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The Tachinidae are a large and variable family of true flies within the insect order Diptera, with more than 8,200 known species and many more to be discovered. Over 1300 species have been described in North America alone. Insects in this family commonly are called tachinid flies or simply tachinids. As far as is known, they all are protelean parasitoids, or occasionally parasites, of arthropods, usually other insects. The family is known from many habitats in all zoogeographical regions and is especially diverse in South America.
The Calliphoridae are a family of insects in the order Diptera, with 1,200 known species. The maggot larvae, often used as fishing bait, are known as gentles. The family is known to be polyphyletic, but much remains disputed regarding proper treatment of the constituent taxa, some of which are occasionally accorded family status.
Sarcophagidae are a family of flies commonly known as flesh flies. They differ from most flies in that they are ovoviviparous, opportunistically depositing hatched or hatching maggots instead of eggs on carrion, dung, decaying material, or open wounds of mammals, hence their common name. Some flesh fly larvae are internal parasites of other insects such as Orthoptera, and some, in particular the Miltogramminae, are kleptoparasites of solitary Hymenoptera. The adults mostly feed on fluids from animal bodies, nectar, sweet foods, fluids from animal waste and other organic substances. Juveniles need protein to develop and may be laid on carrion, dung or sweet plant foods.
Calliphora is a genus of blow flies, also known as bottle flies, found in most parts of the world, with the highest diversity in Australia. The most widespread species in North America area Calliphora livida, C. vicina, and C. vomitoria.
Cobboldia is a genus of parasitic flies in the family Oestridae. Adult flies of Cobboldia elephantis lay their eggs near the mouth or base of the tusks of Asian elephant while the related Cobboldia loxodontis parasitizes African elephants. The larvae hatch and develop in the mouth cavity and later move to the stomach. On maturing, the third instar larvae exit from the mouth and drop to the ground to pupate. A fossil species Cobboldia russanovi is known from the frozen remains of Mammoths. Cobboldia roverei Gedoelst, 1915 has been noted from the African Forest Elephant.
The Lauxaniidae are a family of acalyptrate flies. They generally are small flies with large compound eyes that often are brightly coloured in life, sometimes with characteristic horizontal stripes, such as in Cestrotus species. Many species have variegated patterns on their wings, but in contrast they generally do not have variegated bodies, except for genera such as Cestrotus, whose camouflage mimics lichens or the texture of granitic rocks.
Xylomyidae is a family of flies known commonly as the wood soldier flies. They are xylophagous and are associated with dead or dying wood.
The Dryomyzidae are a small family of flies ranging from 4–18 mm long, with prominent bristles, and yellow to brown or rust-yellow coloring. The wings are very large. The subcosta is complete and well separated from vein 1. Larvae feed on decaying organic matter - carrion, dung, and fungi. The prelambrum protrudes from the oral cavity. Vibrissae are absent and the postvertical bristles are divergent.
Bengalia is a genus of blow flies in the family Calliphoridae with one authority considering the genus to belong to a separate family Bengaliidae. These bristly and, unlike the greens and blues of most calliphorids, dull coloured flies, are especially noted for their relationship to ants. Little is known of their biology and life-cycle, although adults of many species are kleptoparasitic on ants and will snatch food and pupae being carried by ants or feed on winged termites. The apt name “Highwayman Fly” was given by an early observer of their way of robbing ants. Very little is known about their breeding habits. The genus is found in the Afrotropical and oriental region with one species from Australia possibly a recent introduction.
Protocalliphora or bird blowflies are a blow fly genus containing many species which are obligate parasites of birds. Eggs are laid in bird nests. After hatching, the larvae suck the blood of nestlings. They sometimes feed inside the nostrils of nestling birds and destroy the tissue at the base leading to reduced growth of the upper mandible and the young growing with "shovel-beaks". The species overwinter as adults.
Sarcophaga is a genus of true flies and the type genus of the flesh-fly family (Sarcophagidae). The members of this cosmopolitan genus are frequently known as common flesh flies.
Dexia is a genus of tachinid flies in the family Tachinidae. Most larvae are parasitoids of beetles (Scarabaeidae).
Hydrophorinae is a subfamily of flies in the family Dolichopodidae. According to Germann et al. (2011), the subfamily is polyphyletic.
Achalcinae is a subfamily of flies in the family Dolichopodidae. It is an ancestral group close to Medeterinae and Sciapodinae.
Verticia is a genus of flies (Diptera) in the family Calliphoridae. The genus was first described by J.R. Malloch in 1927.
Rhaphiinae is a subfamily of flies in the family Dolichopodidae.
Copromyza is a genus of flies belonging to the family lesser dung flies.
Rhiniidae is a family of flies in the order Diptera, and formerly included in the Calliphoridae. There are around 50 genera and 370 described species in Rhiniidae.
Mesembrinellidae is a family of Neotropical flies in the order Diptera, and formerly included in the Calliphoridae. There are 36 described species.
Amblada is a genus of small flies of the family Lauxaniidae. It contains only one species, Amblada atomaria.
References
- 1 2 3 4 Aldrich, J. M. (1923). "A new genus and species of fly reared from the hoof of the carabao". Philippine Journal of Science. 22: 141–142. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
- 1 2 3 Austen, E. E. (1930). "On a new dipterous parasite (family Calliphoridae, subfamily Calliphorinae) of the Indian elephant, with notes on other dipterous parasites of elephants". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. The Zoological Society of London. 100 (3): 677–688. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1930.tb00993.x.
- 1 2 Grunin, K. Ya. (1947). "Pavlovskiomyia inexspectata gen. n. sp. n. (Diptera, Calliphoridae)". Parazit. Sb. 9: 183–190.
- ↑ Austen, E. E. (1932). "The last larval stage of Elephantolaemus indicus Austen (Diptera, family Calliphoridae, subfamily Calliphorinae), a subcutaneous parasite of the Indian elephant". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 100 (4): 869–871. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01567.x.
- ↑ Senior-White, R.A.; Aubertin, D.; Smart, J. (1940). Sewell, R.B.S. (ed.). Diptera. Vol. VI. Family Calliphoridae. The fauna of British India, including the remainder of the Oriental Region. Taylor & Francis, Ltd., London. pp. xii + 288. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
- ↑ Rohdendorf, B. B. (1959). "Booponus borealis, sp. n. (Diptera, Calliphoridae), a new parasite of Siberian Red Deer (Cervus elaphus sibiricus Sev.) in southern Siberia". Ent. Obozr (in Russian). 38: 583–589.
- ↑ Kurahashi, H.; Bonjaphong, N.; Omar, B. (1997). "Blow flies (Insecta: Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Malaysia and Singapore". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Suppl. 5: 1–88.