Borden Formation

Borden Formation
Stratigraphic range: Mississippian
Turbidites of Farmers Member of Borden Formation at mile marker 135, Interstate 64, Kentucky
Type	Sedimentary
Sub-units	Kentucky: New Providence Shale Kenwood Siltstone Nancy Holtsclaw Siltstone Muldraugh, [1] Farmers, [2] [3] Nada Cowbell Renfro [4] Indiana: Edwardsville Formation New Providence Shale Spickert Knob Formation
Thickness	Kentucky: 0–200 m (0–656 ft) [5]
Lithology
Primary	Shale, siltstone, sandstone
Other	Limestone
Location
Region	Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia, Tennessee
Country	United States
Extent	Cincinnati Arch, Appalachian Basin, Illinois Basin
Type section
Named for	Borden, Clark County, Indiana
Named by	Cummings
Year defined	1922 [6]

The Mississippian Borden Group (sometimes Borden Formation) is a mapped bedrock unit in Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia, ^[7] and Tennessee. It has many members, which has led some geologists to consider it a group (for example in Indiana ^[8] ) rather than a formation (for example in Kentucky ^{[1] [4]} ).

Fossils

• Scyphozoans: Conularia sp. (from Borden Formation), Paraconularia sp. (from Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Shale) ^[9]
• Hexactinellid Sponges (from Muldraugh Formation) ^[9]
• Brachiopods: Orthotetes keokuk (from Borden Formation), Orbiculoidea (from Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Shale) ^[9]
• Trilobite: Phillibole conkini (Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Formation, Borden Group) ^[9]
• Cephalopods: Cantabricanites greenei, Polaricyclus ballardensis, Winchelloceras knappi (all from Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Formation, Borden Group), ^[9] Muenstroceras oweni, M. parallelum, Kazakhstania colubrella, Imitoceras ixion, Masonoceras kentuckiense, Merocanites drostei, Dzhaprakoceras sp., Polaricyclus bordenensis, Winchelloceras allei (all from Nada and Cowbell Members) ^[10]
• Crinoids: Pachyocrinus aequalis (from Muldraugh Mbr.), ^[9] Gilmocrinus kentuckyensis (from Muldraugh Mbr.), ^[11] Rhodocrinites barrisi divergens, Gilbertsocrinus tuberculosus, Gilbertsocrinus typus, Actinocrinites eximius, Actinocrinites scitulus, Blairocrinus protuberatus, Steganocrinus, Uperocrinus pyriformis, Uperocrinus acuminatus, Eretmocrinus cloelia, Macrocrinus konincki, Dorycrinus quinquelobus, Aorocrinus nodulus, Agaricocrinus planoconvexus, Agaricocrinus inflatus, Dichocrinuspocillum Dichocrinus, Paradichocrinus liratus, Platycrinites glyptus, Platycrinites planus, Platycrinities spinifer, Cyathocrinites iowensis, Barycrinus spurious, Costalocrinus cornutus, Meniscocrinus, Pellecrinus obuncus, Atelestocrinus kentuckyensis, Holcocrinus spinobrachiatus, Blothrocrinus swallovi, Coeliocrinus subspinosus, Decadocrinus scalaris, Taxocrinus, Synbathocrinus dentatus, Halysiocrinus dactylus (from Nada Mbr.). ^[12]
• Blastoids: Granatocrinus kentuckyensis (from New Providence Shale) ^[9]

A rare soft-bodied fossil that was recovered from the Farmers Member of the Borden Formation in northeastern Kentucky was interpreted as a chondrophorine float (an internal anatomical feature). ^[13]

• 
  Fossil brachiopods (Rhynchonelliformea) in ironstone concretion (Nancy Member)
• 
  Gilbertsocrinus typus, an extinct crinoid from the Borden Formation
• 
  Platycrinites hemisphericus, another crinoid
• 
  Fossil scallop in ironstone concretion (Nancy Member)

Trace fossils

Zoophycos is present in the turbidites of the Farmers Member of the Borden Formation in Kentucky.

• 
  Zoophycos from turbidites of Farmers Member of Borden Formation at mile marker 135, I-64, Kentucky
• 
  Another Zoophycos trace fossil from Kentucky
• 
  Trace fossils in sandstone (Henley Member)

Stratigraphy

There are three members of the Borden Group in Indiana.

Edwardsville Formation

Edwardsville Formation
Stratigraphic range: Mississippian
Type	Formation
Unit of	Borden Group
Underlies	Muldraugh Formation and Ramp Creek Formation
Overlies	Spickert Knob Formation
Location
Region	Indiana
Country	United States

The Edwardsville Formation is a geological structure in the Borden Group, of the Lower Mississippian sub system, ^[14] (Osagean, late Tournaisian). Crinoids fossils can be found in the formation. ^[15]

New Providence Shale

New Providence Shale
Stratigraphic range: Mississippian
Type	Formation
Unit of	Borden Group
Underlies	Spickert Knob Formation
Overlies	Coldwater Shale and Rockford Limestone
Location
Region	Indiana
Country	United States

The New Providence Shale is a geologic formation in Indiana. It is a basal clay-shale geologic formation in Indiana named by Charles Butts and William W. Borden in the 1874 after New Providence, Indiana (now Borden). ^[16]

Spickert Knob Formation

Spickert Knob Formation
Stratigraphic range: Mississippian
Type	Formation
Unit of	Borden Group
Underlies	Edwardsville Formation
Overlies	New Providence Shale
Location
Region	Indiana
Country	United States

The Spickert Knob Formation is a geologic formation in Indiana.

External links

• Upper Devonian—Lower Mississippian clastic rocks in northeastern Kentucky: Evidence for Acadian alpine glaciation and models for source-rock and reservoir-rock development in the eastern United States, Ettensohn, F.R., Lierman, R.T., and Mason, C.E., 2009, American Institute of Professional Geologists, Kentucky Section, Spring Field Trip, April 18, 2009
• Matchen, D.L. and T.W. Kammer. 1994. Sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Mississippian Price and Borden Formations in southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky. SOUTHEASTERN GEOLOGY, 34:25-41. PDF

References

1. Kepferle, R.C., 1971, Members of the Borden Formation (Mississippian) in north-central Kentucky, IN Contributions to stratigraphy, 1971: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1354-B, p. B1–B18.
2. Peck, J.H., 1969, Geologic map of the Flemingsburg quadrangle, Fleming and Mason Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map, GQ-837, 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000
3. Weir, G.W., 1976, Geologic map of the Means quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map, GQ-1324, 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000
4. Weir, G.W., Gualtieri, J.L., and Schlanger, S.O., 1966, Borden Formation (Mississippian) in south- and southeast-central Kentucky, IN Contributions to stratigraphy, 1965: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1224-F, p. F1–F38.
5. Chesnut, D.R., Jr., 1992, Stratigraphic and structural framework of the Carboniferous rocks of the central Appalachian basin in Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey Bulletin, 11th series, no. 3, 42 p.
6. Cumings, E.R., 1922, Nomenclature and description of the geological formations of Indiana, IN Logan, W.N., and others, Handbook of Indiana Geology: Indiana Division of Geology Publication, no. 21, p. 403–570
7. Matchen, D.L., and Kammer, T.W., 1994, Sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Mississippian Price and Borden Formations in southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky: Southeastern Geology, v. 34, no. 1, p. 25–41.
8. Shaver, R.H., Burger, A.M., Gates, G.R., Gray, H.H., and others, 1970, Compendium of rock-unit stratigraphy in Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Bulletin, no. 43, 229 p.
9. http://www.kyanageo.org/mississippian.html KYANA Geological Society (Mississippian)
10. David M. Work and Charles E. Mason. 2003. Mississippian (Middle Osagean) Ammonoids from the Nada Member of the Borden Formation, Kentucky, Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 77, No. 3 (May, 2003), pp. 593-596
11. Kammer, T.W., W. I. Ausich, and A. Goldstein. 2007. Gilmocrinus kentuckyensis n. sp. from the late Osgean (Mississippian) Muldraugh Member of the Borden Formation in Kentucky: a European immigrant originally derived from North America? Journal of Paleontology, 81:209-212.
12. Lee, K.G., W.I. Ausich, and T.W. Kammer. 2005. Crinoids from the Nada Member of the Borden Formation (Lower Mississippian) in eastern Kentucky. Journal of Paleontology, 79:337-355.
13. Ellis L. Yochelson and Charles E. Mason. 1986. A Chondrophorine Coelenterate from the Borden Formation (Lower Mississippian) of Kentucky, Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 60, No. 5 (September 1986), pp. 1025-1028
14. Edwardsville Formation at the Indiana Geological Survey
15. Crinoids from the Edwardsville Formation (Lower Mississippian) of Southern Indiana. William I. Ausich and N. Gary Lane, Journal of Paleontology, November 1982, Volume 56, Number 6, pages 1343-1361 (abstract)
16. Stockdale 1986, p. 7.

Sources

• Hill, John R. (1986). "Where to Go & What to See: Places of Geologic Interest in Indiana". Rocks & Minerals. 61 (3): 164–167. doi:10.1080/00357529.1986.11768458. ISSN   0035-7529.
• Rexroad, Carl Buckner; Lane, Norman Gary (1984). Spickert Knob Formation (new), Borden Group, in Indiana (PDF). Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana Department of Conservation Geological Survey.
• Stockdale, Paris B. (1986). Lower Mississippian Rocks of the East-Central Interior. Geological Society of America Special Paper. Geological Society of America. ISBN   978-0-8137-2022-7 . Retrieved 2024-09-09.
• Generalized Stratigraphic Column of Indiana Bedrock Archived 2021-10-24 at the Wayback Machine