]

Central Tower

The interior of the Spur, showing the access passage leading from the main gate Blackness forework.JPG
The interior of the Spur, showing the access passage leading from the main gate

The five-storey Central Tower, or "main mast", was built in the 15th century and heightened in the 16th. It measures around 11 m × 9.8 m (36 ft × 32 ft), and the walls are 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) thick at the base. [5] Each storey contains a single large room with a fireplace, a garderobe or privy, and numerous chambers within the walls. The storeys were originally linked by a narrow spiral stair, until a larger stair tower was constructed at the east corner in the 17th century. The castle's more important prisoners were held here. Men such as Cardinal Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews and James V's ambassador to France, and Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, regent of Scotland in the 1520s, would have had a reasonably high standard of living, including their own servants, while in prison. The basement is vaulted, and the roof is also built on a stone vault. The parapet was rebuilt in the 20th century, although the course of projecting corbels on which it stands is original. [28] Outside the tower is a well.

Spur

The 16th-century forework, or "spur", which provides additional protection for the main gate, is largely the work of Sir James Hamilton of Finnart, and contains numerous defensive features. Originally a rock ditch ran in front of the entrance, and was crossed by a drawbridge. The original 1693 yett, a latticed iron gate, is still in place. [18] Once through the entrance, any attacker would have had to negotiate a dog-leg passage, exposing his back to fire from the caponier. Part of this passage was also exposed to attack from the parapet walk on the upper storey. In the late 17th century, the spur was heightened, and gun batteries added above. [29]

Modern use

Since the castle's restoration, it has been open to the public as a historic monument. The buildings of the castle stand empty, although there is a small exhibition in the former barracks outside. The castle has been used as a filming location in several productions, including Franco Zeffirelli's Hamlet (1990), [30] Bob Carruthers's 1996 film The Bruce , [31] and the science-fiction film Doomsday (2008). [32] On television, Blackness has featured in the BBC/A&E television mini-series of Ivanhoe (1997), [33] and the Starz series Outlander . [34] It was also used as a location for the BBC Scotland historical series "Rise of the Clans".

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edinburgh Castle</span> Historic castle in Edinburgh, Scotland

Edinburgh Castle is a historic castle in Edinburgh, Scotland. It stands on Castle Rock, which has been occupied by humans since at least the Iron Age. There has been a royal castle on the rock since the reign of Malcolm III in the 11th century, and the castle continued to be a royal residence until 1633. From the 15th century, the castle's residential role declined, and by the 17th century it was principally used as a military garrison. Its importance as a part of Scotland's national heritage was recognised increasingly from the early 19th century onwards, and various restoration programmes have been carried out over the past century and a half.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stirling Castle</span> Castle in Scotland

Stirling Castle, located in Stirling, is one of the largest and most historically and architecturally important castles in Scotland. The castle sits atop an intrusive crag, which forms part of the Stirling Sill geological formation. It is surrounded on three sides by steep cliffs, giving it a strong defensive position. Its strategic location, guarding what was, until the 1890s, the farthest downstream crossing of the River Forth, has made it an important fortification in the region from the earliest times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dunnottar Castle</span> Ruined castle in Scotland

Dunnottar Castle is a ruined medieval fortress located upon a rocky headland on the north-eastern coast of Scotland, about 2 miles south of Stonehaven. The surviving buildings are largely of the 15th and 16th centuries, but the site is believed to have been fortified in the Early Middle Ages. Dunnottar has played a prominent role in the history of Scotland through to the 18th-century Jacobite risings because of its strategic location and defensive strength.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eilean Donan</span> Small tidal island in the western Highlands of Scotland

Eilean Donan is a small tidal island situated at the confluence of three sea lochs in the western Highlands of Scotland, about 1 kilometre from the village of Dornie. It is connected to the mainland by a footbridge that was installed early in the 20th century and is dominated by a picturesque castle that frequently appears in photographs, film and television. The island's original castle was built in the thirteenth century; it became a stronghold of the Clan Mackenzie and their allies, the Clan MacRae. In response to the Mackenzies' involvement in the Jacobite rebellions early in the 18th century, government ships destroyed the castle in 1719. The present-day castle is Lieutenant-Colonel John Macrae-Gilstrap's 20th-century reconstruction of the old castle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bothwell Castle</span> Medieval castle in Scotland

Bothwell Castle is a large medieval castle, sited on a high, steep bank, above a bend in the River Clyde in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is located between Bothwell and Uddingston, about 10 miles (16 km) south-east of Glasgow. Construction of the castle was begun in the 13th century by the ancestors of Clan Murray, to guard a strategic crossing point of the Clyde. Bothwell played a key role in Scotland's Wars of Independence, changing hands several times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doune Castle</span> Castle in Scotland

Doune Castle is a medieval stronghold near the village of Doune, in the Stirling council area of central Scotland and the historic county of Perthshire. The castle is sited on a wooded bend where the Ardoch Burn flows into the River Teith. It lies 8 miles northwest of Stirling, where the Teith flows into the River Forth. Upstream, 8 miles further northwest, the town of Callander lies at the edge of the Trossachs, on the fringe of the Scottish Highlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urquhart Castle</span> Castle that sits beside Loch Ness

Urquhart Castle is a ruined castle that sits beside Loch Ness in the Highlands of Scotland. The castle is on the A82 road, 21 kilometres (13 mi) south-west of Inverness and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of the village of Drumnadrochit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Craigmillar Castle</span> Castle in City of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

Craigmillar Castle is a ruined medieval castle in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is three miles (4.8 km) south-east of the city centre, on a low hill to the south of the modern suburb of Craigmillar. The Preston family of Craigmillar, the local feudal barons, began building the castle in the late 14th century and building works continued through the 15th and 16th centuries. In 1660, the castle was sold to Sir John Gilmour, Lord President of the Court of Session, who breathed new life into the ageing castle. The Gilmours left Craigmillar in the 18th century for a more modern residence, nearby Inch House, and the castle fell into ruin. It is now in the care of Historic Environment Scotland as a scheduled monument, and is open to the public.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tantallon Castle</span> Castle in Scotland

Tantallon Castle is a ruined mid-14th-century fortress, located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of North Berwick, in East Lothian, Scotland. It sits atop a promontory opposite the Bass Rock, looking out onto the Firth of Forth. The last medieval curtain wall castle to be constructed in Scotland, Tantallon comprises a single wall blocking off the headland, with the other three sides naturally protected by sea cliffs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Threave Castle</span> Castle in Scotland

Threave Castle is situated on an island in the River Dee, 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) west of Castle Douglas in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire in the Dumfries and Galloway region of Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edzell Castle</span> Castle ruin and walled garden in UK

Edzell Castle is a ruined 16th-century castle, with an early-17th-century walled garden. It is located close to Edzell, and is around 5 miles (8 km) north of Brechin, in Angus, Scotland. Edzell Castle was begun around 1520 by David Lindsay, 9th Earl of Crawford, and expanded by his son, Sir David Lindsay, Lord Edzell, who also laid out the garden in 1604. The castle saw little military action, and was, in its design, construction and use, more of a country house than a defensive structure. It was briefly occupied by English troops during Oliver Cromwell's invasion of Scotland in 1651. In 1715 it was sold by the Lindsay family, and eventually came into the ownership of the Earl of Dalhousie. It was given into state care in the 1930s, and is now a visitor attraction run by Historic Environment Scotland. The castle consists of the original tower house and building ranges around a courtyard. The adjacent Renaissance walled garden, incorporating intricate relief carvings, is unique in Scotland. It was replanted in the 1930s, and is considered to have links to esoteric traditions, including Rosicrucianism and Freemasonry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Craignethan Castle</span> 16th century Scottish Castle

Craignethan Castle is a ruined castle in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is located above the River Nethan, a tributary of the River Clyde, at NS816464. The castle is two miles west of the village of Crossford, and 4.5 miles north-west of Lanark. Built in the first half of the 16th century, Craignethan is recognised as an excellent early example of a sophisticated artillery fortification, although its defences were never fully tested.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dirleton Castle</span> Fortress in Scotland

Dirleton Castle is a medieval fortress in the village of Dirleton, East Lothian, Scotland. It lies around 2 miles (3.2 km) west of North Berwick, and around 19 miles (31 km) east of Edinburgh. The oldest parts of the castle date to the 13th century, and it was abandoned by the end of the 17th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Hamilton of Finnart</span> Scottish nobleman and architect

Sir James Hamilton of Finnart was a Scottish nobleman and architect, the illegitimate son of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran, and Marion Boyd of Bonshaw. Although legitimated in 1512 while still a minor, he continued to be known as the "Bastard of Arran". As a key member of the Hamilton family, and second cousin of James V, King of Scotland, he became a prominent member of Scottish society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alloa Tower</span> Medieval tower house in Scotland

Alloa Tower in Alloa, Clackmannanshire, in central Scotland, is an early 14th-century tower house that served as the medieval residence of the Erskine family, later Earls of Mar. Retaining its original timber roof and battlements, the tower is one of the earliest and largest Scottish tower houses, with immensely thick walls. It was designated as a scheduled monument in 1960 and is now owned by the National Trust for Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crichton Castle</span> Ruin in Midlothian, Scotland

Crichton Castle is a ruined castle near the village of Crichton in Midlothian, Scotland. It is situated at the head of the River Tyne, 2 miles (3.2 km) south of the village of Pathhead, and the same distance east of Gorebridge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mugdock Castle</span> Castle with associated chapel and house, all ruins, in Stirling, Scotland, UK

Mugdock Castle was the stronghold of the Clan Graham from the middle of the 13th century. Its ruins are located in Mugdock Country Park, just west of the village of Mugdock in the parish of Strathblane. The castle is within the registration county of Stirlingshire, although it is only 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of Milngavie, East Dunbartonshire, on the northern outskirts of Greater Glasgow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aberdour Castle</span> Castle in Fife, Scotland, UK

Aberdour Castle is in the village of Easter Aberdour, Fife, Scotland. Parts of the castle date from around 1200, making Aberdour one of the two oldest datable standing castles in Scotland, along with Castle Sween in Argyll, which was built at around the same time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Midhope Castle</span> Castle in West Lothian, Scotland, UK

Midhope Castle is a 15th-century tower house in Scotland. It is situated in the hamlet of Abercorn on the Hopetoun estate, About 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the west of South Queensferry, on the outskirts of Edinburgh. It is a Category A listed building.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ochiltree Castle, West Lothian</span> 16th-century Scottish tower house

Ochiltree Castle is a 16th-century tower house a few miles south east of Linlithgow in West Lothian, Scotland. It is also described as a farmhouse and lairds house. Along with its boundary wall, the castle was designated as a Category A listed building in 1971.

References

  1. ↑ Mackay, Elspeth. "Investigating Blackness Castle: Information for Teachers" (PDF). Historic Scotland. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  2. 1 2 MacIvor, p. 6.
  3. 1 2 MacIvor, p. 20.
  4. 1 2 3 4 MacIvor, p. 4.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Salter p. 26.
  6. ↑ MacIvor, pp. 5, 14, 15.
  7. ↑ Paul, James Balfour (1901). Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland: 1506-1507, vol. 3. Edinburgh, pp. 202-4.
  8. ↑ Hannay, Robert Kerr (1953). Letters of James IV. SHS: Edinburgh, pp. 276-7.
  9. 1 2 3 Fawcett, pp. 291–292.
  10. ↑ Tabraham, pp. 102–103.
  11. 1 2 MacIvor, p. 8.
  12. ↑ Paul, James Balfour, Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 474.
  13. ↑ Pollard, Alfred F. (1903). Tudor Tracts. London, p. 138.
  14. ↑ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 364: Bruce, John, ed., John Hayward's First Four Years of Elizabeth (Camden Society, 1840), p. 55.
  15. ↑ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1905), pp. 477, 478, 482, 483–484, 486–487.
  16. ↑ David Masson, Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1880), pp. 363-4.
  17. ↑ Annie I. Cameron, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 451: David Calderwood, History of the Kirk, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1844), p. 149.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Gifford and Walker, pp. 231–237.
  19. ↑ MacIvor, p. 2.
  20. ↑ MacIvor, p. 22.
  21. ↑ Fenwick, p. 108.
  22. 1 2 3 MacIvor, p. 9.
  23. ↑ MacIvor, p. 23.
  24. ↑ MacIvor, p. 13.
  25. ↑ MacIvor, pp. 11, 23.
  26. ↑ Fanthorpe, Lionel & Fanthorpe, Patricia (2005). The World's Most Mysterious Castles. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 35. ISBN   9781550025774.
  27. ↑ MacIvor, p. 19.
  28. ↑ McWilliam, pp. 105–106.
  29. ↑ MacIvor, pp. 16, 22.
  30. ↑ "The complete guide to... British castles". The Independent . 4 May 2002. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
  31. ↑ "The Bruce (1996)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 23 November 2007.
  32. ↑ Alan Roden (2 May 2007). "Action film shot in Blackness". The Scotsman . Retrieved 11 October 2007.
  33. ↑ "Visitscotland Blackness Castle Bo'ness Castle Welcome". VisitScotland.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
  34. ↑ "Outlander Film Locations" (PDF). VisitScotland. Retrieved 5 September 2017.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.